課件辭典第170天

1、柯林斯辭典第170天（2016/8/11）：黃培辰第1691頁(yè)：stereotypestereotype是“老套和陳詞濫調(diào)”的意思，看似貶義詞，不過(guò)對(duì)于參加考試寫作的學(xué)生而言，卻是個(gè)非常緊迫的問(wèn)題，這個(gè)問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵不在“老”，而在“套”，“老”點(diǎn)倒無(wú)所謂，俗點(diǎn)沒(méi)錯(cuò)誤也行啊，但是現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題在于多數(shù)考生還沒(méi)有形成“套”的概念，就想求新求奇，結(jié)果卻適得其反，這就是說(shuō)，如果連基本套路也不要了，一味求新求奇，反而適得其反。模板也許比較stereotype，但是至少能保證學(xué)生沒(méi)錯(cuò)誤、或者少錯(cuò)。但是如果脫離框架，將面臨原創(chuàng)，這是不是能保證沒(méi)錯(cuò)，就說(shuō)不好了?，F(xiàn)在中國(guó)考生的基本功差，反而是低分考生沒(méi)有“模板”。怎

2、么保命，是大學(xué)問(wèn)，能將stereotype運(yùn)用熟練，不是容易的事情，需要考生有明確的思維控制文章的邏輯框架，并對(duì)于內(nèi)容進(jìn)行有意識(shí)掌控，特別是名詞代詞替換。不僅在描述段寫作中可以用名代替換，在較為難寫的闡述段中也可以運(yùn)用類似的原則，簡(jiǎn)化闡述寫作的框架問(wèn)題。具體要領(lǐng)如下： 描述段框架體系分析（）此部分以前推送曾經(jīng)講過(guò)）句子 句子寫作要領(lǐng)提示句1The pictures describe various kinds of fishes用最普通的句子開篇，如the picture describes, 先寫數(shù)字名詞，但是先不要寫其所在地點(diǎn)（這樣會(huì)干擾第二句話的主語(yǔ)指代，形成歧義）句2They were

3、 flourishing in a vast ocean in 1900.將fishes變成they, 形成第二描述點(diǎn)。句3These fishes were decreasing rapidly in 1995, while fishing boats were increasing at an accelerating speed.將various kinds of fishes，將其變成the fishes進(jìn)行特指，形成第三描述點(diǎn)，順帶描述fishing boats句4Obviously, these fishing boats can be regarded as a symbol o

4、f rampant commercial fishing by human beings in the past decades.將fishing boats由泛指名詞變成特指名詞these fishing boats，用象征為串接動(dòng)詞，點(diǎn)中心思想結(jié)束。 有了名詞代詞替換這招，句子和句子之間用名詞、代詞、定冠詞交替掩護(hù)，就能給每個(gè)句子自動(dòng)提供一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，剩下就是依次填空。這樣，即使開篇句都簡(jiǎn)明地寫成the picture above也能寫成完整的描述段： The pictures describe various kinds of fishes. They were flourishing in

5、 a vast ocean in 1900. These fishes were decreasing rapidly in 1995, while fishing boats were increasing at an accelerating speed. Obviously, these fishing boats can be regarded as a symbol of rampant commercial fishing by human beings in the past decades. (52 words)The pictures describe various kin

6、ds of fishes, which were flourishing in a vast ocean in 1900. These fishes were decreasing rapidly in 1995, while fishing boats were increasing at an accelerating speed. Obviously, these fishing boats can be regarded as a symbol of rampant commercial fishing by human beings in the past decades. (53

7、words)闡述段的框架體系分析句子 句子寫作 要領(lǐng)提示句1Clearly, the pictures tell us that overfishing threatens to do more harm than good. However, many fishing companies seldom give priority to its potential threat to the environment.商業(yè)捕魚為負(fù)面判定，應(yīng)該用有害形成明朗的態(tài)度判定，然后說(shuō)很多公司不重視其危害，名詞應(yīng)為泛指限定，如many companies。句2By doing so, these compa

8、nies over-exploit ocean resources in order to earn tremendous profit. 用By doing so串接，將many companies切換為特指these companies，然后用環(huán)保的內(nèi)容填空。句3For another thing, they refuse to shoulder the responsibility of environmental protection.用For another thing串接，將many companies切換為they，繼續(xù)填空。 句4As a result, it is possi

9、ble for these to destroy the habitats of many marine species.用As a result串接，將they替換為It is possible for these companies, 繼續(xù)填空。句5If this situation remains, their destructive behaviors will disturb the natural balance， thus leading to the extinction of some fishes.用If this situation remains串接，就愛那個(gè)it is

10、 possible for these companies替換為their behaviors will probably 繼續(xù)填空。 全段如下： Clearly, the pictures tell us that overfishing threatens to do more harm than good. However, many fishing companies seldom give priority to its potential threat. By doing so, these companies over-exploit ocean resources in ord

11、er to earn tremendous profit. For another thing, they refuse to shoulder the responsibility of environmental protection. As a result, it is possible for these companies to destroy the habitats of many marine species. If this situation remains, their destructive behaviors will probably disturb the na

12、tural balance, thus leading to the extinction of some fishes. 想不要模板(stereotype) 可以理解，可是不能連規(guī)矩都不講吧？第1692頁(yè)-第1693頁(yè)：stickstick比較容易用錯(cuò)的是stick to doing something, 按理說(shuō)to的后面應(yīng)該是do something，不過(guò)stick to是放在一起做動(dòng)詞使用的，故此后面跟動(dòng)名詞，和它類似的表達(dá)還有stick to doing something, object to doing something, be used to doing something,

13、look forward to doing something, be committed to doing somethingstick的大多數(shù)短語(yǔ)用法都和“粘貼”有關(guān)，如stick in ones mind，其實(shí)就是“粘貼”的喻體用法，可以理解為“粘在頭腦中甩不掉”，引申為“無(wú)法忘記”。例句：The incident stuck in my mind because it was the first example I had seen of racism in that country. 1）stick around: 有“粘貼”引申為“stay for a while”,如stick

14、around and see what will happen next.2）stick to a promise, a decision, a principle：恪守某種原則，決定或者承諾3）stick together：“粘貼在一起”，引申為“團(tuán)結(jié)一致” stick out則比較特殊，由stick的另一個(gè)意思引申出來(lái)，即“伸出來(lái)”，故此stick out就成了“伸出、突出”，如stick his hand out, make somebody stick out of from the crowd（在人群中突出）不過(guò)在stick的諸多用法中，比較常用于寫作的還是stick to，只不過(guò)應(yīng)

15、該將其寫成stick to the goal（堅(jiān)持目標(biāo)） 第1694頁(yè)：stifle, smother, chokestifle在所有表示“遏制、扼殺”的詞匯中比較特殊，表示對(duì)于“美好事物的遏制”（stifle something you consider to be good），My major concern was that a test-oriented education, however organized, tends to stifle creativity. 我主要擔(dān)心的是,一個(gè)龐大的政府機(jī)構(gòu),無(wú)論組織得多么好,也容易扼殺創(chuàng)造力。 此外，還可以是“遏制沖動(dòng)”：I tried

16、to stifle the impulse to go to the drawer of the kitchen table and get a knife and defend myself. 我當(dāng)時(shí)真想從抽屜里拿把菜刀進(jìn)行自衛(wèi),然而我卻竭盡全力抑制住了這種沖動(dòng)?；蛘摺翱刂谱约旱膽嵟?stifle ones indignation)，在這一點(diǎn)上，smother，choke，suffocate就不太一樣。1)smother：這是我們以前學(xué)過(guò)的詞：初始含義是“用灰土熄滅火焰”（smother the flame），后來(lái)引申為“以窒息方法殺人”（kill someone by covering

17、his face） 2)choke：強(qiáng)調(diào)無(wú)法呼入足夠的空氣，無(wú)法進(jìn)行正常的呼吸（cannot breathe properly），引申為“塞滿，無(wú)法暢通”，如The road is choked with traffic. 3)suffocate：強(qiáng)調(diào)“窒息死亡”，如they die because there is no air for them to breathe. 程度較重，強(qiáng)調(diào)缺乏氧氣導(dǎo)致死亡，所以如果說(shuō)The air is choking充其量就是喘不過(guò)氣，而如果是The air is suffocating，就有窒息的含義了，程度稍重。 所以我們最好這樣使用stifle，stif

18、le creativity（扼殺創(chuàng)造力）, stifle indignation（抑制憤怒）, stifle freedom and democracy（扼殺自由和民主），而其中stifle creativity and imagination（扼殺創(chuàng)造力和想象力）可能在一些對(duì)于教育進(jìn)行反思的文章中用到。第1695頁(yè)-第1696頁(yè)：stimulate雖然我們可以用stimulate表達(dá)“激勵(lì)和激發(fā)”，但是還是要注意這個(gè)詞的另一個(gè)隱晦含義：If something stimulates a part of a persons body, it causes it to move or start

19、 working. 這種用法強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)于人體部位的刺激，用得時(shí)候非常容易引起其他暗示，如果說(shuō)something stimulates me，就是其他含義了，為什么呢，讀柯林斯辭典的例句：1）Exercise stimulates the digestive and excretory systems. 2）The production of melanin in the skin is stimulated by exposure to the sun. 3）The body is stimulated to build up resistance.以上三個(gè)例句均強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)于身體部位的刺激，而不是激勵(lì)

20、某人獲得進(jìn)步和進(jìn)取。在表達(dá)“激勵(lì)某人的時(shí)候”，都沒(méi)有用主動(dòng)形式，而是使用了被動(dòng)形式：I was stimulated by the challenge. 或者使用了非人稱的表達(dá)形式，如the mental stimulation of a challenging job，或者用stimulate形容氣氛令人振奮：The atmosphere is stimulating. 這樣說(shuō)來(lái)，stimulate的確是個(gè)值得注意的詞，因?yàn)槿绻萋实卣f(shuō)stimulate somebody，就不太清楚是讓“某人的身體部位產(chǎn)生興奮”，還是“精神狀態(tài)的振奮”，這種情況下，應(yīng)該選擇沒(méi)有誤解的詞匯，如encourag

21、e somebody to do，或者prompt somebody to do: 2004考研寫作：The implication of this picture is that a down-to-earth working attitude is not only necessary, but also indispensable, so it is essential to stress its fundamental role in the pursuit of success: Such a spirit encourages young people to face big ch

22、allenges in their personal career. For another thing, with this spirit, they seldom yield to pessimism, nor do they become depressed. As a result, it is the down-to-earth attitude that helps these youngsters deal with failures rationally. When this situation continues, these young people are more li

23、kely to show courage, fit into a competitive society and strive for their goals. 這副圖畫告訴我們，在追求成功的過(guò)程中，腳踏實(shí)地的工作態(tài)度不僅是必要的，還是不可缺少的。所以必須強(qiáng)調(diào)這種精神在追求成功時(shí)的重要作用。這種精神鼓勵(lì)著年輕人面對(duì)個(gè)人事業(yè)中的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。另一方面，有了這種精神，他們很少屈從于悲觀或者變得消沉。因此正是這種腳踏實(shí)地的工作態(tài)度幫助這些年輕人理智面對(duì)失敗。當(dāng)這種情況持續(xù)的時(shí)候，這些年輕人就更容易展示出勇氣、融入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)社會(huì)并追求自己的（人生）目標(biāo) 2012年：樂(lè)觀：分析法The picture above

24、 depicts two youngsters, who are standing side by side. One of these young people is staring at a bottle on the ground, and seems cheerful, while the other is bending his head, and appears depressed and nervous. The picture tells us that staying optimistic is not only necessary, but also indispensab

25、le, and therefore it is essential to stress its fundamental role in our career pursuit or everyday life. Such a positive attitude always prompts young people to face big challenges. And with it, the youngsters seldom yield to pessimism. As a result, it is possible for them to deal with failures rati

26、onally and show considerable confidence. When this situation continues, the youngsters are more likely to achieve their success, whether they plan to start a company, study for a Master degree or go abroad for their academic studies. 這副圖畫告訴我們，保持樂(lè)觀不僅必要，而且不可缺少。無(wú)論是事業(yè)追求還是日常生活，都有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)它的作用。這種積極的態(tài)度總是激勵(lì)著年輕人面

27、對(duì)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)，而且有了積極態(tài)度，年輕人很少屈從于悲觀。因此他們更可能理性面對(duì)失敗并表現(xiàn)出巨大的勇氣。當(dāng)這種情況持續(xù)的時(shí)候，這些年輕人就更可能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的成功，無(wú)論是計(jì)劃開辦公司創(chuàng)業(yè)、考研還是出國(guó)留學(xué) 2013年：抉擇：讓步+主題In my view, the implication of this picture is clear, that is, a wise decision is necessary in ones career. However, a strong will, a firm self-confidence and a perseverant spirit must be

28、 given more priority. Such attitudes prompt many youngsters to make their choices, but not vice versa. In this way, these young people can get over their pessimism, and then face big challenges. The result is that these youngsters gradually show their courage, exploration and dedication. Only when t

29、his situation continues can they have a freedom of choice, whether they plan to carving out their own career, going abroad for academic studies or study for a Master degree. 在我看來(lái)，這幅圖畫的內(nèi)涵很清晰，明智的抉擇固然重要，而堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志、堅(jiān)定的自信和不懈的精神更應(yīng)該引起重視。這樣的態(tài)度激勵(lì)著年輕人做出抉擇，而不是相反。這樣年輕人可以克服消極，面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)。這些年輕人會(huì)因此逐漸展示出他們的勇氣、探索精神和奉獻(xiàn)精神。當(dāng)這種情況持

30、續(xù)的時(shí)候，這些年輕人才有可能擁有更自由的選擇，無(wú)論是創(chuàng)業(yè)、出國(guó)留學(xué)還是考研。 顯然stimulate的用法受到的限制較大，但是encourage和prompt比較小巧，而且沒(méi)有“審題刺激”這層意思，而encourage, prompt等詞與face big challenges, show courage, exploration, dedication, carve out career, 等詞套寫之后，多篇考研寫作的文章將出現(xiàn)套寫。到底是將這幾篇寫成不同的，還是教給大家套寫，我一直很猶豫。第1697頁(yè)-第1698頁(yè)：stock 昨天的推送中我們講了stash（私藏）其他幾個(gè)和“藏”有關(guān)的詞

31、匯為：hide(hide away/keep hidden), hoard, squirrel, store, stock，1）hide：強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“躲起來(lái)，讓別人找不到”，最為著名的用法恐怕是hide and seek（躲貓貓），因此可以是hide something +地點(diǎn)，并將其變成各種變形，如hide the diary under the pillow（將日記藏在枕頭下面）,hide his wine behind the books（將自己的葡萄酒藏在書的后面），顯然hide要比stash安全的多，此外hide的使用范圍也比較大 ，如hide the facts（掩蓋真相），也可以是hide his past from the general public（向公眾隱瞞自己的過(guò)去），還可以是a hiding place（藏身之所）2）hoard: hoard則大不一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)將金錢和食品藏在秘密的地點(diǎn)，并強(qiáng)調(diào)這些物品的重要性和價(jià)值（food or money, you save or store them, often in secret, because they are valuable or important to you. 例句