英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作unit3課件

1、How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishHow to Write a Dissertation Chapter 3Taking Notes3.1 Evaluation of Sources3.2 Content of Notes3.3 Tips on Note-takingQuestions3.4 Types of Notes3.5 Taking Notes on Computers3.6 Avoiding PlagiarismChapter 3Taking Notes3.1 EvalChapter 3Taking Notes Taking notes wh

2、ile reading the collected literature helps students to record the information, to document the source, to understand and organize the ideas stimulated by their reflections on what they have read. Careful note-taking can ensure that the students appropriately credit authors for their original ideas,

3、facts, and direct quotations. In addition, well-written and well-organized notes make it easier and more efficient to write the paper. Some people like to take notes on sheets of paper or in a notebook; some prefer to take notes on cards while others choose to take notes on computers. Now, with the

4、popularisation of home computers, taking notes on computers is highly recommendedChapter 3Taking Notes TakinChapter 3Taking Notesbecause notes in computers can be easily stored, retrieved, rearranged and used as the students wish. However, some people find cards more friendly and convenient. It is u

5、p to the student to decide which way works best for him or her.Chapter 3Taking Notesbecause n3.1 Evaluation of Sources3.1 Evaluation of Sources3.1 Evaluation of Sources It is necessary to evaluate the sources before starting reading and taking notes. Students should not always take what is in print

6、as correct. The following tips are helpful in evaluating sources:1. Pay attention to the author name, the title of the book, the publication information such as publisher, publication date and so on. From these students can sense whether the material is related to their topic, whether the author is

7、an authority in the field and whether the information in the book is up-to-date. Generally speaking, if all other things are equal, recent sources are preferable, especially materials concerning science and technology.2. Pay attention to information which leads to the author attitude. The author job

8、 and religion may influence his research. In general, a person who works at religion or politics isHow to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQCon3.1 Evaluation of Sources 3.1 Evaluation of Sourceslikely to give biased information, whereas a person working at science and technology tend

9、s to provide information based on facts.3. Pay attention to the sources. Are the sources primary or secondary? Does the author write about his own experience and discovery, or retell others experiences and discoveries? Generally speaking, primary sources are more reliable than secondary ones.4. Pay

10、attention to the objectivity of the sources. Are the sources biased or objective? Generally speaking, a party paper, religious publications, sensationalistic publications and sometimes government reports are biased, while scholarly journals and publications by a university press or an independent or

11、ganization are more objective. National Enquirer, Weekly World News, The Star Reporter, and Watch Tower belong to the former whereas Journal of the American Medical Association, Philosophy & Public Affairs, ELT Journal, Applied Linguistics and Foreign Literature Review belong to the latter.How to Wr

12、ite a Dissertation in EnglishQCon3.1 Evaluation of Sourceslike3.1 Evaluation of SourcesRobert Dees sets the following criteria for evaluating sources:1. It was written by a reliable authority whose methods and reasoning appear valid. Not everything you use in your research has to (

13、or should) be written by someone with a Ph. D., but the author education, experience with the topic, and reputation should play a major part in your evaluation and use of a work.2. It offers facts and ideas other sources do not.3. It sets forth facts and ideas that do not contradict known concepts o

14、r other works without good evidence.4. It demonstrates knowledge and consideration of other viewpoints and research in the field. Look for discussion of opposing ideas, as well as the application and citation of others works.How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQCon3.1 Evaluation

15、of SourcesRobe3.1 Evaluation of Sources5. It is current in terms of both its publication date and its information. Remember that knowledge changes more rapidly in some fields than in others. Ideas in the humanities, for example, tend to remain consistent longer than those in the sciences, where cons

16、tant research and new technology change existing knowledge daily (Dees 145). How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQCon3.1 Evaluation of Sources5. I3.2 Content of Notes3.2 Content of Notes3.2 Content of Notes The content of a note includes whatever a student thinks he or she might

17、need for his or her research paper. Important thoughts, ideas, quotes, facts or statistics often make up the content of a note. Summarize the information as much as possible in one own words because this will help avoid inadvertently plagiarizing information. Put double quotation marks around any ma

18、terial copied and make sure the information is transferred accurately. To be specific, a note usually includes the following items:1. The background information;2. A summary of general ideas supporting the preliminary thesis statement;3. Explanatory information such as definition, a plot summary and

19、 bibliographical data;4. Direct quotations, examples, facts and anecdotes;5. Statistics such as percentages, weights, amount of money, ratios and dates.How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQCon3.2 Content of Notes The co3.3 Tips on Note-taking3.3 Tips on Note-taking3.3 Tips on Not

20、e-takingHow to Write a Dissertation in English3.3.1 Documenting Sources3.3.2 Being Thorough and Concise3.3.3 Putting One Item on One Card3.3.4 A Sample Note123QCon3.3 Tips on Note-takingHow to 3.3.1 Documenting Sources Document the source before writing down the information, i.e.

21、write down the author, the title, the place of publication, the publisher, the date of publication or the copyright date, and the page number(s) where the information is found. The documentation varies according to types of sources: books, magazines, journals, newspapers, electronic databases, and t

22、he Internet. For details, refer to Chapters 5 and 6 for documentation methods.How to Write a Dissertation in English123QCon3.3.1 Documenting Sources D3.3.2 Being Thorough and Concise Write down neither too much nor too little in taking notes. In other words, “be both thorough and

23、concise” (Gibaldi Handbook 30). Write down what is necessary, namely, what is relevant to the topic of the paper but unknown in or different from other sources. Try to be faithful to the opinion of the author and show credit to the authority by covering all the major points and providing appropriate

24、 documentation or acknowledgements. In direct quotations, it is essential to record the original source exactly and put what is quoted inside double quotation marks.How to Write a Dissertation in English123QCon3.3.2 Being Thorough and Conci3.3.3 Putting One Item on One Card Write

25、each item on a separate card. If more than one piece of information is put on one card, the student might mix the topics or sources, and as a result, get confused when he or she goes about writing the paper. One item on one card helps the student reshuffle and rearrange information.How to Write a Di

26、ssertation in English123QCon3.3.3 Putting One Item on One3.3.4 A Sample NoteHow to Write a Dissertation in English123QCon3.3.4 A Sample NoteHow to Wri3.4 Types of Notes3.4 Types of Notes3.4 Types of NotesHow to Write a Dissertation in English3.4.1 Direct Quotati

27、on Notes3.4.2 Paraphrase Notes3.4.3 Summary Notes3.4.4 Combination Notes There are four major types of notes: direct quotations, paraphrase notes, summary notes and combination notes. Direct quotations record materials exactly from the sources. Paraphrase notes restate the ideas in the students own

28、words. Summary notes sum up the major points of the information in the students own words. Combination notes combine the above three types of notes.123QCon3.4 Types of NotesHow to Wri3.4.1 Direct Quotation Notes Use direct quotations only when other words, phrases, structures fail

29、 to express the information better than those in the original source. How to Write a Dissertation in English123QSociolinguistics “Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which t

30、he users of language live.” Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998: 3 However, direct quotations must be used discriminately because it generally accounts for only ten to twenty percent of a paper.Con3.4.1 Direct Quotation Notes 3.4.2 Paraphrase Notes Paraphrase means accurately

31、 restating the original information in ones own words and phrasing, without any additional comments or elaborations. A paraphrase note is usually of the same length with the original. Although quotation marks are not used in paraphrase notes, proper documentation is necessary.e.g.How to Write a Diss

32、ertation in English123QThe Third Wave According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the indus

33、trial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades (10). Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: MLA: 32-33.Con3.4.2 Paraphrase Notes Para3.4.3 Summary Notes A su

34、mmary note summarizes the major points of the original by restating them in the writers own words. Some key words of the original may be used, but they must be put in quotation marks. Again a summary note must be properly documented.e.g.How to Write a Dissertation in English123QCl

35、assification of Learning Strategies Second language learning strategies consist of two categories. They are language learning strategies and language use strategies. The latter can be further divided into retrieval strategies, rehearsal strategies, cover strategies and communicative strategies. Cohe

36、n, Andrew D. Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language. London: Longman, 1998: 5-7.Con3.4.3 Summary Notes A summa3.4.4 Combination Notes A combination note, as the name implies, is one that combines direct quotation, paraphrase and summary. Its advantage lies in the fact that it adopts flex

37、ible note-taking methods. Look at the following example:How to Write a Dissertation in English123Q Research on language learning strategies began in the 1960s. Scholars such as Oxford (1990), Oalley & Chamot (1990), Ellis (1994), and Cohen (1998) have been working on definitions a

38、nd classifications of language learning strategies (LLS), investigation of LLS used by good learners, experimental study on the impact of LLS training on language skill improvement. According to Cohen (1998), foreign language learning strategies (FLLS) training has been conducted, but mostly through

39、 lectures or intensive training. Besides, fewer studies have immersed the training in language instruction. Or as OMalley & Chamot put it (1990), “research on training second language learners to use learning strategies hasCon3.4.4 Combination Notes A c3.4.4 Combination Notesbeen limited almost excl

40、usively to applications with vocabulary task. Dramatic improvements in vocabulary learning tasks presented in one-to-one training have been reported in these studies. There were no instances in which training in learning strategies in second language acquisition was performed in a natural classroom

41、instructional setting or by the teacher of the students who served as subjects”(7).How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQ1234Con3.4.4 Combination Notesbeen li3.5 Taking Notes on Computers3.5 Taking Notes on Computers3.5 Taking Notes on Computers With the popularisation of computer

42、s, more and more people rely on computers to take notes because notes can be easily stored and retrieved. Besides, computers enable users to revise and reorganize notes at will, to integrate them into the research paper when it comes to the writing stage, or to file them for later projects.The follo

43、wing are some guidelines for taking notes on computers:1. Be familiar with a word processing program such as Microsoft Word;2. Begin a new note on a new page;3. Write some keywords on each page;4. Put the notes with the same keywords into a single file.How to Write a Dissertation in English

44、QCon3.5 Taking Notes on Computers 3.6 Avoiding Plagiarism3.6 Avoiding Plagiarism3.6 Avoiding Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the use of facts, opinions, and language taken from another writer without acknowledgement” (Ding and Wu 151). In other words, plagiarism is to steal from the writings or i

45、deas of another person. Plagiarism happens when one uses other peoples words and phrases but does not acknowledge it or does not acknowledge it properly, or when one restates or copies others opinion as though it were his or her own. Plagiarism is a grave offence and a serious breach of ethics in hi

46、gher education. Neither lack of intent nor claiming that one does it accidentally can protect him or her from severe penalty, which might be the failure of a course, the deprival of his or her diploma, or permanent expulsion. Emphasizing the importance of avoiding plagiarism does not mean that other

47、 peoples opinions and ideas cannot be used. On the contrary, it is a good indication of ones extensive research and sincere attitude of study if one quotes properly.How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQ12Con3.6 Avoiding Plagiarism Pla3.6 Taking Notes on ComputersHow to Write a Di

48、ssertation in English3.6.1 Forms of Plagiarism3.6.2 Tips on Avoiding PlagiarismQ12Con3.6 Taking Notes on ComputersH3.6.1 Forms of Plagiarism Plagiarism can be deliberate or accidental. Deliberate plagiarism happens when one copies the work of others and pretends that it is his or h

49、er own without acknowledgement. Accidental plagiarism or unconscious plagiarism happens when one does not intend to plagiarize, but fails to cite the sources appropriately. Unconscious plagiarism can be paraphrases with no citation or misplaced citations. Paraphrases with no Citation Paraphrase is a

50、n accurate restatement of the original in ones own words. Plagiarism occurs when one uses the original words in his or her paraphrase or uses the original sentence structures though in his or her own words and phrases, but fails to include a citation.How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQ3

51、.43.53.612Con3.6.1 Forms of Plagiarism 3.6.1 Forms of Plagiarism Misplaced Citations All cited materials from the same sources if used several times must be documented separately. Otherwise, the quotation will be regarded as plagiarism because other people would think what is placed after the refere

52、nce of the source as the writers own comment or reflection.How to Write a Dissertation in EnglishQ12Con3.6.1 Forms of Plagiarism M3.6.2 Tips on Avoiding Plagiarism Careful note-taking and a clear understanding of the rules of quotation, paraphrase, and summary can prevent one from plagiarism. Meriwethers guidelines may be helpful:1. Always put quotation marks around any direct statement from someone elses work;2. Give credit to the author for any paraphrase of his or her idea