英語詞匯學(xué)市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、English LexicologyChapter 1 Basic concepts of words and vocabulary第1頁AbstractThis chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classificat

2、ion and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.第2頁Main pointdefinition of a wordsound and meaningsound and formvocabulary classification or wordsbasic word stock and non-basic vocabularycontent word

3、s and functional wordsnative words and borrowed words第3頁What is a word?A minimal free form of a languageA sound unityA unit of meaningA form that can function alone in a sentence第4頁Definition of the wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and sentence funct

4、ion. 第5頁Another definition of the wordA combination of vocal sounds, or one such sound, used in a language to express an idea (e.g. to denote a thing, attribute, or relation), and constituting an ultimate minimal element of speech having a meaning as such; a vocable（以語音、字母為單位而不以意義為單位）詞，詞外殼. Heidi Ha

5、rley, English words, blackwell Publishing, 第6頁One more definition of the wordAn uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes, which typically occurs in the structure of phrases. Howard Jackson, Words, meaning and vocabulary, Cassell Wellington House, 第7頁Lexical and grammatic

6、al wordsLexical words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They have fairly independent meanings and may be meaningful even in isolation or in a series.Grammatical words are elements like propositions, articles, conjunctions, forms indicating number or tense, and so on. 第8頁Characteristics of the

7、wordThe word is an uninterruptible unit.The word may consist one or more morphemes.The word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.The word should belong to a specific word class or part of speech.第9頁Simple and complex wordsSimple words word, and, if, we, thus, that, these, the, have, come, go

8、, end, us, sum, sound, meanComplex words development, freely, different, differently, basically, meaning, misunderstand, misunderstanding, commonly, speaker blackboard, classroom, textbook, viewpoint, go-between, sportsman, sportsmanship, sportwoman第10頁What is a Chinese morpheme(語素) ?語素是最小語音語義結(jié)合體，是最

9、小語言單位。語素是構(gòu)詞單位。語素也是組成成語、熟語等固定詞組基礎(chǔ)。漢語語素語音形式是音節(jié)，書面形式是漢字。 (胡裕樹，當(dāng)代漢語，P194-5)詞和語素都是語言單位；字是統(tǒng)計(jì)語言符號，是書寫單位。語素分類單音節(jié)語素，讀出來是一個(gè)音節(jié)，寫下來是一個(gè)漢字。單音節(jié)語素在漢語里活動(dòng)能量大，含有很大構(gòu)詞能力。雙音節(jié)語素，讀出來是兩個(gè)音節(jié)，寫下來是兩個(gè)漢字，但只表示一個(gè)意義。多音節(jié)語素，基本上是音譯外來詞。（黃伯榮，當(dāng)代漢語，甘肅人民出版社，1983）第11頁What is a Chinese morpheme(語素) ?語素是音義相結(jié)合最小語言單位。普通地說，一個(gè)語素就是一個(gè)音節(jié)，書面上就是一個(gè)漢字，有時(shí)

10、侯還是一個(gè)詞。不過音節(jié)是從語音學(xué)角度分析結(jié)果，文字是書面統(tǒng)計(jì)符號，語素則是語言中構(gòu)詞基本成份，詞是指音義相結(jié)合能夠獨(dú)立利用最小語言單位。這四者角度不一樣，并不是一回事。1、同一個(gè)漢字，能夠代表不一樣語素。漢字即使相同，但讀音不一樣：會議/會計(jì)漢字和讀音都相同，不過詞性不一樣：老人/老虎/老是搗亂漢字、讀音和詞性都相同，不過意義不一樣：公家/公牛2、漢語語素絕大多數(shù)是單音節(jié)，但有時(shí)侯，一個(gè)漢字并不代表一個(gè)語素，只代表一個(gè)音節(jié)，也就是說，一個(gè)語素也能夠是兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)。連綿詞：磅礴；口語詞：尷尬；音譯詞：咖啡，奧林匹克3、有時(shí)侯，一個(gè)漢字在不一樣場所，有是語素，有不是語素。馬匹（語素）/馬達(dá)（非語素

11、） （邵敬敏，當(dāng)代漢通論，上海教育出版社，P113-4）第12頁What is a Chinese word?詞，是意義單純，語音形式獨(dú)立、完整、固定，而且其中沒有停頓語言建筑材料單位。（邢公畹，當(dāng)代漢語教程，南開大學(xué)出版社，P119）詞是比語素高一級語言單位。 (胡裕樹，當(dāng)代漢語，P198)詞是代表一定意義、含有固定語音形式、能夠獨(dú)立利用最小結(jié)構(gòu)單位。 (胡裕樹，當(dāng)代漢語，P203)詞，是指一定語音形式跟一定詞匯意義相結(jié)合，而且能夠獨(dú)立利用最小語言單位。（邵敬敏，當(dāng)代漢通論，上海教育出版社，P115-6 ）第13頁What is a Chinese word?語素不等于詞，它們區(qū)分主要是兩點(diǎn)

12、：第一，語素意義不太明確，也不太穩(wěn)定。第二，愈加主要是語素不能獨(dú)立利用，也不能自由地跟其它詞語組合。不過因?yàn)楣糯鷿h語中一單音節(jié)詞為主，有些語言單位，在一些場所就極難確定了。語素以單音節(jié)為主，詞則以多音節(jié)為主。詞語有顯著雙音節(jié)化趨勢。合成詞內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)跟短語結(jié)構(gòu)大致一致。 （邵敬敏，當(dāng)代漢通論，上海教育出版社，P115-6 ）詞和語素都表示意義，不過詞表示意義比較明確、固定，而語素表示意義往往不大詳細(xì)，或不很固定。當(dāng)代漢語里語素，多數(shù)是從古代漢語詞演變來。因?yàn)槭墚?dāng)代漢語構(gòu)詞雙音化規(guī)律支配，古代單音詞，許多都轉(zhuǎn)化為當(dāng)代漢語語素。 （黃伯榮，當(dāng)代漢語，甘肅人民出版社，1983）第14頁What is a

13、 Chinese phrase(詞組)?詞組又叫“短語”，是大于詞語言單位，是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上實(shí)詞組成而不成為句子語言單位。詞和詞組區(qū)分：1、意義上，詞表示簡單概念，詞組復(fù)合概念。2、語法功效上，詞是句法結(jié)構(gòu)中最小獨(dú)立利用單位，詞組也是句法結(jié)構(gòu)中利用單位，但不是最小，能夠從中再分析為詞單位。3、概念表示上，詞所表示概念普通是比較單純、固定，合成詞里語素所表示意義是融合在一起，不是簡單相加。4、成份之間結(jié)合關(guān)系上，合成詞各個(gè)成份之間，結(jié)合關(guān)系是很緊密，不允許隨便拆開來，或隨意加進(jìn)什么成份。詞組各個(gè)成份之間，結(jié)合關(guān)系不是很緊密，能夠拆開來解釋，也能夠加進(jìn)另一些詞。 (胡裕樹，當(dāng)代漢語，P204-5

14、)第15頁What is a Chinese character(字)?漢字基本上是一個(gè)表意文字。漢字基本上是一個(gè)語素文字。漢字在形體上表現(xiàn)為方塊形。漢字在語音上代表音節(jié)。漢字在書面上不實(shí)施分詞連寫。總之，當(dāng)代漢字是一個(gè)表意性質(zhì)語素文字。這是它區(qū)分于純粹表音音素文字或音節(jié)文字基本特點(diǎn)。 （邵敬敏，當(dāng)代漢通論，上海教育出版社，）第16頁What is a Chinese character(字)?漢字是表意性質(zhì)文字（字母文字是表音）。漢字字形統(tǒng)計(jì)語音單位是音節(jié)。漢字是平面型文字（字母是線性排列）。漢字統(tǒng)計(jì)漢語不實(shí)施分詞連寫（字母文字詞與詞是分寫，詞內(nèi)連寫）。 (胡裕樹，當(dāng)代漢語，P152)字是能

15、夠獨(dú)立利用最小語言單位（注意：漢語語法學(xué)家在此有很大分歧，不少人認(rèn)為是詞而不是字是最小語言單位）。問題：字是否等于word?第17頁What is a Chinese character(字)?漢字是形音義結(jié)合體。字不但是語法結(jié)構(gòu)基本單位，而且是個(gè)語言基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位。英語詞特點(diǎn)：1、詞是英語天然單位。2、詞是英語民族認(rèn)識世界基本單位。3、詞是語言各個(gè)平面研究交匯點(diǎn)。4、詞在語法上處于承上啟下樞紐位置，是詞法與句法交接點(diǎn)。漢語中只有字與英語詞有相同作用。只需將各點(diǎn)中詞改為字即可。 （潘文國，字本位與漢字研究，華東師范大學(xué)出版社，）第18頁Sound and meaningA word is a s

16、ymbol that stands for something else in the world.Each of the worlds culture has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system. 第19頁Sound and meaningThis symbolic connection is almost always arbitrar

17、y.There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973第20頁Sound and meaningBook 書Study 學(xué)習(xí)Pair pear 夜 葉氣 汽激光 laser好(ho)吃，好(ho)吃，豪吃我是教授。/ 他會教授我們一些手藝。我們是來投訴/投宿（西游記：孫悟空語）。 第21頁Sound and formThe written form

18、of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The written form should agree with the oral form. That is, the sound should be similar to the form. This is true of English in its earliest stage (Old English), and true of Spanish and Italian, and Esperanto, but always not true of Modern

19、 English.第22頁Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?The development of the language26 letters from Romans for 46 sounds in EnglishThe pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.第23頁Why the written

20、 form is not always similar to the oral form?Printing helped to freeze the spelling of words and dictionaries helped to stop spelling changes while sounds continued to change, which brought more differences between sound and form.Word borrowing from other languages, which has enriched English vocabu

21、lary, but led to differences between sound and form.第24頁Vocabulary Definition All the words in a language All the words use in a particular historical period All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline All the words possessed by an individual person 第25頁Active and Passive Voca

22、bularyActive vocabulary/ productive vocabulary: speaking vocabulary, writing vocabularyPassive vocabulary/ receptive vocabulary: listening vocabulary, reading vocabulary, guessing vocabulary第26頁Classification of wordsBasic word stock and non-basic vocabularyThe basic word stock: 1. the foundation of

23、 the vocabulary accumulated over centuries 2. form the common core of the language 3. constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, but it is the most important part of the language. 第27頁Characteristics of basic words1. All national characterNatuaral phenomenaHuman body and relationsNames

24、 of plants and animalsAction, size, domain, stateNumerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions第28頁Characteristics of basic words2. Stability in use for years3. Productivity with affixes and compounding4. Polysemy many meanings5. Collocability set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings, e

25、tc第29頁Nonbasic wordsTerminology(術(shù)語) technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic arease.g. laser(激光), power(冪) 語法化，語義，釋義，例證，二語習(xí)得第30頁Nonbasic wordsJargon(行話) specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves a ki

26、nd of language that is hard to understand because it is full of special words known only to the people of a certain groupe.g. corner ball(角球), ESP(特殊用途英語=English for special purposes), answer sheet(答卷) 手球，擦邊球 第31頁Nonbasic wordsSlang(俚語) sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between t

27、he standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. e.g. buck(美元), go bananas(發(fā)瘋) 搗漿糊，粉絲，月光族第32頁Nonbasic wordsArgot(隱語，黑話) jargon of crimina

28、ls a kind of speech spoken and understood by a small class of people, especially criminals, such as thieves, robbers, etce.g. can-opener(萬能鑰匙，開罐刀具) 把他做了，趟混水 第33頁Nonbasic wordsDialectal words(方言詞) words used only by speakers of the dialect in questione.g. hame (=home, Scottish English) 擺龍門陣，侃大山第34頁No

29、nbasic wordsArchaisms(古舊詞語) words of forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited usee.g. marquis(侯爵), quean(a badly behaved woman) 太監(jiān)，朝廷，朕第35頁Nonbasic wordsNeologisms(新詞語) newly-created/coined words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings

30、 sometimes call vogue words, meaning they are newly popular and much usede.g. futurology(未來學(xué)), bionics(仿生學(xué)), disproduct(水貨，偽劣產(chǎn)品) 爽，酷，舊聞，超女，超男，沙發(fā)博客播客，黑客，曬客，海歸海派，海漂 第36頁Nonbasic wordsNonce words(暫時(shí)詞)New words are being invented on introduced all the time. Sometimes a new word is produced by a single p

31、erson only, in some special situations. These words are call nonce words, that is, words coined for one occasion, and never occur again, also call nonce formation.e.g. yo-yo(搖擺), non-U(行為土氣，U代表upper class)保先（保持先進(jìn)性），傳單（傳染性單核細(xì)胞增多癥），德福，面，特嫌（特務(wù)嫌疑），曌第37頁水門：艷照門, 短信門，偷稅門（杭州女裝），手機(jī)門，講解門（黃健翔），離婚門（影視明星），點(diǎn)球門（孫繼

32、海沒犯規(guī)卻被罰：08-3-31）罷飛門（08-4-2，東航18飛行員返航），返航門（4.6同一事件），口誤門（中央臺播音員播錯(cuò)澳大利亞首都為悉尼）第38頁Nonbasic wordsColloquialism(俗詞)Used in ordinary, familiar, or informal conversationse.g. daddy, mommy, tell of(批評), brolly(傘) 打，大巴，爹地，媽咪第39頁Nonbasic wordsVulgarisms(粗鄙詞)Words not usually used by educated personse.g. bloody(

33、該死，非常=damned), gen(先生=gentleman), shit(放屁，呸) 靠，他媽(TMD)第40頁Content and functional wordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc constitute the

34、 main body of the English vocabulary numerous the number is ever growing e.g. door, chair, work, begin, active, occasionally第41頁Content and functional wordsFunctional words not have notions of their own also called empty words express the relation between notions, the relation between words and sent

35、ences known as form words make up a small number of the English vocabulary remain stable do far more work of expression in English on average than content wordse.g. to, the, a, this, and, will, ought to, according to, within, beneath 第42頁Native and borrowed wordsNative words words brought to Britain

36、 in the 5th century by the German tribes: the Anglos, the Saxons, the Jutes known as Anglo-Saxon words 5000 to 60000 form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the languagee.g. rise, walk, work, run, begin, do, break, fight, swim, win, help, stand, gather, follow, shall, wi

37、ll第43頁Characteristics of native words1. All national character2. Stability 3. Productivity 4. Polysemy 5. Collocability The above five characteristics are the same as basic words第44頁Characteristics of native words6. Neutral in style denote the commonest things in human society used by all people, in

38、 all places, on all occasions, and at all times not stylistically specifice.g. bright (E) brilliant (F) force (E) compel (F) 第45頁Characteristics of native words7. Frequent in use most frequently used in everyday speech and writing the percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 9

39、0 percent 第46頁Characteristics of native wordsAuthor or bookNative words%Foreign words%Spenser 8614Shakespeare 9010King James Bible946Milton 8119Swift 8020Johnson 7228Gibbon 7030Tennyson 8812第47頁Borrowed words Loan words / borrowings The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of

40、the entries are borrowed. Encyclopedia Americana, 1980, Vol. 10, p.423第48頁Classifications of borrowed wordsDenizens borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into English have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling e.g. pork porc (F) port portus (L)第49頁Classif

41、ications of borrowed wordsAliens borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling e.g. kowtow (Chinese) bazaar (義賣會） (Persian)第50頁Classifications of borrowed wordsTranslation-loans words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled

42、 on the patterns taken from another language e.g. words translated according to the meaning mother tongue lingua materna (L) black humour humour noir (F) words translated according to the sound lama (Tibetan) tzar (Russian)第51頁Classifications of borrowed wordsSemantic loans words not borrowed with r

43、eference to the form their meanings are borrowed that is, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language e.g. dumb (stupid) dumm (German)第52頁Questions and tasks5. What is vocabulary? Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum of all the words of a language. It can

44、also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. 第53頁Questions and tasksIllustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.Sou

45、nd is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refer to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their connection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree /tri:/ refers to 樹 in English, because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese pe

46、ople use /shu/ to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sound to express the same concept. Even in the same language, the same sound can have different meaning, e.g. pear and pair. 第54頁Questions and tasksExplain neologisms with examples.Neologisms are

47、 newly-created words or old words with new meanings. For example, in the fast-developing information era, a large number of new terms are created in computer science, such as internet, email, data bank, cyberspace, which are brand-new words. There are also old words which have acquired new meaning,

48、such as mouse（鼠標(biāo)）, monitor（監(jiān)視器）, etc.第55頁Questions and tasksHow do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan-words?Native words are those of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number. Loan-words are borrowed from other languages. It is estimated loan-words constitut

49、e 80% of the modern English vocabulary. Native words cannot compare with loan-words in number, but have a more important role in the language. Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock whereas only a limited number of borrowed words belong to the common core. 第56頁Additional Exercises

50、I. True or falsea. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of views.b. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related. c. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form. d. The words a person can use in speaking a

51、nd writing form his passive vocabulary.e. Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. 第57頁Additional ExercisesKey: a. t b. f c. t d. f e. t第58頁Additional ExercisesII. Give a term for each of the following definitions.a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasionsb.

52、 specialized vocabulary common in certain professionsc. words used by sub-cultural groups particularly by underground societyd. words that have clear notions e. words of Anglo-Saxon originf. words borrowed by way of translationg. old words with new meanings 第59頁Additional ExercisesKeyslang jargonargotcontent wordsnative wordstranslation loansneolog