基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)

1、基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)An example of genetic control of metabolism An example of genetic control The products of gene expression can be RNA or proteinThe products of gene expressioBasic concept of transcriptionA transcription unit：Basic concept of transcription基因和表達(dá)與調(diào)控調(diào)節(jié)元件轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控翻譯調(diào)控基因和表

2、達(dá)與調(diào)控調(diào)節(jié)元件The Lactose Operon in PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUS調(diào)節(jié)基因操縱子Lac 阻遏物半乳糖苷酶半乳糖苷透性酶半乳糖苷乙?；D(zhuǎn)移酶E.Coli 誘導(dǎo)型Lac操縱子結(jié)構(gòu)模型基因 長度PI: i基因啟動子 gene i：調(diào)節(jié)基因 P： 結(jié)構(gòu)基因啟動子 gene Z,Y,A：結(jié)構(gòu)基因 O： 操縱單元 The Lactose Operon in PROKARYO誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控乳糖操縱子在乳糖存在下，乳糖作為誘導(dǎo)物， 與調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物結(jié)合，改變了阻遏物結(jié)構(gòu)，不能再結(jié)合到操作基因上，使得RNA多聚酶能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。轉(zhuǎn)錄了分解乳糖的三個結(jié)

3、構(gòu)基因。當(dāng)乳糖分解完以后，調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物結(jié)合到操作基因上，使得RNA多聚酶不能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。停止轉(zhuǎn)錄分解乳糖的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控乳糖操縱子在乳糖存在下，乳糖作為誘導(dǎo)物， 誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動結(jié)構(gòu)基因不能轉(zhuǎn)錄。在底物存在下，底物作為誘導(dǎo)物， 與調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物結(jié)合，改變了阻遏物結(jié)構(gòu)，不能再結(jié)合到操縱基因上，使得RNA多聚酶能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。轉(zhuǎn)錄了分解底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。當(dāng)?shù)孜锓纸馔暌院?，調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物結(jié)合到操縱基因上，使得RNA多聚酶不能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。停止轉(zhuǎn)錄分解底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基

4、因上，啟誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)正調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動結(jié)構(gòu)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。在底物存在下，底物作為誘導(dǎo)物， 與調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的活化物結(jié)合，改變了活化物結(jié)構(gòu)，使得復(fù)合物能夠結(jié)合到操縱基因上，RNA多聚酶能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。轉(zhuǎn)錄了分解底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。調(diào)節(jié)基因的產(chǎn)物在沒有底物存在下，不能與結(jié)合到操縱基因上，RNA多聚酶不能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。停止轉(zhuǎn)錄分解底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)正調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)阻遏系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動結(jié)構(gòu)基因不能轉(zhuǎn)錄。在底物存在下，調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物不能與操縱基因結(jié)合，使得RNA多

5、聚酶能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。轉(zhuǎn)錄了合成底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。當(dāng)?shù)孜锖铣梢院?，調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的阻遏物與底物的復(fù)合物結(jié)合到操縱基因上，使得RNA多聚酶不能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。停止轉(zhuǎn)錄合成底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。阻遏系統(tǒng)負(fù)調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟阻遏系統(tǒng)正調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動結(jié)構(gòu)基因能轉(zhuǎn)錄。調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的活化物與操縱基因結(jié)合，使得RNA多聚酶能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。轉(zhuǎn)錄了合成底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。當(dāng)?shù)孜锖铣梢院?，調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)生的活化物與底物的復(fù)合物不能結(jié)合到操縱基因上，使得RNA多聚酶不能夠與啟動子結(jié)合，啟動。停止轉(zhuǎn)錄合成底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。阻遏系統(tǒng)正調(diào)控 調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因

6、基因上，啟基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)誘導(dǎo)和阻遏系統(tǒng)主要區(qū)別調(diào)控類型 有底物 無底物誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng) 阻遏系統(tǒng) 誘導(dǎo)和阻遏系統(tǒng)主要區(qū)別正負(fù)調(diào)控區(qū)別調(diào)控類型 有阻遏物 無阻遏物負(fù)調(diào)控 正調(diào)控 _正負(fù)調(diào)控區(qū)別調(diào)控類型 有阻遏物 Lac 操縱子基因的組成型表達(dá)： 外源誘導(dǎo)物不存在時， 功能基因仍表達(dá)Lac 操縱子基因的組成型表達(dá)： 復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA復(fù)制：DNA多聚酶轉(zhuǎn)錄：依賴于的RNA多聚酶反轉(zhuǎn)錄：依賴于RNA的DNA多聚酶復(fù)制與轉(zhuǎn)錄DNA復(fù)制：DNA多聚酶THE CENTRAL DOGMATHE CENTRAL DOGMA基因表達(dá)過程DNASnRNA; _tRNA _rRNA _mRNA基因表達(dá)

7、過程DNASnRNA;THE PROCESS OF GENE EXPRESSIONTHE PROCESS OF GENE EXPRESSION原核與真核生物基因轉(zhuǎn)錄原核 mRNA真核 pre-mRNA -mRNA原核與真核生物基因轉(zhuǎn)錄原核 mRNAThe difference of gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotes The difference of gene express基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT)調(diào)節(jié)水平轉(zhuǎn)錄m加工翻譯翻譯后加工調(diào)節(jié)水平轉(zhuǎn)錄Basic concept of

8、transcriptionBasic concept of transcription轉(zhuǎn)錄模版 轉(zhuǎn)錄時，一般以一條鏈為模版鏈，但是也有一些基因以另一條鏈為模版。轉(zhuǎn)錄模版 轉(zhuǎn)錄時，一般以一條鏈為模版鏈，但是也有一Basic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcription反義RNA：一種由兩條互補(bǔ)鏈轉(zhuǎn)

9、錄成的兩條完全互補(bǔ)的RNA鏈，結(jié)果形成復(fù)合體，不能翻譯出蛋白多肽。反義RNA：一種由兩條互補(bǔ)鏈轉(zhuǎn)錄成的兩條完全互補(bǔ)的RNBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionRNA processingTrans-acting，反式作用轉(zhuǎn)錄了分解底物的結(jié)構(gòu)基因。The difference of gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotesRNA processingRNA processingThe two-step mechanism by which uridine

10、monophosphate residues are inserted into pre-mRNA molecules during editing in mitochondria of trypanosomes調(diào)節(jié)基因產(chǎn)物結(jié)合到操作基因基因上，啟動結(jié)構(gòu)基因不能轉(zhuǎn)錄。PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSGenes and recognition sites invovled in the lambda lytic regulatory casade原核與真核生物基因轉(zhuǎn)錄TRANSLATION可以相隔數(shù)千個堿基對遠(yuǎn)距離發(fā)生調(diào)控作用。終止子結(jié)構(gòu)特征：基因3端的具有反向重復(fù)特殊序列

11、，具有終止轉(zhuǎn)錄的作用。Bacteriophage Lambda:Lysogeny or LysisRNA processingBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionRNA SYNTHESISBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionRNA多聚酶與啟動子解旋與啟始10區(qū)：TATA box（Pribnow box），核心酶

12、結(jié)合區(qū)。35區(qū)：sigma因子結(jié)合區(qū)。RNA多聚酶與啟動子解旋與啟始Basic concept of transcriptionRNA initiation in E. coliA:T rich region Initiate unwindingRNA polymerase binding siteTranscription begins Basic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionPROMOTEROF BACTERIABasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of tra

13、nscriptionBasic concept of transcription解旋酶和恢復(fù)螺旋的酶解旋酶打開部分DNA雙螺旋，使得RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄?；謴?fù)螺旋的酶在轉(zhuǎn)錄結(jié)束后，恢復(fù)原來DNA的雙螺旋狀。解旋酶和恢復(fù)螺旋的酶Basic concept of transcriptionRNA elongation in E. coliBasic concept of transcriptionTermination of RNAA Rho-dependent transcription terminator: result in termination only in the presence of p

14、rotein rho()A Rho-independent transcription terminator: result in termination without the involvement of protein rho()Basic concept of transcriptionTermination of RNAA Rho-depend轉(zhuǎn)錄終止 終止：RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄停止在終止信號上，RNA釋放。Rho因子：在轉(zhuǎn)錄中起到終止轉(zhuǎn)錄的作用的輔助蛋白。 依賴Rho因子的終止子是弱終止子，不依賴Rho因子的終止子是強(qiáng)終止子。終止子結(jié)構(gòu)特征：基因3端的具有反向重復(fù)特殊序列，具有終止轉(zhuǎn)錄的作用

15、。轉(zhuǎn)錄終止 終止：RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄停止在終止信號上，RNA釋放Basic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionA Rho-independent transcription terminatorBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionTranscription in Eukaryotes:Basic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of trans

16、criptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionStructure of a promoter recognized by RNA polymerase IIBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcription參與RNA多聚酶作用的因子TFIID:結(jié)合到TATA上

17、TFIIA：結(jié)合到D上TFIIB：結(jié)合復(fù)合物TFIIF：與RNA II多聚酶結(jié)合，參與解旋 TFIIE：結(jié)合復(fù)合物參與RNA多聚酶作用的因子TFIID:結(jié)合到TATA上Basic concept of transcriptionInitiation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of t

18、ranscriptionRNA加工5加甲基MG3加多聚RNA加工5加甲基MGBasic concept of transcriptionRNA elongation and the addition of 5- capBasic concept of transcriptionBasic concept of transcriptionRNA termination and the addition of 3- poly(A) tailsBasic concept of transcription RNA processing RNA SPLICING RNA processing RNA S

19、PLICIN RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA proc

20、essing RNA processing RNA processing基因表達(dá)和調(diào)控(共157張精選PPT) RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA

21、processing RNA processing alternative splicing RNA processing alternative splicing RNA pr RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processingRNA EDITING:Genetic information is altered in the mRNA RNA processingRNA EDITING:RNA editing processes alter the information content of

22、gene transcripts in two ways:1.changing the structures of individual bases2.inserting or deleting uridine monophosphate residues RNA processingRNA editing processes alter th RNA processingEditing of the apolipoprotein-B mRNA in the intestines of mammals RNA processingEditing of the RNA processingEdi

23、ting of the mitochondrial cytochrome b pre-mRNA RNA processingEditing of the RNA processingThe two-step mechanism by which uridine monophosphate residues are inserted into pre-mRNA molecules during editing in mitochondria of trypanosomes RNA processingThe two-step metRNA processing RNA processingtRN

24、A processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing RNA processing 2.RNA processing 3.RNA stability5 levels of regulation: 2.RNA processing 3.RNA stabi TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLA

25、TION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION TRANSLATIONBacteriophage Lambda

26、:Lysogeny or LysisPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSBacteriophage Lambda:LysogenPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSBacteriophage lambdaTwo intracellular states：Lytic growthlysogenyPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSBacThe determination of whether lambda enters the lytic or the lysogenic pathway: 1.the lytic regulatory cas

27、cade or 2.the autogenously maintained repression circuit of lysogenyQ: How the genetic switch of these two regulatory networks takes place? The determination of whether lPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSRepression of the lambda lytic genes in lysogenic PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSRepPROKARYOTES AND THEIR V

28、IRUSThe lambda repressor dimer contacts its binding sites in lambda operator region(OL and OR) PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSThePROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSAutogenous regulation of phage lambda repressor synthesisPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSAutPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSGenes and recognition sites invovl

29、ed in the lambda lytic regulatory casadeGenes cro, N and Q encode regulatory proteins required for lytic development PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSGenPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSFunctions of the cro gene productPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSFunPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSN protein functions as an antitermin

30、ator of transcriptionPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSN pPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSRegulatory element involved in setting the lambda genetic switch to lytic or to lysogeny growthPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSRegPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSThe lambda CII-C

31、III-PRE regulatory circuitPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSThePROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSSummary of the lambda regulatory elementsPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSSumPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSTranslational control of gene expression The regulation at the level of translation is just

32、fine-tuningIn prokaryotes, transcription, translation and mRNA degradation are coupledThe same transcript produces different amounts of gene product: unequal efficiencies of translational initiation altered efficiencies of ribosome movement differential rates of degradationPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRU

33、STranslational control of gene PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSThe coordination between ribosomal protein synthesis and ribosomal RNA synthesis occurs at the level of translation PROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSThePROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSPROKARYOTES AND

34、 THEIR VIRUSPost-translation regulatoryPROKARYOTES AND THEIR VIRUSFeedback inhibition or end-product inhibitionPost-translation regulatoryPRORegulation of Eukaryotic gene expression Spatial regulation tissue-specific gene expressionTemporal regulation temporal specificity, different genes are expres

35、sed at different times, in response to biological signals or environment stimuli eukaryotesRegulation of Eukaryotic gene Orgnanization and temporally specific expression of human and globin geneseukaryotesOrgnanization and temporally sThe stages at which eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated:T

36、ranscriptionProcessingTranslationeukaryotesThe stages at which eukaryoticRNA processing is typical in eukaryotesPhysical separation of the events of gene expression make it possible for regulation to occur in different places eukaryotesRNA processing is typical in eAlternate splicing of RNAeukaryote

37、sAlternate splicing of RNAeukareukaryoteseukaryoteseukaryoteseukaryotesCytoplasmic control of mRNA stability the length of the poly(A) tail the structure of the 3UTR the metabolic state of the cell eukaryotesCytoplasmic control of mRNA st環(huán)境因素誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控 由于環(huán)境因子的改變，使得生物體特定基因的表達(dá)受到了相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控，這種調(diào)控形式稱為環(huán)境因素誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄

38、調(diào)控。環(huán)境因素誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控 溫度誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控元件熱休克基因（HeatShock gene) ：編碼熱休克蛋白的基因。例如：hsp70 gene熱休克轉(zhuǎn)錄因子（heat-shock transcription factor,HSTF）：存在于細(xì)胞核中一種對溫度敏感的多肽因子。熱休克反應(yīng)因子（heat shock response elements,HSEs）：在hsp70 gene上游4090bp，被HSTF識別的DNA序列。溫度誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控元件熱休克基因（HeatShock g溫度誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控?zé)嵝菘嘶颍℉eatShock gene) 在原核和真核生物中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了這類基因，當(dāng)生物體處于高

39、溫時，熱休克轉(zhuǎn)錄因子（heat-shock transcription factor,HSTF）被激活，結(jié)合到熱休克反應(yīng)序列上，促使熱休克基因轉(zhuǎn)錄，表達(dá)的蛋白為HSP70，對細(xì)胞在高溫下起穩(wěn)定作用。溫度誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控?zé)嵝菘嘶颍℉eatShock geneukaryotesEnvironment factors induce transcriptional activity: temperatureeukaryotesEnvironment factors eukaryoteseukaryotes生物因子誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控生物體在生物因子誘導(dǎo)下的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。 這類因子的調(diào)控一般都需要通過細(xì)胞信號傳導(dǎo)

40、系統(tǒng)，將信息傳遞細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的DNA上，誘導(dǎo)了轉(zhuǎn)錄進(jìn)行。 其中有的因子直接進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)參與誘導(dǎo)，有些因子通過細(xì)胞跨膜蛋白受體，間接進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)。生物因子誘導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控生物體在生物因子誘導(dǎo)下的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。eukaryotesBiological factors induce transcriptional activity1: steroid hormoneseukaryotesBiological factors eukaryotesBiological factors induce transcriptional activity2: peptide hormoneeukaryotesBiologica

41、l factors Three general properties of enhancers they act over relatively large distances their influence on gene expression in independent of orientation their effects are independent of positionThree general properties of en增強(qiáng)子（enhancer） 生物中能夠增強(qiáng)基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控序列。作用特征：可以相隔數(shù)千個堿基對遠(yuǎn)距離發(fā)生調(diào)控作用。不管正向或反向，均可以發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用。在結(jié)構(gòu)基因的上游或下游都具有調(diào)控的作用。增強(qiáng)子（enhancer） 生物中能夠增強(qiáng)基因表達(dá)的調(diào)eukaryotesDNA sequences involved in the control of transcription: enhancer