基于單片機(jī)控制溫濕度的系統(tǒng)外文及翻譯

1、New Environment Parameters Monitoring And Control System For Greenhouse Based On Master-slave DistributedAbstract-According to the actual need of monitoring and control of greenhouse environment parameters in rural areas,a master-slave distributed measurement and control system is designed,in which

2、PC is taken as the host. The system consists of PC ,soil moisture measurement and control module,temperature and humidity, and CO2 monitoring and control module. In the system,PC has large amount of data storage which is easy to make use of fuzzy control expert system,configuration software-KingView

3、 is used to develop software for PC,by which the development cycle is shorten and a friendly human-computer interaction is provided.Each monitoring and control module consists of STC12 series of microcontrollers,sensors,relays etc.Different modules are select based on the need if system to achieve c

4、ontrol greenhouse in partition and block.I. INTRODUCTIONTo modern indoor agriculture, the automatic measurement and control of environment parameters is the key to achieve crop yield and quality of greenhouse.In recent years,facilities agriculture develops vigorously in our country,matched with it,t

5、he monitoring and control instrument of greenhouse have also made certain development.After nearly 10 years of unremitting hard work,our research team of measurement and control system of agriculture environment parameters,designed an intelligent measurement and control system of distribution combin

6、ed of greenhouse which can be popularized in the vast rural areas.This system is mainly control of temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil moisture and illumination of greenhouse.OF SCM,as the data storage is small,display interface is single,amount of information is limited,but its capability p

7、rice ratio is high,so it is used as a front unit of data acquisition and control;and of PC,it has a large amount of data storage,rich software,convenient human-computer interaction,and so on.If we use outdated and low-priced PC,taking the PC as the upper machine,taking the different function control

8、 modules composed of multiple microcomputers as the lower machines,then a master-slave distributed and intelligent control system bases on microcomputer is made up,by which both better monitoring and control,display and data collection or management are achieved,but also lower cost of system is get

9、according to the actual need.II SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLEThe most marked feature of the distribution combined and intelligent control system greenhouse is that of incorporating with data acquisition, control and management as a whole,module combination, simple structure,convenient human-compute

10、r interaction,and using technology of intelligent expert fuzzy control,which can adapt to a variety of crop management control in greenhouse.The basic structure of the system is shown in Fig.1.The structure of the distributed system is composed of two layers:the upper and lower.In the top-price PC i

11、s taken as the host to make system management and experts fuzzy operation in intelligent,and to provide a friendly human-computer interface,and to realize the united monitoring and management of greenhouse; the lower is composed of a series of modules of different function,and in each module,a singl

12、e chip of AT89C is adopted as the lower machine,RS485 is used to communicate PC with all AT89C,and then the collection,processing and control of the greenhouse parameters is achieved.Each function module is completely isolated in electrical,any failure on the nodule does not produce any effect on ot

13、her modules.The system collects separately ways of environment information through each monitoring and control module,and sends it to host PC through the RS485 interface.And in the PC configuration control system,the acquired parameters are compared with the values of setting,then according to a var

14、iety of expert intelligent fuzzy control system of crops at different growth stages,the fuzzy control instructions on the environment temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil water content and the corresponding operation instructions or alarm are given.The system is applied in rural greenhouses i

15、n Qinhuangdao.Usually at 1/4 near East and West end in a greenhouse,and at the height of 1.5m from the ground in the middle in the northern half (near the wet curtain) and the southern half (near the fan ),a module of air temperature and humidity ,CO2 concentration and a module of soil moisture cont

16、ent are set;a module of soil moisture content will be added in the middle of the greenhouse according to the actual condition;at the height of 1.5m in the main entrance,a water tank is set,of which the solenoid of drip tube should be set based on the need and controlled by module of soil moisture co

17、ntent;and the PC is placed in the main entrance to the greenhouse.III . HARDWARE DESIGNThe CP and communication systemIn the distributed system of data acquisition and control,as the micro control unit is limited in data storage and slow in calculating of complex functions,so PC is used and the mast

18、er-slave module is adopted in the system,that is a system of,taking PC as the host and taking the SCM systems located in the scene as slave.In this distributed system,communication is the key to it.Generally,the serial port of PC is standard RS232,of which transmission distance is shorter.But in agr

19、iculture control system.its communication distance is of tens of meters or several kilometers, so RS232/RS485 converter is used to achieve communication between the PC and SCM.To reduce investment,both considering the user convenience and friendly human-computer interaction,low-price PC of above 486

20、 and below PIV is adopted;and considering the operation of configuration software,it is required that memory is 64M or above and hard disk is 10Gb or above.B. The control modules of temperature and humidity,illuminance and CO2 concentrationEach control unit consists of SCM,sensors,signal processing

21、circuit,RS485 interface and output circuit.The hardware structure of module of temperature and humidity,CO2 concentration is shown in Fig.2.CO2 concentration is measured by sensor based on NDIR technology,measurement is of 02103mol.Through the sensor,control system,by software of digital filter,line

22、ar interpolation and temperature compensation,the CO2 concentration is output as digital adhered to UART protocol,and then is input directly to the SCM.The new intelligent sensor of SHT11 based on CMOSens technology is chosen in the measurement of temperature and humidity.In SHT11,the temperature an

23、d humidity sensors,signal amplification,A/D,I2C bus are all integrated in a chip;it has full-scale calibration,second-line digital output,and humidity measuring range of 0100% RH,temperature measurement range of -40+123.8,humidity measurement accuracy of 3.0% RH,temperature measurement accuracy of 0

24、.4,the response time of 4s.The illuminance sensor of JY1-TBQ-6 of silicon photovoltaic detection is used Light measuring.Its measurement range is 0200,000 Lux;spectral range is 400700(nm) visible light;measurement error is less than 2%; output is 420mA or 020mV;output signal can be directly send to

25、the A/D of the SCM after being amplified to 04V.Modules accept the instructions form the the Upper,and output via the output circuit .The output circuit consists of optical isolation,the signal driver and the output relays.C. The measurement and control modules of soil moistureWater is a polar mediu

26、m, the dielectric constant of the soil containing water is mainly determined by the water,when water content is different,the wave impedance is different.The soil moisture is measured by standing wave radio method in this system.Based on the theory of Engineering Electromagnetic Field,for lossy medi

27、um,the electromagnetic wave impedance as follows: Z0=/(1+j/()Where is medium permeability,and of soil is 0 is the vacuum permeability; is medium dielectric constant; is medium conductivity; is electromagnetic wave frequency.In the very low audio(2000Hz),the loss tangent of dry soil dielectric is /0.

28、07,if you choose the frequency of the signal source at above 20MHz.then,the imaginary part of the soil wave impedance is neglect,only the real part,which amounts to a pure resistance.Soil moisture sensor consists of 100MHz signal source,a coaxial transmission line and a 4-pin stainless probe.The ele

29、ctromagnetic waves of signal transmit to the probe along the lines.As the probe impedance and line impedance are different,the superimposition of incident waves and reflected waves forms a standing waves.Taking the coaxial transmission line as a lossless uniform line,wave impedance is Z0,Zl is the l

30、oad impedance.Then the reflected coefficient of voltage wave at the probe is:= （ZL-Z0）/(ZL+Z0)Choosing the length of transmission line is l=/4,the maximum and minimum of both ends of the line are Umax and Umin,Then the standing wave radio in the line can be expressed as:S=Umax /Umin =(1-|)/(1+|)In t

31、he way,the soil moisture radio can be measured by measuring the standing wave rate of transmission line.As shown in Fig.3.,soil moisture module consists of sensors and controllers,the sensors are subordinated to controllers,controllers can be omitted without the need of irrigation in greenhouse.To s

32、implify the control,irrigation technology of node-type in partition is adopted in the control soil moisture in this system.To a certain extent,the parameters of upper and lower the ground can be decoupled by adopting this technology.IV CONTROL SYSTEM PROGRAMMINGThe software of PC is developed by Kin

33、gView 6.51 of Beijing-controlled Asia.This configuration software has high reliability,shorter development cycle,perfect capability of graphical interface generation,and friendly human-computer interaction;and can create dynamic images and charts in accordance with the layout of equipment in the sce

34、ne;can visually display the changes of parameters,control status,and can give an alarm when over-limited;and can achieve fuzzy control of greenhouse parameters by using the history curve of environment parameters stored in the specific database and adopting the agricultural expert system.The softwar

35、e of SCM of the slave is developed by Keil C51 to achieve real-time collecting,processing,uploading of the parameters and accept the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and complete local control of the device.Program design of the control moduleThe software of the sub-slave machine of

36、 soil moisture module,that include the main function,subroutines of data acquisition and processing,interrupt handling and communicating etc,read the value of standing wave voltage through the parallel data port and obtained the value of soil moisture content by function calculating.The software of

37、the slave machine of monitoring and control of soil moisture mainly complete data communication with the sub-slave machine,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and output the implementation instructi

38、ons.The software of the slave machine of temperature and humidity,and CO2 mainly complete reading data of CO2 concentrations and temperature and humidity through the I2C concentration,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions f

39、rom the host computer and output the implementation instructions.The structure of the main program and interrupt subroutine of temperature and humidity module are shown in Fig.4.The serial interrupt mode 3 is adopted by all slaves to communicate with the host,transmit the digital collecting and rece

40、ive instructions.B. Program design of PC and fuzzy control system The communication settings of KingView 6.51:In order to ensure the correctness of communication,the upper and lower must follow the same communication protocol,set the communication parameters.Usually in communication,master-slave mod

41、e is adopted in style and responder is adopted in the process.That is ,the master sent a command to the slave first,then et slave give an answer after receiving the command,thus once communication is completed.In KingView ,a scheduled polling method is adopted to do reading and writing between the l

42、ower machine by PC.In the project browser of KingView,first,click device COM1;in the wizard of device configuration,select intelligent modulesSCMcurrent SCM of HEXserial port,and then ser parameters for the host computers communication.The connection of KingView 6.51 and database:Database is the cor

43、e of the software,that not only contains the definition of variables,real-time parameters and the historical parameters,but also is needed by parameters alarming,fuzzy calculating,reporting ,and displaying.Access2003 desktop database is used as records database of the system,and by using SQL,it is o

44、perated by KingView via ODBC.The procedure is :to create data variables in KingView to create a body of records to establish a data source of ODBC to create query screens and make the screen connection.To connected with Microsoft Access2003,the functions of SQLConnect(),SQLSelect(),SQLLast(),SQLNext

45、(),SQLFist(),SQLPrew(),SQLInsrt(),and so on,should be implemented in the command language,and then real-time storage and inquiry of data are completed.Software design of PC :For the control system of greenhouse,data storage capacity of the PC is unlimited,so if the existing mature software modules a

46、re include into the system,it both be relaxed and can improve the system reliability.The software of software consists of control module and management module.Software of the system consists of the main control interface,auxiliary,databases,etc.A typical main interface of monitoring and control of P

47、C is shown in Fig.5.V. CONCLUSIONAccording to the economic bearing capacity of farmer in Qinhuangdao ,with the existing technology of monitoring and control of environment parameters of greenhouse,a master-slave distributed automatic control system of greenhouse environment in which PC is taken as t

48、he host computer is developed.The system has following characteristics:With the large amount of data storage of PC,fuzzy control expert system is easy of data storage,modification and system upgrading.By using KingView to develop software of PC,the system reliability is improved,and the development

49、cycle is shorten,and a friendly human-computer interface is get.A distributed and modular structure is used in the system,it makes the system maintenance easier and adapts to production needs more. The monitoring and control modules of the slave are connected to the host through the RS485 bus based

50、on needs,then the control of greenhouse in partition or block can be achieved.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis work is supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Fund Project.基于主從分布式新的溫室環(huán)境參數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)和控制系統(tǒng)根據(jù)實(shí)際在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的溫室環(huán)境參數(shù)的監(jiān)測(cè)和控制，主從分布式測(cè)量和控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)需要，以其中一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)作為主機(jī)，該系統(tǒng)由PC、土壤水分測(cè)量和控制模塊，溫度、濕度、CO2監(jiān)測(cè)

51、和控制模塊組成。在該系統(tǒng)中，電腦有大量的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)的功能，它很容易利用模糊控制專家，配置組態(tài)軟件組態(tài)王用來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)PC軟件，具有開(kāi)發(fā)周期縮短和友好的人機(jī)交互的優(yōu)勢(shì)。每個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)和控制模塊包括STC12系列的微控制器、傳感器、繼電器等等。如果系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)控制溫室在分區(qū)和塊，需要選擇不同的模塊。一，簡(jiǎn)介現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)的室內(nèi)，環(huán)境參數(shù)的自動(dòng)測(cè)量和控制是實(shí)現(xiàn)作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵。在近年來(lái)，設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)在我國(guó)蓬勃發(fā)展，與之匹配的，具有監(jiān)測(cè)和控制儀器的溫室也有取得了一定的發(fā)展。近10年的不懈努力，我們的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境參數(shù)的測(cè)量和控制系統(tǒng)上，設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)智能測(cè)量和控制系統(tǒng)相分布結(jié)合的溫室，可以在廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū)適用。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)主要是

52、控制溫度、濕度、二氧化碳濃度、土壤水分和照明溫室。單片機(jī)，作為數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)空間較小，單一的顯示接口，有限的信息容量，但其有較高的性價(jià)比，因此它作為前端的數(shù)據(jù)采集和控制單元為PC使用，它有大量的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)，豐富的軟件，方便的人機(jī)交互等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 如果我們使用過(guò)時(shí)的和低價(jià)的電腦,以PC機(jī)作為上位機(jī),以不同的功能控制模塊和多個(gè)微型計(jì)算機(jī)作為降低機(jī)器,然后組成一個(gè)基于微機(jī)的主從分布式和智能化控制系統(tǒng),既更好的監(jiān)視和控制、顯示和數(shù)據(jù)收集或管理的實(shí)現(xiàn),而且費(fèi)用低,系統(tǒng)會(huì)根據(jù)實(shí)際的需要選擇。二，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)及原理最顯著的特點(diǎn)是分配和智能控制系統(tǒng)溫室相結(jié)合，這將作為一個(gè)整體，模塊組合結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，方便的人機(jī)交互與數(shù)據(jù)采集，控制

53、和管理，并采用模糊控制技術(shù)的智能專家，可以組成適應(yīng)多種作物管理控制的溫室。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)是圖1所示。分布式系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)是由兩層組成：上部和下部。由最佳價(jià)格PC被取為主機(jī)，使其能夠智能系統(tǒng)管理和專家模糊運(yùn)算，并提供一個(gè)友好的人機(jī)界面，并實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一的監(jiān)控和管理的溫室;下部是由一系列不同功能的模塊，并且在每個(gè)模塊中，一個(gè)單一的芯片作為下位機(jī)采用AT89C52，RS485則用于與所有AT89C52 PC進(jìn)行通信，然后實(shí)現(xiàn)收集，處理和控制的溫室參數(shù)。每個(gè)功能模塊是完全地電氣隔離，任何失敗的結(jié)節(jié)不會(huì)對(duì)其他模塊產(chǎn)生任何影響。系統(tǒng)通過(guò)分別收集環(huán)境信息的方式，每個(gè)監(jiān)控和控制模塊，并通過(guò)RS485接口將其發(fā)送到主機(jī)P

54、C。并且由PC配置控制系統(tǒng)，額定參數(shù)的設(shè)定值進(jìn)行比較，然后根據(jù)專家智能模糊控制系統(tǒng)測(cè)量作物在不同生長(zhǎng)階段的各種環(huán)境的溫度，濕度，CO2濃度，土壤含水量進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的操作指令或報(bào)警，模糊控制指令。在秦皇島農(nóng)村大棚。通常在一個(gè)溫室的近東和西區(qū)的1/4區(qū)域，距離地面為1.5米的中間北部的一半（近濕簾）和南部的一半（風(fēng)扇附近的），設(shè)置一個(gè)模塊檢測(cè)空氣溫度、濕度、二氧化碳濃度和土壤水分含量，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，將土壤含水量模塊添加在溫室的中間;在高度為1.5米的主入口，設(shè)置一個(gè)水箱，其中的電磁閥滴水管應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤水分含量的需要設(shè)置和控制，并且將電腦放置在主入口的溫室內(nèi)。三，硬件設(shè)計(jì)A.CP和通信系統(tǒng)分布式系統(tǒng)中的數(shù)

55、據(jù)采集和控制：由于微型控制單元局限于在數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和計(jì)算復(fù)雜，所以電腦所的使用和主從模塊系統(tǒng)所采用的，這是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，以PC機(jī)作為主機(jī)，以單片機(jī)作為子機(jī)。在這種分布式系統(tǒng)中，通信是關(guān)鍵。通常，PC機(jī)的串行端口是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的RS232，傳輸距離較短。但是在農(nóng)業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)，其通信距離的數(shù)十公尺或幾公里，所以RS232 / RS485轉(zhuǎn)換器通過(guò)PC機(jī)與單片機(jī)之間的通信來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。減少投資，既考慮用戶方便和友好的人機(jī)交互，低價(jià)電腦的上面和下面采用PIV 486，并考慮組態(tài)軟件的操作，內(nèi)存是必須是64M以上，硬盤(pán)是10GB以上。B.控制模塊的溫度和濕度，照明度和CO2濃度每個(gè)控制單元包括供應(yīng)鏈管理（SCM），傳感器，信號(hào)

56、處理電路，RS485接口和輸出環(huán)節(jié)。此模塊的溫度和濕度，二氧化碳濃度的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)示于圖2?；贜DIR技術(shù)測(cè)量CO2濃度的傳感器，測(cè)量范圍是02103摩爾。通過(guò)傳感器，控制系統(tǒng)，利用軟件數(shù)字濾波、線性插值和溫度補(bǔ)償，得到二氧化碳的濃度，依附數(shù)字UART協(xié)議，然后直接輸入單片機(jī)。新的智能傳感器SHT11基于選擇CMOSens技術(shù)測(cè)量溫度和濕度。在SHT11，溫度和濕度傳感器、信號(hào)放大，A/ D，I2C總線全部集成在一個(gè)芯片上，它有滿刻度校準(zhǔn)，第二行數(shù)字輸出并且濕度測(cè)量范圍為0100RH，溫度測(cè)量范圍為-40+123。8，濕度測(cè)量精度為3。0RH，溫度測(cè)量精度為0。4，響應(yīng)4的時(shí)間。JY1-TBQ-

57、6的照度傳感器的硅光伏檢測(cè)是使用光測(cè)量。它的測(cè)量范圍為0200000勒克斯;光譜范圍為400700（nm）的可見(jiàn)光;測(cè)量誤差是小于2，輸出為4 20mA或020mV，輸出信號(hào)可以直接傳送到A / D的單片機(jī)放大后，大小為04V。模塊接受指令形成上層，輸出通過(guò)輸出電路。輸出電路包括光學(xué)隔離、信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)，輸出繼電器。C.土壤水分的測(cè)量和控制模塊水是一種極性介質(zhì)，土壤的介電常數(shù)包含水，主要是由水決定，當(dāng)水含量是不同的，波阻抗不同。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，土壤水分測(cè)量是通過(guò)駐波無(wú)線電的方法。基于工程電磁場(chǎng)理論，有損介質(zhì)，如下的電磁波阻抗： Z0=/(1+j/()其中，是介質(zhì)滲透性，土壤和是0是真空磁導(dǎo)率;是介質(zhì)的

58、介電常數(shù)，是介質(zhì)電導(dǎo)率;是電磁波頻。在非常低的音頻( 2000 hz)，損耗角正切的干土介質(zhì)是/0。07，如果你選擇的信號(hào)源的頻率高于20兆赫茲。然后，虛部的土壤波阻抗忽視，只有真正的一部分，這相當(dāng)于一個(gè)純電阻。土壤水分傳感器由100 MHz信號(hào)源，同軸傳輸線和插件不銹鋼探針組成。電磁波信號(hào)沿著線傳輸?shù)教筋^。由于探針阻抗和線路阻抗不同，入射波和反射波的疊加形成駐波。以同軸傳輸線作為無(wú)損耗均勻線，波阻抗為Z0，ZL是負(fù)載阻抗。然后，在探針的電壓波的反射系數(shù)是：= （ZL-Z0）/(ZL+Z0)選擇傳輸線的長(zhǎng)度為l=/ 4時(shí)，該行的兩端的最大和最小Umax和Umin時(shí)，然后駐波無(wú)線電行中，可以表示

59、為：S=Umax /Umin =(1-|)/(1+|)按照這種方式，土壤水分無(wú)線電可以通過(guò)測(cè)量傳輸線的駐波率得到。如圖3所示。土壤水分模塊包括傳感器和控制器，傳感器服從控制器，控制器可以被省略，而不需要灌溉溫室。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，分區(qū)節(jié)點(diǎn)為了簡(jiǎn)化控制、灌溉技術(shù)，采用控制土壤水分技術(shù)。在一定的程度上，這個(gè)參數(shù)的上部和下部地面可采用該技術(shù)解耦。四，控制系統(tǒng)編程該P(yáng)C軟甲的開(kāi)發(fā)由北京組態(tài)王6。51控制。這個(gè)配置軟件具有可靠性高，開(kāi)發(fā)周期短，完美的圖形界面生成能力，以及友好的人機(jī)交互，可以按照創(chuàng)建動(dòng)態(tài)圖像和圖表可以直觀地顯示設(shè)備的布局場(chǎng)景中的參數(shù)，控制狀態(tài)的變化，并能發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)，當(dāng)超過(guò)額定值，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)模

60、糊控制的溫室參數(shù)使用的特定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中存儲(chǔ)的歷史環(huán)境參數(shù)曲線并采用農(nóng)業(yè)專家系統(tǒng)。軟件配置管理是由C51單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)解答收集、處理、上傳的參數(shù)和接受模糊控制指令從主機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)和完整的局部控制的裝置。A.控制模塊的程序設(shè)計(jì)子機(jī)的軟件的土壤濕度模塊的主要功能包括數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理子程序，中斷處理和通信等，通過(guò)并行數(shù)據(jù)接口獲得駐波電壓的數(shù)值并且由函數(shù)計(jì)算獲得土壤含水量。軟件的子機(jī)主要與下位機(jī)完成對(duì)土壤水分檢測(cè)和控制的數(shù)據(jù)通信，測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)和電流控制上傳狀態(tài)到主機(jī)電腦，接受模糊控制指令從主機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)輸出執(zhí)行指令。子機(jī)的溫度、濕度和二氧化碳的硬件模塊主要是完成讀取I2C濃度的二氧化碳濃度、溫度和濕度，測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)和電流控制