新人教新目標(biāo)版八年級英語上冊短語語法知識點(diǎn)匯總

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)人教版八年級英語上冊短語語法知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)初二英語課組2019年由我校初二英語科組根據(jù)最新考綱和近幾年中考的趨勢加上我校學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況，結(jié)合初二全體英語科組的力量，匯編了這一份重點(diǎn)總結(jié)，編好一份學(xué)案不易，望同學(xué)們能好好利用。Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation一、必背單詞短語。1.相當(dāng)多quite a few2.大部分時間most of the time3.記日記keep a diary4.買特別的東西buy something speci

2、al5.遇見有趣的人meet someone interesting6.做有趣的事情do something interesting7.拍了相當(dāng)多的照片take quite a few photos8.決定做某事decide to do sth.9.到達(dá)（+大地點(diǎn)）arrive in10.做一個決定make a decision11.盡力做某事try to do sth12.嘗試做某事try doing sth13.盡某人最大努力做try ones best to do sth.14.感受到，覺得feel like15.想要做某事（feel）feel like doing16.在過去in th

3、e past17.開始做某事start/begin to do/doing18.由于+n./pron./v-ingbecause of19.等待wait for20.足夠的錢enough money21另外兩個小時another two hours22.如此以至于sothat23.與不同be different from24.與相同the same as25.與相同the same as【教材知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)】Section AWhere did you go on vacation? (P. 1)on vacation意為“在度假”，結(jié)構(gòu)“on+名詞”表示“在某種狀態(tài)中”。例句：My family

4、 went to Hainan on vacation last year.visited my uncle (P. 1)visit此處用作及物動詞，后接人或物做賓語，意為“拜訪、看望”，后接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，意為“參觀、游覽”。例句：I visited my grandmother last week.例句：Do you want to visit Shanghai?.go with anyone? (P. 2)anyone用作不定代詞，意為“有人、任何人”，相當(dāng)于anybody，用于疑問句和否定句中， 在肯定句中用someone或者somebody。但是anyone也可以用在肯定句中，表示“

5、任何一個人”。例句：Did you meet anyone friendly in that city?例句：Anyone can be helpful in some way.anyone只能指人，不可以指物，后面不接of短語；any one既可以指人也可以指物，后可接of短語。 例句：You can ask any one of us about this question.buy anything special? (P. 2)buy用作雙賓語動詞，表示“買”，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)為“buy sb. sth.”或者“buy sth. for sb.”，表示“為某人買某物”。例句：My father

6、 bought me a bike.=My father bought a bike for me.【拓展】可接雙賓語的動詞還有g(shù)ive, bring, show, tell, sell等。give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb. 給某人某物bring sb. sth.=bring sth. to sb. 把某物帶給某人show sb. sth.=show sth. to sb. 給某人看某物tell sb. sth.=tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某物sell sb. sth.=sell sth. to sb. 把某物賣給某人形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞（somet

7、hing/body/one, anything/body/one, nothing/body/one, everything/body/one）時，放在復(fù)合不定代詞后面。例句：I have _ _ (一些重要的事情) to tell you.We took quite a few photos there. (P. 2)take photos意為“拍照、照相”，take a photo/photos of sb./sth.意為“給拍照”。例句：We _(take) many photos on the Great Wall last year.例句：Could you _( take) a p

8、hoto of us?I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax. (P. 2)most of表示“中大多數(shù)”，后接可數(shù)名詞或者不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于后面所接名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例句：Most of the food _(go) bad.例句：Most of us _(be) going to the park.No, I bought nothing. (P. 3)nothing用作不定代詞，表示“沒有任何東西”，相當(dāng)于not anything。例句：I did nothing special last mo

9、nth.=I didnt do _ special last month.Did everyone have a good time? (P. 3)have a good time表示“玩得開心”，后接動詞ing，表示“做某事很開心”，have a good time相當(dāng)于enjoy oneself/have fun。例句：We had a good time at the party. =We enjoyed ourselves at the party.=We had fun at the party.How did you like it? (P. 3)How do you like.?

10、意為“你認(rèn)為怎么樣”，相當(dāng)于How do you feel about.?或者What do you think of.?例句：-How do you _ the film? -Wonderful.-A. think of B. likeDid you go shopping? (P. 3)go shopping表示“去購物、去買東西”，相當(dāng)于do some shopping。類似的短語還有：go swimming, go skating, go fishing, go hiking, go boating, go camping等。I went shopping and bought som

11、ething for my parents.Of course! (P. 3)of course意為“當(dāng)然”，相當(dāng)于sure或者certainly。例句：-May I borrow your dictionary?例句：-Of course!Still no one seemed to be bored. (P. 3)(1) seem用作系動詞，表示“似乎、好像”，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：seem+adj./to be/that+句子。例句：The story _(seem) true.例句：What he said seemed _(be) a lie.例句：It _(seem) that they

12、are going to pull down the house.bored表示“感到厭倦的”，用來說明人的感受；boring表示“令人厭煩的、單調(diào)的”，用來說明事物的特征。例句：The film was so boring that almost anyone felt bored.【拓展】以ed結(jié)尾的形容詞，通常用來修飾或者描述人，以ing結(jié)尾的動詞，通常用來修飾或者描述物，類似的形容詞還有：interesting/interested; exciting/excited; surprising/surprised。Section BWhat activities do you find

13、enjoyable? (P. 5)find這里表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)、覺得”，賓語后常接賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：find sb./sth+n./adj./doing sth./介詞短語。例句：The students find _(she) a kind teacher.例句：I find the book _(use).例句：When I passed his house, I found his wife _(cook).例句：Finally, they found the boy in the tree.enjoyable是enjoy的形容詞形式，表示“有趣的、令人愉快的”。例句：Im sure

14、that we will have an enjoyable vacation.例句：The job is enjoyable and I like it.I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family. (P. 5)arrive作不及物動詞，表示“到達(dá)”，接賓語時，需要加上介詞in或者at。例句：When did you arrive?例句：We are arriving at the station at two oclock. 【拓展】reach表示“到達(dá)”時，是及物動詞，后面直接接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語。另外兩個表示

15、“到達(dá)”的動詞（get和arrive）都是不及物動詞，get to+地點(diǎn)；arrive in/at+地點(diǎn)。.so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel. (P. 5)例句：decide表示“決定”時，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)為：decide to do sth.“決定做某事”。例句：The government decided to build another school in this village.My sister and I tried paragliding. (P. 5)try doing sth. “嘗試做某事”；try to do st

16、h. “盡力做某事”。例句：The doctor tries to save the sick girl.例句：The boy tried playing the piano.【拓展】try也可以用作名詞，表示“嘗試”，have a try表示“嘗試一下”。Im going to have a try.I felt like I was a bird. (P. 5)feel like此處表示“感覺像”，后接從句。He feels like he is swimming.【拓展】feel like還可以表示“想要”，后接名詞、代詞或者動名詞做賓語，feel like doing sth.=wou

17、ld like to do sth.=want to do sth.Do you feel like _(go) out for a walk with me?=Would you like _(go) out for a walk with me?=Do you want _(go) out for a walk with me?There are a lot of new buildings now.(P. 5)a lot of相當(dāng)于lots of表示“許多”，可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞。There is a lot of rain in summer in this plac

18、e.【拓展】只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞有：a little, little, a great deal of, much, too much只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞有：a few, few, several, many, too many, a number of既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞有：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty ofI wonder what life was like here in the past. (P. 5)wonder表示“好奇、想知道”，后接whether/if, what, who, why等引導(dǎo)賓語從句。例句：I

19、 wonder what they are doing now.例句：I wonder if you can help me.8. I really enjoyed walking around the town. (P. 5)enjoy用作及物動詞，表示“喜歡”，后接名詞、代詞或者動名詞做賓語。例句：Do you enjoy music?例句：I dont enjoy sleeping with the window open.What a difference a day makes! (P. 5)本句是what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：“What+a/an+形容詞+

20、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語”或者“What+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語”。例句：多么漂亮的一朵花呀！_例句：它們是多么有趣的書啊！_例句：多大的雪?。【拓展】how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語”。例句：How beautiful the bird is!例句：How fast Mary runs!10. We wanted to walk up to the top, but then it started raining a little so we decided to take the train. (P. 5)(1) want表示“想要”時，

21、為及物動詞，后接不定式作賓語或者用于句型“want sb. to do sth.”中，表示“想要某人做某事”。例句：They dont want to throw away the old furniture.例句：She wants her parents to pay for the car.(2) start后常接名詞、動詞不定式或者動名詞作賓語，用法相當(dāng)于begin。例句：When shall we start the meeting?例句：Lets start discussing/to discuss about the next problem.We waited over an

22、 hour for the train because there are too many people. (P. 5)(1) wait for sb./sth.“等待某人或者某事”；wait to do sth.“等待做某事”；cant wait to do sth.“迫不及待做某事”例句：We are waiting for the result of the exam. 例句：All the passengers are waiting to get on the bus.例句：The children cant wait to rush out after the class is

23、over.over此處表示“多于、超過”，相當(dāng)于_。例句：My father is over 40 years old.(3) too much, much too和too many辨析too much太多（的）用作形容詞，修飾不可數(shù)名詞I have too much homework to do.用作副詞，修飾動詞Dont eat too much.much too太用作副詞，修飾形容詞和副詞The picture is much too beautiful.too many太多的用作形容詞，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)The little boy has too many questions to a

24、sk.And because of the bad weather, we couldnt see anything below. (P. 5)(1) because of意為“因?yàn)?、由于”，后接名詞、代詞或者動名詞，because是連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，后接一個句子。例句：He is late for school _ the bad weather.例句：=He is late for school _ the weather is bad.below表示“在以下、低于”，反義詞是above，意為“在之上，超過”。例句：It was five degrees below zero las

25、t night.My father didnt bring enough money.(P. 5)(1) bring表示“帶來”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從別的地方帶到說話的地方，常與副詞here連用；take表示“帶走”，強(qiáng)調(diào)從說話的地方帶去別的地方，常與副詞there連用；carry表示“搬、抬”，沒有方向性。The students brought their homework to school in the morning and take them home after school.(2) enough可以用作形容詞，表示“足夠的、充分的”，用來修飾名詞，可以放在名詞前面，也可以放在名詞后面。例句：

26、The rich man has enough money.例句：=The rich man has money enough.【拓展】enough還可以用作副詞，修飾形容詞或者副詞，放在形容詞或者副詞后面，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)為：be +adj.+enough+to do sth.“足夠能夠做某事”。例句：The boy is _(足夠年長) to go to school.例句：The father works_(足夠努力) for his family.Well, but the next day was not as good. (P. 5)當(dāng)我們要表示雙方某方面(如年齡、身高等)程度相同或不同

27、時，常用asas或not asas結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“和一樣”或“和不一樣”。如：例句：Mary is as _ as Linda瑪麗和琳達(dá)一樣仔細(xì)。例句：He does not run as _ as Tom他跑步?jīng)]有湯姆快。.because we forgot to bring an umbrella. (P. 6)forget to do sth.“忘記做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)忘記去做某事，實(shí)際上也沒有做；forget doing sth.“忘記做過某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)做過某事，但是忘記了。例句：He forgot _(take) the message to his friend. 他忘記給朋友發(fā)短信了。例

28、句：Dont forget _(lock) the door when you leave. 臨走別忘鎖門。例句：Dont you forget _(meet) me in the street yesterday? 難道你不記得昨天從大街上見到我了嗎？Why not? (P. 8)why not意為“為什么”，表示提出建議，后接動詞原形，相當(dāng)于why dont you.?例句：Why not go to the party with me?例句：=Why dont you go to the party with me?Everyone in our class took a bag wit

29、h some food and water. (P. 8)with此處表示“具有、帶有”，還可以表示“和在一起”或者“用”。例句：I often go to school with my friends.例句：Cut the apple with a knife.My legs were so tired that I wanted to stop. (P. 8)so.that.意為“如此以至于”，用來引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，so是副詞，后面接形容詞或者副詞。例句：Our school is so beautiful that everyone likes it.例句：He runs so fast

30、 that no one can catch up with him.【拓展】such.that.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，表示“如此以至于”，such后面接名詞短語，名詞前經(jīng)常跟有形容詞進(jìn)行修飾。例句：He is such a smart boy that we all like him.例句：They are such experienced workers that they will solve the problem soon.My classmates told me to keep going, so I went on. (P. 8)tell sb. to do sth.“告訴某人做某

31、事”，tell sb. not to do sth.“告訴某人不要做某事”。例句：The teacher told us to clean the windows.例句：I told him not to draw on the wall.keep doing sth.表示“繼續(xù)做某事、一直做某事”例句：She kept watching TV for two hours last night.(3) go on表示“繼續(xù)”，go on to do sth.表示“（完成一件事后）接著做另一件事”，go on doing sth./go on with sth.意為“繼續(xù)做同一件事”。例句：Sh

32、e went on to become a doctor.例句：You cant go on working without any rest.例句：We will go on with the discussion tomorrow.Everyone jumped up and down in excitement. (P. 8)up and down表示“上上下下、來來回回”。例句：They looked up and down.例句：He walks up and down in the room. Twenty minutes later, the sun started to com

33、e up. (P. 8)come up意為“升起、發(fā)生”。例句：It gets hot after the sun has come up.例句：Please let me know if anything comes up.【語法講解】一、復(fù)合不定代詞由some, any, no, every加上one, body, thing構(gòu)成不定代詞，成為復(fù)合不定代詞。onebodythingsomesomeonesomebodysomethinganyanyoneanybodyanythingeveryeveryoneeverybodyeverythingnono onenobodynothing用

34、法復(fù)合不定代詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中可以用作主語、賓語和表語。Someone is knocking at the door.I dont have anything to say today.Money isnt everything.復(fù)合不定代詞被形容詞、動詞不定式修飾時，形容詞和動詞不定式后置。I have something important to tell you.There is nothing wrong with the radio.復(fù)合不定代詞做主語時，表示單數(shù)概念，謂語動詞用單詞形式。Everything begins to grow in spring.some-不定代詞用

35、在肯定句中或者表示請求的一般疑問句中；any-不定代詞多用于疑問句中否定句中。Will you ask someone to carry the box for me?Would you like something to drink?anyone和anything也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何人”和“任何事”。Anyone can do it.I can do anything for you.二、一般過去時的規(guī)則動詞和不規(guī)則動詞（一）規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成規(guī)則：在動詞末尾直接加-ed . 例如，work -worked , look -looked , play played 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的

36、動詞，直接加-d . 例如，live lived , hope hoped , use used 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的，變y為i再加-ed . 例如，study studied , carry carried , worry worried 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的，雙寫最后的輔音字母，再加-ed . 例如，stop stopped , planplanned （二）不規(guī)則變化1. 沒有變化，即：與動詞原形一樣。例如，cut cut , put put , read read 2. 變化元音，例如，write- wrote , know knew , come came 3.

37、變化輔音，例如，make made , spend spent , send sent 4. 輔音和元音都變化，例如，leave left , teach taught , think thought 5. 其他情況，例如，is was , are were , have had Unit 2 How often do you exercise一、必背短語。1.去看電影go to the movies2.多久一次how often3.幾乎從不hardly ever4.在周末on the weekend/on weekends5.一周一次once a week6.一周兩次twice a week

38、7.一個月三次three times a month8.使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)use the internet9.充滿be full of10.上鋼琴課have piano lessons11.不得不做某事have to do sth.12.幫助做家務(wù)help with housework13.至少at least14.至多at most15.保持健康keep healthy/keep in good health16.的結(jié)果the result of17.百分之二十twenty percent18.對有益be good for19.對有害be bad for20.垃圾食品junk food21.多少個小

39、時how many hours22.做運(yùn)動play/do sports23.在某人空閑時間in ones free time24.根本不；一點(diǎn)也不notat all25.詢問關(guān)于askabout26.熬夜stay up late27.一個16歲的男孩a 16-year-old boy28.超過、多于more than29.少于less than30.放松的最好方式the best way to relax【教材內(nèi)容解析】Section AWhat do you usually do on weekends? (P. 9)on weekends意為“在周末”，泛指每個周末，on the week

40、end則表示“在這個周末”，特指某個周末；在英式英語中，在周末也可以用at the weekend或者at weekends。I like going fishing on weekends.He wants to do something special on the weekend.help with homework (P. 9)help表示“幫助”時，常用的句型為：help sb. with sth. 幫助某人某事；help sb. (to) do sth. 幫助某人做某事。Can you help me with my homework?He often helps his moth

41、er clean do housework.sometimes (P. 9)sometimes是頻度副詞，意為“有時”，相當(dāng)于at times。I sometimes play computer games on weekends.【拓展】辨析sometimes, some times, sometime與some timesometimes有時Sometimes he had lunch at school.some times幾次、幾倍Ive been to the museum some times.sometime某時I will visit Daming sometime this

42、summer vacation.some time一段時間She has lived here for some time.hardly ever (P. 9)hardly作副詞，表示“幾乎不”；hard用作副詞表示“努力地、猛烈地”，作形容詞表示“硬的、困難的”。He hardly works.He works hard.This is a hard work.How often do you watch TV? (P. 9)how often意為“多久一次”用來提問頻率，常用表示頻率的副詞或者短語來回答，如twice a week, sometimes, every day, always

43、等。-How often do you play sports?-Three times a week.【拓展】辨析how long, how soon和how oftenhow long“多長時間”，提問for和since引出的時間狀語-How long did you stay there?-For about two weeks.how soon “多久”提問“in+一段時間”-How soon will they come back?-In two weeks.how often“多久一次”，提問動作發(fā)生的頻率-How often do you go home?-Once a week

44、.how far“多遠(yuǎn)”，提問距離的遠(yuǎn)近-How far is it from your home to school?-Three kilometres.use the Internet (P. 10)Internet作名詞，表示“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、因特網(wǎng)”，常用的短語為：on the Internet“在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上”；surf the Internet“上網(wǎng)”。You can find much useful information on the Internet.Most of the students like surfing the Internet.Hi, Claire, are you fr

45、ee next week? (P. 10)free作形容詞表示“空閑的、有空的”，be free相當(dāng)于have time。I will be free next week.=I will have time next time.【拓展】free作形容詞，還可以表示“免費(fèi)的、自由的”，be free to do sth.“自由地做某事”。The tickets are free.You are free to come and go.How come? (P. 10)How come意為“為什么呢、怎么回事”，用于詢問某事為什么會發(fā)生，可以單獨(dú)使用也可以后接陳述句。How come you di

46、dnt wait for me for a while?Well, how about Tuesday? (P. 10)How about相當(dāng)于what about意為“怎么樣”，用來征求對方意見或者詢問情況，后接名詞或者動名詞。Its sunny today. How/What about playing tennis?Oh, I have to play tennis with my friends. (P. 10)have to表示“不得不、必須”，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需求；must側(cè)重主觀上自己認(rèn)為有必要做某事。It is getting dark. I have to go home now.W

47、e must care for our parents.I go to the movies maybe once a month. (P. 11)maybe作副詞，表示“可能、也許”，常常放在句首，可以與may be相互轉(zhuǎn)換。Maybe he is a foreigner.=He may be a foreigner.How often do they stay up late? (P. 11)stay up意為“熬夜”，表示“為熬夜”時，用“stay up for sth.”。It is a bad habit to stay up late.He plays at least twice

48、 a week. (P. 11)at least表示“至少”，反義詞為at most“最多”。There are at least 10,000 students in our school.He can carry three boxes at most.Section BShe says its good for my health. (P. 12)be good for意為“對有益”，反義詞是be bad for“對有害”。Doing sports is good for you.health是不可數(shù)名詞，意為“健康”，in good health表示“很健康”，形容詞為healthy，

49、副詞是healthily。To keep healthy, you should eat healthily.Last month we asked our students about their free time activities. (P. 13)ask sb. about sth.意為“詢問某人某事”。Someone is asking Lucy about the wonderful building.Here are the results. (P. 13)here和there置于句首，謂語動詞是be動詞或者come, go等不及物動詞時，主語為名詞時，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，即主謂調(diào)換位

50、置，若主語是代詞時，主謂不倒裝。Here comes the bus.There he goes.We found that only fifteen percent of our students exercise every day. (P. 13)percent表示“百分之”，常用“基數(shù)詞+percent+of+名詞”，“percent of+名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。Seventy percent of the boys like playing computer games.Ninety of the work is finished.And twenty

51、percent do not exercise at all!(P. 13)not.at all意為“一點(diǎn)兒也不、根本不”；not at all表示“沒關(guān)系、不用謝”。I dont know about it at all.-Thank you very much.-Not at all.We all know that many students often go online.(P. 13)此處online用作副詞，表示“在線、聯(lián)網(wǎng)”，也可以用作形容詞，意為“在線的、聯(lián)網(wǎng)的”。Many people like buying things online.The online games ar

52、e popular with children.The answers to our questions about watching television were also interesting. (P. 13)名詞answer后常跟介詞to，表示“的答案”，類似的名詞還有key，solution，ticket。Your answer to the question is right.Although many students like to watch sports, game shows are the most popular. (P. 13)although用作連詞，表示“雖然

53、、即使”，相當(dāng)于though，用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。在英語中，although/though和but不能同時出現(xiàn)。Although it rained heavily, the boys played outside.=It rained heavily, but the boys played outside.9. It is good to relax by using the Internet or watching game shows, but we think the best way to relax is through exercise. (P. 13)(1) by可以用來表

54、示方式，意為“通過”，后接名詞或者動名詞短語。He usually goes to work by bus.The man makes a living by selling newspapers.(2) way表示“方法”時，后常接動詞不定式或者of doing作定語。Can you think out a way to open the door/of opening the door?10. Exercise such as playing sports is fun, and you can spend time with your friends and family as you

55、play together. (P. 13) (1) such as一般用于列舉同一類人或物中的一個例子，但必須數(shù)量少于前面所提及的總數(shù)，只能放在所列舉的名詞前；for example一般用于列舉一個例子，后面經(jīng)常加上一個句子，位置很靈活，可位于句首、句中，于被列舉的事例之間用逗號隔開。I like fruit; for example, I often eat bananas in the evening.He knows several languages, such as English and Chinese.(2) sb. spend+時間/金錢+on sth. “在某事上花費(fèi)多長時

56、間或者多少錢”； sb. spend+時間+(in) doing sth.“花費(fèi)多長時間做某事”The man spent the whole day on his speech.The family spent 10,000 dollars on their trip.The boy has spent two hours playing the computer games.【拓展】辨析spend, pay, take和costspend主語是人spend.on sth./spend.(in) doing sth.pay主語是人pay for sth./pay +金錢. for sth.t

57、ake 主語是itIt takes sb.+時間+to do sth.cost主語是物sth. costs sb.+金錢11. Jane is a 16-year-old high school student in the United States. (P. 15) 16-year-old意為“16歲的”，其中的名詞用單數(shù)形式，在句中作定語，16 years old表示“16歲”，在句中作表語。Li Bo is a seven-year old boy.=Li Bo is seven years old.12. However, she has some bad habits, too.

58、(P. 15) (1) however作副詞，表示“但是、然而”，常位于句首，后面常常跟有逗號隔開。The boy eats much every meal. However, he is very thin.(2) also, too, as well與either都可以表示“也”，但是用法不同。also放在句中行為動詞前，be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞之后。He also wants to go.too用于肯定句中，放在句尾，前面用逗號隔開。He wants to go, either.as well用于肯定句中，放在句尾，前面不用逗號隔開。He wants to go as well.eit

59、her用于否定句句末。He doesnt want to go either13. She says she is afraid. (P. 15) be afraid of意為“害怕、不敢”，后接名詞、代詞或者動名詞。She is afraid of snakes.I was afraid of going through the woods.拓展be afraid to do sth. 意為“膽小不敢做某事”。He was afraid to go out at night.be afraid that.意為“擔(dān)心、害怕”。He was afraid that he would lose.I

60、m afraid表示“恐怕”。-Can we go there on time?-I am afraid not.14. None (P. 16) none表示“沒有一個（人或物）”，是all“所有的人或物”的反義詞，后常接介詞of；另外，none強(qiáng)調(diào)某一類人或物數(shù)量的多少，常用來回答how many/much的提問；nobody(no one)/nothing強(qiáng)調(diào)個體，常用來回答what或者who的提問。None of us agreed to his plan.-How many students are there in the classroom?-None.-Who is knock