高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)4

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全 詞法 第 1 章 主謂一樣 一. 概念 : 主謂一樣是指： 1） 語(yǔ)法形式上要一樣,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一樣； 2） 意義上要一樣,即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一樣； 3） 就近原就,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ), 一般來(lái)說(shuō),不行數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)；例如： There is much water in the thermos. 但當(dāng)不行數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；例如： Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 二. 相關(guān)學(xué)問(wèn)點(diǎn)精講 1. 并列結(jié)構(gòu)

2、作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) ,例如： Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫很重要； 留意： 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由 and 連結(jié)時(shí),假如它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞；例如： The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 生活有重要意義； 典型例題 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的 The League secretary and monitor asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B.

3、was C. are D. were 答案 B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮；這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí),先排除 A., C； 此題易誤選 D,由于 The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人, 但仔細(xì)辨別, monitor 前沒有 the ,在英語(yǔ)中, 當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞； 后面的職務(wù)用 and 相 連；這樣此題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人,所以應(yīng)選 B； 2. 主謂一樣中的靠近原就 1 當(dāng) there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一樣；例如： There is a pen, a knife and several books

4、on the desk. 和幾本書； 桌上有一支筆,一把小刀 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 班上 有二十個(gè)男孩,二十三個(gè)女孩； 2）當(dāng) either or 與 neither nor ,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持 一樣；假如句子是由 here, there 引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ) 一樣；例如： Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去； Here is a pen, a few envelops a

5、nd some paper for you. 3. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一樣 給你筆,信封和紙； 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組 1第 1 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)成的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)部分一樣；例如： The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 老師和一些 同學(xué)在參觀工廠； He as well as I wants to go boating. 他和我想去劃船； 4. 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情形

6、 1）代詞 each 以及由 every, some, no, any each, every 時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)；例如： 等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),或主語(yǔ)中含有 Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)； There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了； 2）當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)；例如： The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 愛好者熟識(shí)的一本書； 天方夜譚是英語(yǔ) 3）表示金錢, 時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作

7、主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體, 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)；例如： Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來(lái) 做預(yù)備； Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了； 5. 指代意義準(zhǔn)備謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù) 1）代詞 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)準(zhǔn)備；例如： All is right. 一切順當(dāng)； All are present. 人都到齊了； 2）集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要依據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)準(zhǔn)備；如 等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代

8、 family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等詞后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的 各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體；例如： His family isnt very large. 他家成員不多； His family are music lovers. 他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂愛好者； 但集合名詞 people, police, cattle, poultry 等在任何情形下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式；例如： Are there any police around. 鄰近有警察嗎？ 3）有些名詞,如 variety, number,

9、population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù), 有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)；例如： A number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) +復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞； The number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) +單數(shù)動(dòng)詞； A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 6. 與后接名詞或代詞保持一樣的情形 1）用 half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞通常與 of 后面的名詞 / 代詞保持一樣；例如：

10、Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了； Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分同學(xué)積極參 與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)； 2）用 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通 常用單數(shù)；例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故； A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆

11、木柴； 2第 2 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式；但由 more than of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一樣；例如： Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過(guò)這本書； More than 60 percent of the students are from the city. 自這個(gè)城市； 三. 鞏固練習(xí) 百分之六十多的同學(xué)來(lái) （ ） 1. The number of people invited fifty, but a number of them a

12、bsent for different reasons. A. were, was B. was, was an important part in daily C. was, were D. were, were （ ） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, communication. A. is playing B. have played covered with trees and C. are playing D. play （ ） 3. of the land in that district grass. A. Two fifth, is B. T

13、wo fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are （ ） 4. Ten minutes a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed （ ） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who a driving license. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having （ ） 6. Joy and Sorrow next-door neighbours. A. is B.

14、are C. were D. be （ ） 7. In my opinion, some of the news unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been （ ） 8. When the United Nations founded. A. is B. are C. was D. were （ ） 9. Every possible means . A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried （ ） 10. What she says and does noth

15、ing to do with me. A. was B. were C. has D. have （ ） 11. There a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. must C. have been D. is （ ） 12. Nobody seen the film. It s a pity. A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have （ ） 13. No teacher and no s

16、tudent A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting 3第 3 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)（ ） 14. All but one here just now. yet. A. is B. was C. has been D. were （ ） 15. When and where to build the new factory A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided （ ） 16. The writer

17、 and singer here. all that I can spare A. is B. are C. were D. do （ ） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes to talk with you. （ A. are B. was C. is D. were kept busy preparing for ） 18. In those days John with his classmates the exam. （ A. is B. are C. was D. were ） 19. your clothes. No, mine

18、 hanging over there. （ very fond A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is ） 20. The Smith s family, which rather a large one, of their old houses. A. were, were B. was, was C. were, was D. was, were （ ） 21. What the teacher and countries beautiful. the students want to say that

19、either of the （ A. are, are B. is, is a winner of scholarship C. are, is D. is, are ） 22. He is the only one of the students who for three years. A. is B. are difficult. C. have been D. has been （ ） 23. of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings their duty. A. Each,

20、are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is （ ） 24. What do you think of the of the coat. It s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop. A. value B. cost C. price D. use （ ） 25. Are the two answers correct. No, correct. A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not （ ） 26. T

21、he wind, together with rain and fog, making sailing A. have been B. was C. / D/ are 4第 4 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)四. 答案 2. A 3. C4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C18. C 19. B 20. D21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B 第 2 章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 一. 概念: 時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式 , 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài) . 英語(yǔ)中

22、的時(shí)態(tài)是 通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 . 英語(yǔ)有 16 種時(shí)態(tài) , 但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種 : 一般 現(xiàn)在時(shí) , 一般過(guò)去時(shí) , 一般將來(lái)時(shí) , 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) , 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) , 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) , 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) , 過(guò) 去完成時(shí) , 英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 二. 相關(guān)學(xué)問(wèn)點(diǎn)精講 . 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1 ） 常常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every , sometimes, at , on Sunday ；例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2） 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)；例如： 每天早

23、上我七點(diǎn)離開家； The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)； Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部； 3） 表示格言或警句；例如： Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)。?留意：此用法假如顯現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在 時(shí)； 例： Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài),才能,性格,個(gè)性；例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多； 哥倫布證明白地球是圓的； Ann wr

24、ites good English but does not speak well. 安英語(yǔ)寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行； 比較： Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子； I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課； 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作； 其次句中的 now 是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志, 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況, 所以后句用一般現(xiàn) 在時(shí)； 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)； 例如：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： yesterday, last week, an hou

25、r ago, the other day, in 1982 等；例如： Where did you go just now. 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),常常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 常在大路上踢足球； 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候, Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那時(shí),布朗一家無(wú)論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱鬧歡迎； 3）句型： It is time fo

26、r sb. to do sth 到 時(shí)間了 該 了 ；例如： It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了； 5第 5 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)It is time that sb. did sth. 時(shí)間已遲了 早該 了 ,例如 It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了； would（had） rather sb. did sth. 表示 寧愿某人做某事 ；例如： Id rather you came tomorrow. 仍是明天來(lái)吧； 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí),作摸干脆的詢問(wèn),請(qǐng)求,建議等,而

27、一般過(guò) 去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去, 我以為你想要一些； 現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在； 例如：I thought you might have some. 比較： Christine was an invalid all her life. （含義：她已不在人間； ） Christine has been an invalid all her life. Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 在肯塔基州； ） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. 塔基州,有可能指剛離去） 留意： 用過(guò)去

28、時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語(yǔ)氣； （含義：她現(xiàn)在仍活著） （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住 （含義：現(xiàn)在仍住在肯 1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等；例如： Did you want anything else. 您仍要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下； 2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would ；例如： Could you lend me your bike. 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎？ 1） shall 用于第一人稱,常被 will 所代替； will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意

29、 見常常用于其次人稱；例如： Which paragraph shall I read first Will you be at home at seven this evening. 2） be going to + 不定式,表示將來(lái)； ？ 我先讀哪一段呢？ 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？ a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事；例如： What are you going to do tomorrow. 明天打 算作什么呢？ b. 方案,支配要發(fā)生的事；例如： The play is going to be produced next month ； 這出戲下月開播； c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事；例如： Look

30、at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了； 3） be + 不定式表將來(lái),按方案或正式支配將發(fā)生的事；例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我們下星期六爭(zhēng)辯這份報(bào)告； 4） be about to + 不定式,意為馬上做某事；例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京； 留意： be about to do 不能與 tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連 用； 4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將

31、來(lái) 1）以下動(dòng)詞 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將 來(lái),主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或支配好的事情；例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star. It stars in ten minutes. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開； 汽車什么時(shí)候開？特殊鐘后； 2）以 here, there 等開頭的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來(lái)了； 6第 6 頁(yè),

32、共 111 頁(yè)There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了； 3）在時(shí)間或條件句中；例如： When Bill comes （不是 will come ） , ask him to wait for me. 比爾來(lái)后,讓 他等我； Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在動(dòng)詞 hope, take care that, make sure that I hope they have a nice time next week. 我到了那里,就寫信給你； 等的賓語(yǔ)從句中；例如： 我期望他們下星

33、期玩得興奮； Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間 前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了； 5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 以下動(dòng)詞 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將 來(lái)；例如： Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了； Are you staying here till next week. 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在仍存在； 也可 表

34、示連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；其構(gòu)成： 7. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have （ has） + 過(guò)去分詞； 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純表達(dá)過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為 過(guò)去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響； 2）一般過(guò)去常常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)； 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now 等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： for, since, so far, ever, never, jus

35、t, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always 等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)； 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等； 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 動(dòng)詞一般是連續(xù)性的, 如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know. ； 一般過(guò)去常常用的非連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等；例如：

36、I saw this film yesterday. I have seen this film. Why did you get up so early. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了） （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了） （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了） Who hasnt handed in his paper. （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） He has been in the League for three years. He has been a League member for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可連續(xù)） （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可連續(xù)） 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)

37、間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）時(shí),不能使 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去時(shí)； （錯(cuò)） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1） It is the first / second time that 7如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次拜望這城市； This is the firs

38、t time （ that ） Ive heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌； 留意： It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2） This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) +that 結(jié)構(gòu), that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；例如： This is the best film that Ive （ ever ） seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影； 9. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去 | 其構(gòu)成是 had + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成； 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在 told, said, knew, heard,

39、 thought 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句；例如： She said （ that ）she had never been to Paris. 她告知我她曾去過(guò)巴黎； b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中, 過(guò)去時(shí)；例如： 發(fā)生在先, 用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后,用一般 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)?就跑了； c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等, 用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示 原本 ,未能 ；例如： We had hope

40、d that you would come, but you didnt. 是你沒有來(lái)； 那時(shí)我們期望你能來(lái),但 3） 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as ； 例如： 語(yǔ)； He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開頭自己謀生； Tom was disappoin

41、ted that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆敗興了,由于他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了； 10. 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按次序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用 般過(guò)去時(shí)；例如： then , and, but 等連詞時(shí),多用一 When she saw the mouse , she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來(lái)； My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了； 2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)

42、動(dòng)作需要如干時(shí)間完成,用過(guò)去完 成時(shí)；例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 表達(dá)歷史事實(shí),可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11. 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1） 構(gòu)成 will have done 2） 概念 8第 8 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事連續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止始終有的狀態(tài)；例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)

43、婚將有二十年了； b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng) 驗(yàn)；例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 上海了 12 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法： 明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá) a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情；例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你； b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行；例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 只處于寫作的狀態(tài)； ） 他在寫另一部小說(shuō)；

44、（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫, c. 表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等；例如： The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅； Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)越熱了； d. 與 always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或連續(xù)存在的狀 態(tài),往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀顏色；例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是轉(zhuǎn)變想法； 13. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1）概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作； 2）過(guò)

45、去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作連續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短 動(dòng)作發(fā)生； 3） 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 等；例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟 騎車時(shí)摔了下來(lái),受了傷； It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨； When

46、 I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達(dá)山頂時(shí), 陽(yáng)光輝煌； 14. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 1） 概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作,或按估量將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情；例如： Shell be coming soon. 她會(huì)很快來(lái)的； Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來(lái)我確定去見他； 留意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示 意志 ,不能說(shuō) Ill be having a talk with her. 2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有 soon, tomorrow, this evening ,on Su

47、nday, by this time ,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 等；例如： By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí),我正躺在海灘上呢； 15. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí) When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （ that ） , unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, th

48、e day, the year, immediately 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,條件句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)；例如： He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就 去看他姨媽； 9第 9 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)16. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1 ） 書上說(shuō) , 報(bào)紙上說(shuō) 等；例如： The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 的； 2） 表達(dá)往事,使其生動(dòng)；例如： 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷 Napoleons army now advance

49、s and the great battle begins. 拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在 向前挺進(jìn),大戰(zhàn)開頭了 17. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1） 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí),如 hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember 等；例如： I hear （ = have heard ） he will go to London. 我聽說(shuō)了他將去倫敦； I forget （ =have forgotten ） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了； 2） 用句型 It is since 代替

50、 It has been since ；例如： It is （= has been ） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來(lái),五年 過(guò)去了； 18. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)； 在 Here comes /There goes 等句型里,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；例如： There goes the bell. 鈴響了； 19. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí) 1） 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中方案好的活動(dòng)；例如： Are you staying with us this weekend. 和我們一起度周末好嗎 .We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就

51、走； 2） 漸變動(dòng)詞,如 get, run, grow, become, begin He is dying. 他要死了； 20. 時(shí)態(tài)一樣 以及瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞 die 等；例如： 1 ） 假如從句所表達(dá)的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí),就用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；例如： At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 是動(dòng)的； 那時(shí),人們不知道地球 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告知我他十八歲了； 2 ） 賓語(yǔ)從句中的,助動(dòng)詞 ought, need, must, dare 的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的；例如：

52、 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 三. 鞏固練習(xí) : 他認(rèn)為我不必告知你真相； 1, I ll give the book to him as soon as he back. 2, Has the baby crying yet. stop 3, I don t know whether Mother me to Beijing next month.take 4, She on her coat and went out. put ready for the sports meeting. ” 5, “ What are the

53、y doing. ” “ They get 6, The boy asked his mother 7, I m sorry to keep you him go and play basketball.let for a long time. wait 10 第 10 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)8, It 9, If it take him half an hour an interesting film, we finish his homework yesterday. ll see it tomorrow. be 10, They usually do their homework after

54、 supper. do your 11, Listen. Who sing in the next room now. 12,be your parents in Shanghai last year. 13, Mr. Yu teach us maths since 1982. 14, They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it not rain tomorrow. 15, Li Ming often listen to the radio in the morning. 16, A: “ Father, may I go out and pla

55、y football. ” B: “you homework.” 17 , All the people in the town are glad hear that a famous musician a concert this Saturday evening. give the Science Museumthe 18, Our teacher told us if it not snow we would visit next day. 19, They often play football in the afternoon. 20, A: What re you doing Da

56、d. B: I mend the radio. 21, Let s carry the boxes to the house. 22 , Yesterday she want very much to see the film, but she couldn t get a ticket. 23, I write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 24, Mike visit several places since he came to Beijing. 25, He write four letters to his wife every month

57、. 26, Don t make any noise, Grandma sleep. 27, His aunt do some cooking when he came in . 28, When they reach the station, the train had already left. 29, There be a meeting next Monday. 30, We know each other since our boyhood. 31, Sometimes my father come back home late. 32, They have an English e

58、vening next week. 33, I m very glad hear that. 11 第 11 頁(yè),共 111 頁(yè)34, Wei Fang isn t here. She go to the reading-room. 35, The story happen long ago. 36, They visit the History Museum last week. 37, Zhang Hong make many friends since she came to Paris. 38, She go to the cinema with her classmates tomo

59、rrow evening. 39, Stay here, bag. Don t go out. It rain now. 40, Li Ping write a composition every week. 41, The scientist give us a talk yesterday. 42, My parents live in Beijing since 1949. 43, Look. The young worker show the students around the factory now. 44, They build a new bridge over the ri

60、ver next year. 45, The students clean their classroom tomorrow. 46, The windows of our lab clean once a week. 47, Our teacher join the party twenty years ago. 48,The boys have a basketball match now. Let s go and watch. 49, She work in this factory for ten years. 50, “ What makes you think I m a far