機械專業(yè)外文翻譯(中英文翻譯)

1、外文翻譯英文原文Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive costConveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems h

2、ave also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do soNowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine

3、)The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors performanceAn efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limitsFor load sharing on multiple drivestorque and speed control are also impor

4、tant considerations in the drive systems design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliableCost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers choices1.1 Analysis on conveyor drive technol

5、ogies11 Direct drivesFull-voltage startersWith a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear driveDirect full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyorsWith direct fu11-voltage startersno control is provide

6、d for various conveyor loads anddepending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full loadThe maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliableHowever, they cannot control starting torque and maximum s

7、tall torque；thereforethey are limited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drivesReduced-voltage startersAs conveyor power requirements increase，controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration period becomes increasingly importantBecause motor torque 1s a function of voltage，m

8、otor voltage must be controlledThis can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employing a silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)A common starting method with SCR reduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage initially to take up conveyor belt slackand then to apply a timed linear ramp up to

9、full voltage and belt speedHowever, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor belt accelerationWhen acceleration is completethe SCRs, which control the applied voltage to the electric motor are locked in full conduction, providing fu11-line voltage to the motorMotors with higher torque

10、 and pullup torque，can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are available in sizes up to 750 KWWound rotor induction motorsWound rotor induction motors are connected directly to the drive system reducer and are a modified configuration of a standard AC induction

11、motorBy inserting resistance in series with the motors rotor windingsthe modified motor control system controls motor torqueFor conveyor starting，resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torqueAs the conveyor accelerates，the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constant ac

12、celeration torqueOn multiple-drive systemsan external slip resistor may be left in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharingThe motor systems have a relatively simple designHowever, the control systems for these can be highly complex，because they are based on computer control of the resi

13、stance switchingToday，the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet a conveyor systems particular specificationsWound rotor motors are appropriate for systems requiring more than 400 kW DC motorDC motorsavailable from a fraction of thousands of kW ，are designed to deliver constant torq

14、ue below base speed and constant kW above base speed to the maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)with the majority of conveyor drives, a DC shunt wound motor is usedWherein the motors rotating armature is connected externallyThe most common technology for controlling DC drives is a SCR dev

15、ice which allows for continual variable-speed operationThe DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronics to monitor and control the complete systemThis system option is expensive in comparison to other soft-start systemsbut it is a reliable, cost-effecti

16、ve drive in applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primary considerationsDC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors，including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive systems，booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a w

17、ide variable-speed range12 Hydrokinetic couplingHydrokinetic couplings，commonly referred to as fluid couplingsare composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump；the driving hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses the two power compone

18、ntsHydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to the driving runner, producing torque at the driven shaftBecause circulating hydraulic fluid produces the torque and speed，no mechanical connection is required between the driving and driven shaftsThe power produced by this coupling is based on

19、 the circulated fluids amount and density and the torque in proportion to input speedBecause the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugal forcesthe output speed is less than the input speedReferred to as slipthis normally is between l% and 3%Basic hydrokinetic couplings are av

20、ailable in configurations from fractional to several thousand kW Fixed-fill fluid couplingsFixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonly used soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limited convex/concave sectionsThey are relatively simple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance fre

21、e devices that provide excellent soft starting results to the majority of belt conveyors in use todayVariable-fill drain couplingsDrainable-fluid couplings work on the same principle as fixed-fill couplingsThe couplings impellers are mounted on the AC motor and the runners on the driven reducer high

22、-speed shaftHousing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuitThe couplings rotating casing contains bleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit into a separate hydraulic reservoirOil from the reservoir is pumped through a heat exchanger to a solenoid-oper

23、ated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of the fluid couplingTo control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system，the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid control valveVariable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systems an

24、d are available in sizes up to thousands of kW The drives can be mechanically complex and depending on the control parametersthe system can be electronically intricateThe drive system cost is medium to high, depending upon size specifiedHydrokinetic scoop control driveThe scoop control fluid couplin

25、g consists of the three standard fluid coupling components：a driven impeller, a driving runner and a casing that encloses the working circuitThe casing is fitted with fixed orifices that bleed a predetermined amount of fluid into a reservoirWhen the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, t

26、he coupling is l00 percent filledThe scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling，is positioned using an electric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fully engaged positionThis control provides reasonably smooth acceleration ratesto but the computer-based control system i

27、s very complexScoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750 kW.13 Variable-frequency control(VFC)Variable frequency control is also one of the direct drive methodsThe emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so unique chara

28、cteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods for belt conveyor VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltage to the induction motor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and acceleration rate for belt conveyor drivesVFC drivesavailable from fractional to several th

29、ousand(kW ), are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and，through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torque control(DTC)technology，and can adopt different operating speeds according to different loadsVFC d

30、rives can make starting or stalling according to any given S-curvesrealizing the automatic track for starting or stalling curvesVFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for starting conveyor beltsand can also be designed to provide load sharing for multiple driveseasily VFC controllers

31、are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyor drives，but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the pastthe structure of VFC controllers becomes very complicated due to the limitation of voltage rating of power semiconductor devices，the combination of medium-high voltage drives and va

32、riable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters using step-up transformer at the output，or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected in seriesThree-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently showing increasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications because

33、of easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic quality at the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connection of devicesThis kind of VFC system with three 750 kW /23kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 27-km l

34、ong belt conveyor driving system in following the principle of three-level inverter will be discussed in detail2 Neutral point clamped(NPC)three-level inverter using IGBTsThree-level voltage-fed inverters have recently become more and more popular for higher power drive applications because of their

35、 easy voltage sharing features1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices，and superior harmonic quality at the outputThe availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of a new range of medium-high voltage inverter using three-level NPC topologyThis kind of inverter can realize a whole range w

36、ith a voltage rating from 23 kV to 41 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 33 kV and 41 6 kV devicesThe 23 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch2,3.21 Power sectionTo meet the demands for medium voltage applicationsa three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the

37、 power sectionIn comparison to a two-level inverterthe NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can be supplied to the output terminals，so for the same output current quality，only 1/4 of the switching frequency is necessaryMoreover the voltage ratings of the switches in NPC inverter

38、 topology will be reduced to 1/2and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to that of a two-level inverter The switching states of a three-level inverter are summarized in Table 1UV and W denote each of the three phases respectively；P N and O are the

39、 dc bus pointsThe phase U，for example，is in state P(positive bus voltage)when the switches S1u and S2u are closed，whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage) when the switches S3u and S4u are closedAt neutral point clamping，the phase is in O state when either S2u or S3u conducts depending on pos

40、itive or negative phase current polarity，respectivelyFor neutral point voltage balancing，the average current injected at O should be zero22 Line side converterFor standard applicationsa l2-pulse diode rectifier feeds the divided DC-link capacitorThis topology introduces low harmonics on the line sid

41、eFor even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converterFor more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an active frontend converter can replace the diode rectifier, using the same structure as the inverter23 Inverter controlMotor Contro1M

42、otor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotor fluxoriented vector controllerFig2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive that incorporates both constant torque and high speed field-weakening regions where the PW M modulator was usedIn this figure，the command flu

43、x is generated as function of speedThe feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip command signal . the resulting frequency signal is integrated and then the unit vector signals(cos and sin )are generatedThe vector rotator generates the voltage and angle commands for the PW M as shownPWM Modu

44、latorThe demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate PWM modulatorThe modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation to the three-level inverterThe operation can be explained by starting from a regularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverterInstead of using

45、one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switching frequency， the three-level modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms Ur1 and Ur2 and just one triangleThus, each switching transition is used in an optimal way so that several objectives are reached at the same time Very low

46、 harmonics are generatedThe switching frequency is low and thus switching losses are minimizedAs in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequence component can be added to each set of reference waveform s in order to maximize the fundamental voltage componentAs an additional degree of freedom，the position o

47、f the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changedThis can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-1ink3 Testing resultsAfter Successful installation of three 750 kW /23 kV three-level inverters for one 27 km long belt conveyor driving system in Chengzhuang MineThe perform

48、ance of the whole VFC system was testedFig3 is taken from the test，which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system with VFC controllerFig3 includes four curvesThe curve 1 shows the belt tensionFrom the curve it can be find that the fluctuation range of the belt tension i

49、s very smal1Curve 2 and curve 3 indicate current and torque separatelyCurve 4 shows the velocity of the controlled beltThe belt velocity have the“s”shape characteristicA1l the results of the test show a very satisfied characteristic for belt driving system4 ConclusionsAdvances in conveyor drive cont

50、rol technology in recent years have resulted in many more reliableCost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive system choices for usersAmong these choices，the Variable frequency control (VFC) method shows promising use in the future for long distance belt conveyor drives due to its excellent

51、 performancesThe NPC three-level inverter using high voltage IGBTs make the Variable frequency control in medium voltage applications become much more simple because the inverter itself can provide the medium voltage needed at the motor terminals，thus eliminating the step-up transformer in most appl

52、ications in the pastThe testing results taken from the VFC control system with NPC three1evel inverters used in a 27 km long belt conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine indicates that the performance of NPC three-level inverter using HV-IGBTs together with the control strategy of rotor field-oriented v

53、ector control for induction motor drive is excellent for belt conveyor driving system中文譯文：帶式輸送機及其牽引系統(tǒng) 在運送大量的物料時，帶式輸送機在長距離的運輸中起到了非常重要的競爭作用。輸送系統(tǒng)將會變得更大、更復雜，而驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)也已經(jīng)歷了一個演變過程，并將繼續(xù)這樣下去。如今，較大的輸送帶和多驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)需要更大的功率,比如3驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)需要給輸送帶750KW (成莊煤礦輸送機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的要求)。控制驅(qū)動力和加速度扭矩是輸送機的關(guān)鍵。一個高效的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)應該能順利的運行,同時保持輸送帶張緊力在指定的安全極限負荷內(nèi)。為了負

54、載分配在多個驅(qū)動上，扭矩和速度控制在驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設計中也是很重要的因素。由于輸送機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)控制技術(shù)的進步,目前更多可靠的低成本和高效驅(qū)動的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)可供顧客選擇1。1 帶式輸送機驅(qū)動1.1 帶式輸送機驅(qū)動方式全電壓啟動 在全電壓啟動設計中，帶式輸送機驅(qū)動軸通過齒輪傳動直接連接到電機。直接全壓驅(qū)動沒有為變化的傳送負載提供任何控制,根據(jù)滿載和空載功率需求的比率，空載啟動時比滿載可能快34倍。此種方式的優(yōu)點是:免維護,啟動系統(tǒng)簡單，低成本，可靠性高。但是，不能控制啟動扭矩和最大停止扭矩。因此，這種方式只用于低功率,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的傳送驅(qū)動中。降壓啟動 隨著傳送驅(qū)動功率的增加,在加速期間控制使用的電機扭矩變得越

55、來越重要。由于電機扭矩是電壓的函數(shù),電機電壓必須得到控制，一般用可控硅整流器(SCR) 構(gòu)成的降壓啟動裝置，先施加低電壓拉緊輸送帶,然后線性的增加供電電壓直到全電壓和最大帶速。但是，這種啟動方式不會產(chǎn)生穩(wěn)定的加速度，當加速完成時,控制電機電壓的SCR 鎖定在全導通，為電機提供全壓。此種控制方式功率可達到750kW。繞線轉(zhuǎn)子感應電機 繞線轉(zhuǎn)子感應電機直接連接到驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)減速機上,通過在電機轉(zhuǎn)子繞組中串聯(lián)電阻控制電機轉(zhuǎn)矩。在傳送裝置啟動時,把電阻串聯(lián)進轉(zhuǎn)子產(chǎn)生較低的轉(zhuǎn)矩，當傳送帶加速時，電阻逐漸減少保持穩(wěn)定增加轉(zhuǎn)矩。在多驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中，一個外加的滑差電阻可能將總是串聯(lián)在轉(zhuǎn)子繞組回路中以幫助均分負載。該方

56、式的電機系統(tǒng)設計相對簡單，但控制系統(tǒng)可能很復雜，因為它們是基于計算機控制的電阻切換。當今，控制系統(tǒng)的大多數(shù)是定制設計來滿足傳送系統(tǒng)的特殊規(guī)格。繞線轉(zhuǎn)子電機適合于需要400kW以上的系統(tǒng)。直流(DC)電機 大多數(shù)傳送驅(qū)動使用DC 并勵電機，電機的電樞在外部連接?？刂艱C 驅(qū)動技術(shù)一般應用SCR裝置，它允許連續(xù)的變速操作。DC 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)在機械上是簡單的,但設計的電子電路，監(jiān)測和控制整個系統(tǒng)，相比于其他軟啟動系統(tǒng)的選擇是昂貴的，但在轉(zhuǎn)矩、負載均分和變速為主要考慮的場合,它又是一個可靠的，節(jié)約成本的方式。DC 電機一般使用在功率較大的輸送裝置上,包括需要輸送帶張力控制的多驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)和需要寬變速范圍的輸送

57、裝置上。1.2 液力偶合器流體動力偶合器通常被稱為液力偶合器，由三個基本單元組成：充當離心泵的葉輪,推進水壓的渦輪和裝進兩個動力部件的外殼。流體從葉輪到渦輪，在從動軸產(chǎn)生扭矩。由于循環(huán)流體產(chǎn)生扭矩和速度，在驅(qū)動軸和從動軸之間不需要任何機械連接。這種連接產(chǎn)生的動力決定于液力偶合器的充液量，扭矩正比于輸入速度。因在流體偶合中輸出速度小于輸入速度,其間的差值稱為滑差,一般為1 %3 %。傳遞功率可達幾千千瓦。固定充液液力偶合器 固定充液液力偶合器是在結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單和僅具有有限的彎曲部分的輸送裝置中最常用的軟啟動裝置，其結(jié)構(gòu)相對比較簡單，成本又低，對現(xiàn)在使用的大多數(shù)輸送機能提供優(yōu)良的軟啟動效果。可變充液液

58、力偶合器 也稱為限矩型液力偶合器。偶合器的葉輪裝在AC 電機上,渦輪裝在從動減速器高速軸上，包含操作部件的軸箱安裝在驅(qū)動基座。偶合器的旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼有溢出口,允許液體不斷地從工作腔中流出進入一個分離的輔助腔，油從輔助腔通過一個熱交換器泵到控制偶合器充液量的電磁閥。為了控制單機傳動系統(tǒng)的啟動轉(zhuǎn)矩,必須監(jiān)測AC 電機電流,給電磁閥的控制提供反饋。可變充液液力偶合器可使用在中大功率輸送系統(tǒng)中，功率可達到數(shù)千千瓦。這種驅(qū)動無論在機械,或在電氣上都是很復雜的，其驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)成本中等。勺管控制液力偶合器 也稱為調(diào)速型液力偶合器。此種液力偶合器同樣由三個標準的液力偶合單元構(gòu)成，即葉輪、渦輪和一個包含工作環(huán)路的外殼。此

59、種液力偶合器需要在工作腔以外設置導管(也稱勺管) 和導管腔，依靠調(diào)節(jié)裝置改變勺管開度(勺管頂端與旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼間距) 人為的改變工作腔的充液量,從而實現(xiàn)對輸出轉(zhuǎn)速的調(diào)節(jié)。這種控制提供了合理的平滑加速度，但其計算機控制系統(tǒng)很復雜。勺管控制液力偶合器可以應用在單機或多機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)， 功率范圍為150kW750kW。13 變頻控制(VFC)變頻控制也是一種直接驅(qū)動方式，它具有非常獨特的高性能。VFC 裝置為感應電機提供變化的頻率和電壓,產(chǎn)生優(yōu)良的啟動轉(zhuǎn)矩和加速度。VFC設備是一個電力電子控制器,首先把AC 整流成DC ，然后利用逆變器，再將DC 轉(zhuǎn)換成頻率、電壓可控的AC。VFC 驅(qū)動采用矢量控制或直接轉(zhuǎn)矩

60、控制(DTC) 技術(shù)，能根據(jù)不同的負載采用不同的運行速度。VFC 驅(qū)動能根據(jù)給定的S 曲線啟動或停車，實現(xiàn)自動跟蹤啟動或停車曲線。VFC 驅(qū)動為傳送帶啟動提供了優(yōu)良的速度和轉(zhuǎn)矩控制，也能為多機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)提供負載均分。VFC 控制器可以容易地裝在小功率輸送機驅(qū)動上。過去在中高電壓使用時，VFC 設備的結(jié)構(gòu)由于受電力半導體器件的電壓額定值限制而變得很復雜，中高電壓的變速傳動常常使用低壓逆變器，然后在輸出端使用升壓變壓器，或使用多個低壓逆變器串聯(lián)來解決。與簡單的器件串聯(lián)連接的兩電平逆變器系統(tǒng)比較，由于串聯(lián)器件之間容易均壓以及輸出端可以有更好的諧波特性，三電平電壓型PWM 逆變器系統(tǒng)在數(shù)兆瓦工業(yè)傳動中近