論文摘要寫作概述

1、論文摘要寫作概述第1頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三1（一）基本理論知識 本課程主要講解科技論文英譯的理論知識，包括英漢句子層面的語言對比，語序的對比，和長難句的處理。掌握科技英語的語言特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)詞規(guī)律、和句法特點(diǎn)。介紹翻譯的基本技巧， 直譯、意譯、音譯、 綜合譯法。（二）基本技能 通過本課程的學(xué)習(xí)和實(shí)踐，提高學(xué)生的語言應(yīng)用能力，提高語言表達(dá)的可讀性和準(zhǔn)確性，促進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)交流活動，為學(xué)生繼續(xù)深造和從事科學(xué)研究奠定良好基礎(chǔ)。（三）基本素質(zhì) 提高英漢兩種語言的應(yīng)用水平、交互翻譯能力、及兩種語言的書面表達(dá)能力，促進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)交流，使學(xué)術(shù)成果共享，更好地服務(wù)于人類的健康和社會進(jìn)步。一、課程

2、目標(biāo)第2頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三2 教學(xué)內(nèi)容學(xué) 時(shí)學(xué)分備注第一章 英文摘要的概述 2W1第二章 醫(yī)學(xué)英語詞匯的構(gòu)成 6W3第三章 英文摘要的文體 4W2第四章 論文標(biāo)題的翻譯 4W2二、課程學(xué)時(shí)分配第3頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三3 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 學(xué) 時(shí)學(xué)分備注第五章 研究論文摘要翻譯 4W2第六章 文獻(xiàn)綜述論文摘要翻譯4W2第七章 病例報(bào)告論文摘要翻譯2W1第八章 摘要翻譯的常見錯誤4W2課程考查 2 w1合計(jì)322W16課程學(xué)時(shí)分配第4頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三4Lecture 1: Introducti

3、on of research paper writings in English: Format and Language The continuing expansion of biomedical literature is overwhelming. An analysis of the MEDLINE database found an average annual increase of 2.8% in the number of publications listed each year. By the year of 2009, the total number of journ

4、als indexed by SCI reached 7347, among those there are 139 journals of China. Domestically, more than 1000 biomedical journals are published in Chinese. Many people ask about the “tricks of the trade”_ how to improve an article to increase its chances for acceptance in an well-known English language

5、 journal. 第5頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三5語言、期刊數(shù)量語言、所占比列語言、所占比例英語 6313（85.9%）一刊多語種 688（9.4%）德語 84（1.1%）法語 61（0.8%）西班牙語 53（0.7%）葡萄牙語 28（0.4%）波蘭語 18（0.2%）漢語 16（0.2%）荷蘭語 16（0.2%）土耳其語 14（0.2%）意大利語 11（0.1%）日語 11（0.1%）俄語 8（0.1%）韓語 7（0.1%）羅馬尼亞語 5（0.1%）克羅埃西亞 4（0.1%）塞爾維亞 3（0.0%）立陶宛 2思羅維尼亞 2捷克語 1丹麥語 1烏克蘭語 1200

6、9年7347種SCI期刊的出版語種分布其中中國期刊收錄被收錄的有139種，包括臺灣25種 生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊排序第6頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三6 Rank of Journals Impact Factors up/down1.CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 癌74.5752.New England Journal of Medicine 新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 50.0173. Annual Review of Immunology/免疫學(xué)年評 41.059 4.Nature Reviews :Molecular Cell Biolo

7、gy 自然評論：分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)35.4235.Physiological Reviews 生理學(xué)評論 35 最新醫(yī)學(xué)期刊影響因子排序（ Top 12, 2009 ）第7頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三76. JAMA 美國醫(yī)學(xué)會志31.7187. Nature 自然31.4348. Cell 細(xì)胞 31.2539. Nature Reviews : Cancer 自然評論：癌癥 30.76210. Nature Genetics 自然遺傳學(xué) 30.25911. Annual Review of Biochemistry 生物化學(xué)年評 30.01612. Nature R

8、eviews Immunology 免疫學(xué)30.006 第8頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三8Basic elements to get your paper published in Englisha. Subject matter-creative, original, curious, influentialb. languageexplicit, precise , free from spelling or grammatical errors, right use of punctuationsc. format conformed to the instr

9、uctions for authors第9頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三9Three fundamental medical Text typesCase report articlesReview articlesResearch articlesVariations among them第10頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三10Science writings are different from fiction, argumentation, prose, or poetic writings, or CET compositions.

10、A research paper is an utterance of narration or exposition. It has a specific format ,but the format is not exactly the same. There exist variations in different journals. In U.S., U.K., Australia ,Canadian journals, the format is more complex than that in Chinese biomedical Journals, the latter ad

11、opted IMRAD format or traditional abstract, a summary.第11頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三11英文摘要的類別與組成要素傳統(tǒng)式 Summary :covert structure of IMRAD結(jié)構(gòu)式IMRAD Format: Objective(s): Method(s): Result(s): Conclusion (s)8-heading Format: Objective: Design: Setting: Patients: Interventions: Main outcome measurement:

12、 Results: ConclusionBackground /Context : purpose:Data Source: Study SelectionData Extraction: Data SynthesisConclusionsBackground/ Purposes: Case Report: ConclusionresearchreviewCase study第12頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三12 Four basic research typesa. Clinical researchb. Basic/ observational research

13、c. Epidemiological /cohort-based researchd. Operative/surgical researchOf course you want to choose a key journal for your paper to get higher impact factor.第13頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三13Top 30 journals according to the rank of impact factors No. journal formatNew England Journal of Medicine IMRA

14、DJournal of American Medical Association 8-headingThe Lancet - U.K. IMRADAnnual Review of Medicine noAnnals of Internal Medicine 8-headingArchives of Internal Medicine IMRADAmerican Journal of Medicine IMRAD第14頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三14Top 30 journals according to the rank of impact factors8. Br

15、itish Medical Journal 8-heading9. Medicine (Baltimore) no specific 10. Amyloid no specific11. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians- no12. Journal of Family Practice 8-heading13.Annals of Medicine IMRAD14. Journal of General Internal Medicine 8-heading15. Canadian Medical Association

16、 Journal IMRAD16. Journal of Internal Medicine 8-heading第15頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三1517. Archives of Family Medicine no specific18. Journal of Investigative Medicine IMRAD19. Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians IMRAD20. Mayo Clinic Proceedings IMRAD21. American Journal Preventive Me

17、dicine IMRAD#22. European Journal of Clinical Investigation IMRAD 23. Palliative Medicine no. 24. The journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine noTop 30 journals according to the rank of impact factors第16頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三16Top 30 journals according to the rank of impact factors25. The M

18、edical Journal of Australia 8-heading26. British Medical Bulletin no27. Journal of Pain and symptom Management no28.British Journal of General Practice 8-heading29. Preventive Medicine IMRAD30. American Journal of Medical Science IMRAD第17頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三17The Four-heading format and the

19、8-heading format of the structured abstractsIMRAD format Eight-heading format1.Introduction 1.Objective:Question addressed 2.Design:the basic design of the study 3.Setting: the location and level of clinical care2. Methods 4. Patients: who entered the study 5.Intervention: exact treatment or 6.Main

20、outcome measurement: 第18頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三183. Results 7. Results: the key findings 4.Discussion 8.Concluson: key conclusions _Abstract An abstract of your scientific paper is different from the abstract sent for a congress presentation. Whatever the format, be sure that the whole message

21、of your work comes across in the abstract, because this part of the paper is most likely to be read. Computer database such as PubMed(美國國家醫(yī)學(xué)圖書館),Medline(醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫) publish only abstracts.第19頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三19You should answer these questions in your abstract : Why did you study? (Introduct

22、ion) What did you do? ( Methods) What answers did you get? ( Results) What does it mean? (Discussion)第20頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三20So, vague or incomplete abstracts will be overlooked by the other investigators.Components of an abstract (8-heading format)Objective: This part should give one sente

23、nce, a precise statement of why the study was done, usually a infinitive clause “To investigate the efficacy of”. Design: Type of the study, e.g. double blind trial, experimental analysis, prospective/retrospective study should be noted.第21頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三21Setting: To outline the condit

24、ions of the setting is more important for clinical research papers, so that the readers can assess the applicability of the study to their own circumstances. This paragraph should state whether the setting was a community, a university department, etc. Subjects or material: The total number of patie

25、nts, subjects or animals selected, which gives the reader an idea of generalizability of the results.第22頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三22Interventions: A description of any intervention ,e.g. the dosage and duration of drug regimen.Main outcome Measures: Methods by which patients were assessed or the s

26、uccess judged should be mentioned.Results: The main results should be given, together with a note of exclusion and withdrawals. Confidence intervals and level of significance should be indicated. 第23頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三23Conclusions: Only those conclusions supported by the data that are pres

27、ented should be stated, followed by a short statement on the possible clinical applications of the work, bearing in mind the limitations of the study.第24頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三24 Practice PointsPreparing the first draft -Choose a leader writer-choose a working title “A good title sells the pape

28、r”- follow the journals “instructor for authors”-complete the first draft in one setting第25頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三25Getting the massage across -emphasize information by placing it at the end of the sentence or clause- do not provide lengthy information between subject and verb-provide the reade

29、r with context and perspective by appropriate use of topic position-move the reader on by verbs that have a sense of action第26頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三26Context: Endogenous hormones （內(nèi)源性激素）are a primary cause of breast cancer. Adiposity (肥胖)affects circulating hormones, particularly in breast can

30、cer. Objective: To assess the associations of adult weight change since age 18 years and since menopause with the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. e.g. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer from JAMA第27頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三27Design, Setting, and Partici

31、pants: Prospective cohort study within the Nurses Health Study. A total of 87143 postmenopausal women, aged 30 to 55 years and free of cancer, were followed up for up to 26 years ( 1976-2002) to assess weight change since 18 years. Weight change since menopause was assessed among 49514 women who wer

32、e followed up for up to 24 years. 第28頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三28Main Outcome Measure: Incidence of invasive breast cancer. Results: Overall, 4393 cases of invasive breast cancer were documented. Compared with those who maintained weight, women who gained 25.0kg or more since age 18 years were at

33、an increased risk of breast cancer ( relative risk RR,1.45;95% confidence interval CI, 1.27-1.66; p.001 for trend), with a stronger association among women who have never taken postmenopausal hormones (RR,1.98; 95% CI, 1.55-2.53). 第29頁，共33頁，2022年，5月20日，7點(diǎn)39分，星期三29Compared with weight maintenance, women who gained 10.0kg or more since menopause were at an increased risk of breast cancer (RR,1.18;95%CI, 1.03-1.35;p= .002 for trend). Women who had never used postmenopausal hormones, lost 10.0 kg or more sine menopause, and kept the weight off were at a lower risk than those w