00795自學(xué)考試綜合英語(yǔ)二語(yǔ)法知識(shí)總結(jié)點(diǎn)總結(jié)匯總

1、.系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞，亦稱連系動(dòng)詞（LinkVerb）。作為系動(dòng)詞，它自己有詞義，但不可以獨(dú)自用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊一定跟表語(yǔ)，亦稱補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（形容詞），組成系表構(gòu)造說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等狀況。英語(yǔ)除動(dòng)詞be以外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也能夠做系動(dòng)詞，如表示狀態(tài)或狀況的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等；以及表示變化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe能夠加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系動(dòng)詞和后來(lái)的名詞或形容詞之間，但也能夠省略。E.g.Thetaskpr

2、oved(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意：在seem,appear等詞后，可加其余非tobe不定式，但這時(shí)他們不是系動(dòng)詞，而是不及物動(dòng)詞。Courtesy,politeness,goodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.非人稱代詞it做句子的形式主語(yǔ)代表不定式E.g.Itisabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstances.代表動(dòng)名

3、詞E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.代表that指引的從句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.代表wh-指引的從句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesntmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式賓語(yǔ)代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.代表從句E.g.Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.E.g.Hesoonmadeitclearwhyh

4、ehadaskedaconference.用來(lái)改變句子構(gòu)造，使句子某一成分獲得重申.重申主語(yǔ)E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.重申賓語(yǔ)E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.重申?duì)钫Z(yǔ)E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.重申用so表示重申用so重申聽(tīng)者贊同說(shuō)者所言，這類用法只將so提到句首，其余成分地點(diǎn)不變。E.g.youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.神態(tài)動(dòng)詞+達(dá)成式could+have+過(guò)去分詞有時(shí)表

5、示過(guò)去的時(shí)間，說(shuō)明某事可能已發(fā)生，有時(shí)也表示與事實(shí)相反，表示原來(lái)有能力做某事，但卻未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+過(guò)去分詞表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的狀況進(jìn)行揣摩，但語(yǔ)氣相當(dāng)不必定，表示近乎未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+過(guò)去分詞是對(duì)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一種行為的推斷，表示過(guò)去必然發(fā)生過(guò)的事情，語(yǔ)氣相當(dāng)必定，表示“必定，必定”。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.should/oughtto+ha

6、ve+過(guò)去分詞表示該做而未做到的事，表示“本應(yīng)”。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtntto+have+過(guò)去分詞表示做了不該做的事，表示“本不該當(dāng)”。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.cant（couldnt）+have+過(guò)去分詞表示對(duì)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行否認(rèn)性推斷。意為“必定沒(méi)有，必定不是”。E.g.Thepoemcanthavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.would+have+過(guò)去分詞.常常用于虛假條件句中，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的猜想。E.g.

7、Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.neednt+have+過(guò)去分詞表示不用做的事情卻做了，可譯為“本來(lái)不用”“其實(shí)不用”。E.g.Youneednthavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主謂一致知識(shí)點(diǎn)一manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)仍舊用單數(shù)。E.g.Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.知識(shí)點(diǎn)二eitherof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)E.g.Hasei

8、therofyourparentsvisitedyou?知識(shí)點(diǎn)三and;bothand連結(jié)兩個(gè)單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)在乎義上指同一人，同一物或同一觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知識(shí)點(diǎn)四eachandeach;everyandevery等構(gòu)造后，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知識(shí)點(diǎn)五主語(yǔ)后邊有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等詞組，謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)有主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定E.g.I,togetherwithmymother,wasreadingat

9、tenyesterday.oneof復(fù)數(shù)名詞關(guān)系分句構(gòu)造如先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)則為復(fù)數(shù)目前面有theonly/very等限制詞修飾，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.湊近原則：由notonly.butalso,either.or,neither.nor或or連結(jié)的并列主語(yǔ)。往常依據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由最湊近它的名詞詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。E.g.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.由“anumberof,atotalof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；.由“thenumbero

10、f,thetotalof+復(fù)數(shù)名”，用數(shù)形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒裝句有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒裝代neither,nor,nomore用于后邊分句句首，且前面分句必能否認(rèn)句，后邊分句不用倒裝構(gòu)，并且（包含助）必和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必是必定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.知點(diǎn)二虛假中的條件從句省去if，were,had和should要移至主以前。E.g.HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首否認(rèn)和有否認(rèn)

11、意的或短作狀或，常用部分倒裝。常用于一構(gòu)的有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcelywhen,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger,notasingleword,notoften,等。only的句子的倒裝only位于句子開(kāi)，假如修介短或狀從句，那么句子倒裝。

12、E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引的從句位于句首,主倒裝.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/suchthat構(gòu)中的so放在句首，需要倒裝。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.在as引的步狀從句中形容、名或副常移至從句之首，起作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidedno

13、ttodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.句首manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等狀，句子需要部分倒裝。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldntgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝福的句子中使用倒裝。E.g.Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!介放在句首E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.重申句型句：Itis/was+

14、被部分who/whom/that被的主是人稱代，既可用主格，也可用格知點(diǎn)四句it和先行it的區(qū)假如把itis(was)that去掉，剩下的還能成完好的句子，就是句E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.ItwasthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的E.g.Itwasnotuntil10oclockthathewenttobed.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分分的地點(diǎn)：個(gè)分作定一般放在所修的名前；也可放在名后，其作用是分的作性，但一般限

15、于去分。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分的特別形式分的復(fù)合構(gòu)，即分的獨(dú)立構(gòu)。當(dāng)分的主與句子的主不一致，分必上自己的主，稱獨(dú)立構(gòu)，能夠表示原由，陪伴等。n.+分短E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,wedbetterwaitforher.2.With+n.+分短/adj./adv/prep.E.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyo

16、fdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehisproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式1.with/without+分主分1)不定式常在下邊后邊作：afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,of

17、fer,plan,prepare,etc.2)+it（形式）+形容(足)+不定式（真實(shí)），合用于此構(gòu)的：believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.“Wh-word+不定式”構(gòu)advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.不定式作足1)ask

18、,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have,hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,requireetc.2)以下后邊的不定式不to：wouldratherthan(情愿也不)，hadbetter，canthelpbut(不得不),may/mightaswell(不如)必注意的是：接不to的不定式作的改成被形式必加to。E.g.Hehasseenninepresidents

19、comeandgo.E.g.Ninepresidentshavebeenseentocomeandgo(byhim).不定式的達(dá)成式:不定式的作在表示的作以前達(dá)成,或想像中去的作或事情,但并無(wú)生。E.g.Thisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.進(jìn)行式：E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlangu

20、agewell.E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.動(dòng)名詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)一接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(惱恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest知識(shí)點(diǎn)二有些動(dòng)詞后既能夠跟動(dòng)名詞，也能夠跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deser

21、ve,regret,omit(大意，省略)etc.知識(shí)點(diǎn)三to作為介詞的短語(yǔ)beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反對(duì),beaddictedto沉迷于,bedevotedto專心于,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto負(fù)責(zé)，留神動(dòng)詞need,require,want,deserve后邊跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1.plan,like,love,hate后動(dòng)名詞表示抽象行為和一般動(dòng)作，不定式表示詳細(xì)的、特定的動(dòng)作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoe

22、sntliketodancewithstrangers.知識(shí)點(diǎn)五動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)能夠是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中二者均可使用，在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Maryscomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)能夠是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中二者均可使用，在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Maryscomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.虛假語(yǔ)氣.知點(diǎn)一wish引的從構(gòu)在的狀況去式去的狀況had+去分/couldhavedone未來(lái)的狀況would/c

23、ould+原形E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知點(diǎn)二wouldratherthat構(gòu)在,未來(lái)的狀況的情去式?jīng)r去的狀況had+去分E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidnttellmetheanswernow.E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidntgotheretomorrow.Its(about/almost/high)timethat從句用一般去式E.g.Itstimethatyouwenttobed.E.g.Itstimethatclassbegan.if條件句能夠省略if,助were,had,sho

24、uld要前置，形成倒裝序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Wereitrainy,wewouldbuyanumbrella.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+”表示假條件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldnthavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldnthavebeenabletopasstheexam.asif(asthough)引的比狀從句中一般用were/had+去分

25、表虛。E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifshehadsucceeded.常的引從句用虛氣的.advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct（命令）,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge，recommend等常有的指引同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句須用虛假語(yǔ)氣的名詞advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,in

26、sistence,proposal,request,requirement等；用在主語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)其構(gòu)造往常為“Itis/was+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句（用虛假語(yǔ)氣）”advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial，desirable,essential,important,natural,properpreferable,strange,vital,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格能夠分為四類：不定式獨(dú)立構(gòu)造、此刻分詞獨(dú)立構(gòu)造、過(guò)去分詞獨(dú)立構(gòu)造、無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立構(gòu)造不定式獨(dú)

27、立主格：名詞詞組+不定式構(gòu)造E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母親今夜要來(lái),他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他們作別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。此刻分詞獨(dú)立主格:(介詞+）名詞詞組+此刻分詞E.g.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁著沒(méi)人注意，我靜靜的順著窗戶溜出去過(guò)去分詞獨(dú)立主格：（介詞+）名詞詞組+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)造E.g.Iwouldntdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作沒(méi)達(dá)成，我不敢回家。無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格：（介詞+）名詞詞組+（介詞詞組）+（形容詞詞組或副詞詞組或名詞詞組）E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期結(jié)束，我們回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中