精品中英文翻譯

1、Mechanical Engineering in the Information AgeIn the early 1980s, engineers thought that massive research would be needed to speed up development. As it turn out, less research is actually needed because shortened product development cycles encourage engineers to use available technology .Developing

2、a revolutionary technology for use in a new product is risky and prone to failure .Taking short steps is a approach to product development.Shorter product development engineering world in which both who can design and the worldsafer and usually more successfulc ycles are also beneficial in an capita

3、l and manufacture variousanywhere indistance is,but containing a newa barrier to othersdevelopment developmentno longersix months into theIn the early 1980s, engineers thought that massive research would be needed to speed up development. As it turn out, less research is actually needed because shor

4、tened product development cycles encourage engineers to use available technology .Developing a revolutionary technology for use in a new product is risky and prone to failure .Taking short steps is a approach to product development.Shorter product development engineering world in which both who can

5、design and the worldsafer and usually more successfulc ycles are also beneficial in an capital and manufacture variousanywhere indistance is,but containing a newa barrier to othersdevelopment developmentno longersix months into thelabor are global .People products can be found idea is hard .Geograph

6、ic finding out about your .If youve got a shortprocessnot catastrophi c as long as you midst of a six-year developmentcycle ,the situation is maintain your lead. But if youre in the process and a competitor gets wind of your work ,the project could be in more serious trouble.The idea that engineers

7、need to create a new design tosolve everydesign process is to browse the Internet or ot see if someone else has already designed exchanger that is close to what you need systems , you may discover that someoneproblem is quickly becoming obsolete .The first step in the modem her information systems t

8、o a transmission , or a heat .Through these information already has manufacturing drawings ,numerical control programs, and everything else required to manufacture your product. Engineers can then focus their professional competence on unsolved problem.design process is to browse the Internet or ot

9、see if someone else has already designed exchanger that is close to what you need systems , you may discover that someoneIn tacking such problem, the availability of high-powered personalcomputers and access to the information high way dramatically enhance the capability of the engineering team and

10、its productivity. These information age tools can give the team access to massive databases of material properties, standards, technologies, and successful designs. Such pretested designs can be downloaded for direct use or quickly .modified to meet specific needs. Remote manufacturing, which .produ

11、ct instructions are sent out over a network, is also possible.You could end up with a virtual company where you dont have to see any hardware. When the product you designed is working accord ing to the specifications. Altho ugh all of these developments wont apply equally to every company, the poten

12、tial is there.Custom design used to be left to small companies. Big companies sneered at it they hated the idea of dealing with niche markets or small- volume custom solutions. Here is my product, one of the big companies would say. This is the best we can make it you ought to like it. If you dont,

13、theres smaller company down the street that wi ll work on your problem.Today, nearly every market is a niche market, because customers are selective. If you ignore the potential for tailoring your market share perhaps all of it. Since these niche markets are transient, your company needs to be in a

14、position to respond them quickly.The emergence of niche markets and design on demand has altered the way engineers conductresearch. Today, researchis commonlydirected toward solving particular problems. Although this situation is probablytemporary, muchuncommitted technology,developed atgovernment e

15、xpense or written off be major corporations, is available today atvery low cost. Following modestmodifications, suchtechnologycan oftenbe used directlyin productdevelopment,whichallows many organizations to avoid. the expense of an extensive research effort. Once the technology is free of major obst

16、acles , the research effort can focus on overcoming the barriers to commercialization rather than on pursuing new and interesting, but undefined, alternatives.When viewed in this perspective, engineering research must focus primarily on removing the barriers to rapid commercialization of known techn

17、ologies.Much of this effort must address quality and reliabilityconcerns ,which are foremost in the minds of todays consumers. Clearly, a reputationfor poor quality is synonymous at the end of themanufacturing line and automatic replacement of defectiveproducts must be done to assure that the custom

18、er receives a properly functioning product.Research has to focus on the cost benefit of factors such as reliability. As reliability increases ,manufacturing costs and the finalcost of the system will decrease. Having 30 percent junk at the end of a production line not only costs a fortune but also c

19、reates an opportunityfor a competitor to take your idea and sell it to your customersCentral to the process of improving reliability and lowering costs is the intensive and widespread use of design process. Shortening each stage ,however ,may not sufficiently redu ce the time required for the entire

20、 process. Therefore, attention must also be devoted to concurrent engineering software with shared databases that can be accessed by all members of design team.As we move more fully into the Information Age, success will require that the engineer possess some unique knowledge of and experience in bo

21、th the development and the management of technology. Success will require broad knowledge and skills as well as expertise in some key technologies and disciplines; it will also require a keen awareness of the social and economic factors at work in the marketplace. Increasingly, in the future, routin

22、e problems will not justify heavy engineeringexpenditures,and en gineers will beexpected to workcooperatively in solving more challenging, more demanding problems in substantiallyless time. Wehave begun a new phasein the practice ofengineering.It offers greatpromise and excitementas more and morepro

23、blem-solving capability is placed in the hands of the computerized and wired engineer. To assure success, the capability of our tools and the unquenched thirst for better products and systems must be matched by the joy of creation that marks all great engineering endeavors. Mechanical engineering is

24、 a great profession, and it will become even greater as we make the most of the opportunities offered by the Information Age.信息時(shí)代的機(jī)械工程在80年代初期，工程師們?cè)?jīng)認(rèn)為要加快產(chǎn)品的研制開(kāi)發(fā)，必須進(jìn)行大量 的研究工作。結(jié)果是實(shí)際上只進(jìn)行了較少的研究工作，這是因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)周期的 縮短，促使工程師們盡可能地利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)。研制開(kāi)發(fā)一種創(chuàng)新性并將其應(yīng)用 在新的產(chǎn)品上，是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的，并且易于招致失敗。在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中采用較少的 步驟是一種安全和易于成功的方法。對(duì)于資金和人力都

25、處于全球性環(huán)境中的工程師而言，縮短產(chǎn)品研制開(kāi)發(fā)周期 也是有益的。能夠設(shè)計(jì)和制造各種產(chǎn)品的人可以在世界各地找到。但是，具有創(chuàng) 新思想的人則比較難找。對(duì)于你已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了 6個(gè)月研制開(kāi)發(fā)的工作，地理上的距 離已經(jīng)不再是其他人發(fā)現(xiàn)它的障礙。如果你的研制周期較短，只要你仍然保持領(lǐng) 先，這種情況并不會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重后果。但是如果你正處于一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)6年的研制開(kāi)發(fā) 工程的中期，一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手了解到你的研究工作的一些信息，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將面臨比 較大的麻煩。工程師們?cè)诮鉀Q任何問(wèn)題時(shí)都需要進(jìn)行新的設(shè)計(jì)這種觀念很快就過(guò)時(shí)了。在 現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)中的第一步是瀏覽因特網(wǎng)或者其他信息系統(tǒng)，看其他人是否已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了 一種類似于你所需要的產(chǎn)品，諸如傳動(dòng)

26、裝置或者換熱器等。通過(guò)這些信息系統(tǒng)， 你可能發(fā)現(xiàn)有些人已經(jīng)有了制造圖紙，數(shù)控程序和制造你的產(chǎn)品所需要的其他所 有東西。這樣，工程師們就可以把他們的職業(yè)技能集中在尚未解決的問(wèn)題上。在解決這類問(wèn)題時(shí)，利用高性能微型計(jì)算機(jī)和進(jìn)入信息高速公里可以大大增 強(qiáng)工程小組的能力和效率。這些信息時(shí)代的工具可以使工程小組利用大規(guī)模的數(shù) 據(jù)庫(kù)。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中有材料性能、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、技術(shù)和成功的設(shè)計(jì)方案等信息。這些經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn) 證的設(shè)計(jì)可以通過(guò)下載直接應(yīng)用，或者通過(guò)對(duì)其進(jìn)行快速、簡(jiǎn)單的改進(jìn)來(lái)滿足特 定的要求。將產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)要求通過(guò)網(wǎng)路送出去的遠(yuǎn)程制造也是可行的。你可以建 立一個(gè)沒(méi)有任何加工設(shè)備的虛擬公司。你可以指示制造商，在產(chǎn)品加工完成

27、后， 將其直接送給你的客戶。定期訪問(wèn)你的客戶可以保證你設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品按照設(shè)計(jì)要求 進(jìn)行工作。盡管這些研制開(kāi)發(fā)方式不可能對(duì)每個(gè)公司都完全適用，但是這種可能 性是存在的。過(guò)去客戶設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品通常是由小公司制造。大公司不屑于制造這種產(chǎn)品一一 它們討厭瞄準(zhǔn)機(jī)會(huì)的市場(chǎng)，或者是與客戶設(shè)計(jì)的小批量產(chǎn)品打交道?！斑@就是我 的產(chǎn)品”，一家大公司這樣說(shuō)：“這是我們能夠制造出來(lái)的最好產(chǎn)品一一你應(yīng)該喜 歡它。如果你不喜歡，在這條街上有一家小公司，它會(huì)按你的要求去做?！苯裉欤?yàn)轭櫩蛡冇休^大的選擇余地，幾乎所有的市場(chǎng)都是瞄準(zhǔn)機(jī)會(huì)的市場(chǎng)。 如果你不能使你的產(chǎn)品滿足某些特定客戶的要求，你將失掉你的市場(chǎng)份額中的一 大部分，或者失掉全部份額。由于這些瞄準(zhǔn)機(jī)會(huì)的市場(chǎng)是經(jīng)常變化的，你的公司 應(yīng)該對(duì)市場(chǎng)的變化作出快速的反應(yīng)。瞄準(zhǔn)機(jī)會(huì)的市場(chǎng)和根據(jù)客戶要求進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)這種現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)改變了工程師們 進(jìn)行研究工作的方式。今天，研究工作通常是針對(duì)解決特定問(wèn)題進(jìn)行的?，F(xiàn)在許 多由政府資助或者由大公司出資開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)可以在非常低