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1、MRSA肺炎的診治進(jìn)展中山大學(xué)孫逸仙紀(jì)念醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科江山平mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展1MRSA肺炎的診治進(jìn)展中山大學(xué)孫逸仙紀(jì)念醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科mrMRSA肺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素MRSA肺炎的臨床表現(xiàn)與X線特征MRSA肺炎與腎小球腎炎利奈唑胺治療MRSA肺炎的優(yōu)勢(shì)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展2mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展2 MRSA肺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展3mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展3MRSA 肺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素MRSA定值MRSA感染病史高齡慢性開(kāi)放性傷口(褥瘡/壓力性潰瘍)入住ICU時(shí)APACHE 評(píng)分高存在以下疾病或情況慢性腎臟病糖尿病外周血管疾病心血管疾病惡性腫瘤COPD胸腔積液免疫抑制1:Clin Micro

2、biol Infect.2014 Apr;20 Suppl 4:3-18. 2:Clin Microbiol Infect.2014 Apr;20 Suppl 4:19-36. 3:PLoS One. 2014 Feb 26;9(2):e89579.4:. BMC Infectious Diseases 2011, 11:3035: . PLoS ONE.2013; 8(11): e79716. 反復(fù)就診于醫(yī)療體系(包括醫(yī)院、長(zhǎng)期護(hù)理、護(hù)士家庭、家庭護(hù)理、血透中心和醫(yī)生辦公室)氣管插管之前使用抗菌藥物治療(DDD)VAP發(fā)生前的機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間手術(shù)侵入性操作(如透析、中心靜脈導(dǎo)管 24h)注射用藥

3、物使用腸道喂養(yǎng)糖皮質(zhì)激素治療宿主因素醫(yī)療保健相關(guān)因素mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展4MRSA 肺炎的危險(xiǎn)因素MRSA定值1:Clin MicroMRSA肺炎的臨床與X線特征mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展5MRSA肺炎的臨床與X線特征mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展5MRSA肺炎的基礎(chǔ)疾病及癥狀Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and meticillinsusceptible S. aureus pneumonia: comparison of clinical and thin-section CT findings. The British Journal of

4、Radiology, 2012: 85; e168e175mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展6MRSA肺炎的基礎(chǔ)疾病及癥狀Meticillin-resisMRSA肺炎的常見(jiàn)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and meticillinsusceptible S. aureus pneumonia: comparison of clinical and thin-section CT findings. The British Journal of Radiology, 2012: 85; e168e175mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展7MRSA肺炎的常

5、見(jiàn)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)Meticillin-resis肺氣囊mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展8肺氣囊mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展8mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展9mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展9mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展10mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展10mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展11mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展11mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展12mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展12mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展13mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展13金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎X線表現(xiàn)以毛玻璃征最常見(jiàn)。其他依次為支氣管壁增厚、小葉中心結(jié)節(jié)(樹(shù)呀征或邊界不清的小結(jié)節(jié))、實(shí)變、網(wǎng)狀斑塊、支氣管擴(kuò)張、小葉間隔增厚、空洞、結(jié)節(jié)和胸積液。但最特征的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為肺氣囊。Meticillin-resistan

6、t Staphylococcus aureus and meticillinsusceptible S. aureus pneumonia: comparison of clinical and thin-section CT findings. The British Journal of Radiology, 2012: 85; e168e175mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展14金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎X線表現(xiàn)以毛玻璃征最常見(jiàn)。Meticill金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎與腎小球腎炎mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展15金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎與腎小球腎炎mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展15胸部HRCT2012-9-25姓名:劉# 性別:男

7、 年齡:28歲 職業(yè):無(wú)業(yè)入院時(shí)間:2012-9-25 病案號(hào):697941主訴:反復(fù)發(fā)熱伴腰痛、雙下肢浮腫10日,氣促1天。靜脈藥隱;左右手對(duì)稱部位血培養(yǎng),支氣管分泌物培養(yǎng)均為金黃色葡萄球菌mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展16胸部HRCT2012-9-25姓名:劉# 性別:男 治療經(jīng)過(guò)患者入院后(9-25)予無(wú)創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸, 萬(wàn)古霉素抗感染治療;患者腎功能進(jìn)行性惡化,尿量進(jìn)行性減少,24小時(shí)尿量100ml,行CRT治療;9-26改氣管插管呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸,利奈唑胺抗感染治療輸注丙種球蛋白、白蛋白、輸血等支持治療;患者癥狀、血?dú)饧靶貎?nèi)影像學(xué)好轉(zhuǎn),2012-10-7拔除氣管插管。mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展1

8、7治療經(jīng)過(guò)患者入院后(9-25)予無(wú)創(chuàng)呼吸機(jī)輔助呼吸, 萬(wàn)古霉利奈唑胺治療前后胸片對(duì)比2012-10-72012-9-25mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展18利奈唑胺治療前后胸片對(duì)比2012-10-72012-9-25出院時(shí)情況神情,低流量吸氧(2L/min)無(wú)氣促,少許咳嗽,咳少量白色粘稠痰,無(wú)胸痛、腹痛,無(wú)惡心、嘔吐,24小時(shí)尿量1120ml;查體:T 37.5,P 96次/分,R 17次/分,BP119/77 mmHg,雙肺呼吸音粗,可聞及少量濕性啰音,心率96次/分,律齊,未聞及雜音,腹軟,無(wú)壓痛,雙下肢無(wú)水腫。輔助檢查:血常規(guī): WBC 20.24109/L,NEU 79.3 %,HGB 66

9、 g/L,PLT 205109/L;生化:AST 38 U/L,ALT 32 U/L,TBIL 11.2 umol/L,ALB 27.8g/L, Cr 469 umol/Lmrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展19出院時(shí)情況神情,低流量吸氧(2L/min)無(wú)氣促,少許咳嗽,mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展20mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展20 Staphylococcal enterotoxins are known to act as superantigens. Superantigens can bind directly to major histocompatibility complex class II on a

10、ntigen-presenting cells and are recognized by T cell receptor (TCR). They bind only to V chain on the TCR,and cause massive activation of T cells and subsequent release of T cell-derived cytokines, such as IL-2, TNF and INF-y.mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展21mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展21 The pathogenesis of MRSA-GN is speculated as fo

11、llows; long-term infection of MRSA leads to the production of Staphylococcal enterotoxins and these substances act as superantigens. That causes massive T cell activation and released cytokines induce kidney injuries including tubulointerstitial nephritis. The cytokines also cause polyclonal B cell

12、activation that leads to the formation of immunecomplex, resulting in glomerulonephritis . Most cases with MRSA-GN reveal rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with various degrees of proteinuria and elevation of serum IgA and IgG mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展22 The pathogenesis of In addition to the superantigen-re

13、lated glomerulonephritis,staphylococcal infections associated with glomerulonephritis have been reported: bacteremia associated with infected ventriculoatrial shunt , bacteremia associated with endocarditis, and glomerular lesion associated with visceral abcesses. In these cases, the level of comple

14、ment is low, cryoglobulins are frequent, and the elevated immunoglobulin type is IgG but not IgA. mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展23mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展23mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展24mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展24mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展25mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展25mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展26mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展26mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展27mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展27mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展28mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展28金黃色葡萄球菌腸毒素(超抗原)抗原呈遞細(xì)胞 T 細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子小管間質(zhì)腎炎過(guò)敏性紫癜B 細(xì)胞抗

15、體形成抗原抗體復(fù)合物腎小球腎炎ANCA血管炎細(xì)胞膜抗原腎小球基底膜贅生物脫落血流感染腹主動(dòng)脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)血管受累腎動(dòng)脈栓塞腎實(shí)質(zhì)膿腫壞死性動(dòng)脈炎腎功能受損假性主動(dòng)脈瘤腎動(dòng)脈受累IgA腎病mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展29金黃色葡萄球菌腸毒素(超抗原)抗原呈遞細(xì)胞 T 細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子 金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎的臨床表現(xiàn)復(fù)雜多樣,可以通過(guò)多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致急性腎功能受損。對(duì)此,臨床醫(yī)生必須予以高度重視。 mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展30mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展30利奈唑胺治療MRSA肺炎的優(yōu)勢(shì)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展31利奈唑胺治療MRSA肺炎的優(yōu)勢(shì)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展31利奈唑胺與萬(wàn)古霉素在粒缺伴發(fā)熱腫瘤患者中療效和安全性:隨機(jī)、雙

16、盲&對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)一個(gè)新研究Efficacy and Safety of Linezolid Compared with Vancomycin in a Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Febrile Neutropenic Patients with CancerClinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 42:597607 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.1058-4838/2006/4205-0003$15.002000年

17、4月18日:FDA批準(zhǔn)利奈唑胺上市mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展32利奈唑胺與萬(wàn)古霉素在粒缺伴發(fā)熱腫瘤患者中療效和安全性:隨機(jī)隨機(jī)、雙盲、多中心研究,共入組611例病人mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展33隨機(jī)、雙盲、多中心研究,共入組611例病人mrsa肺炎的診治粒缺伴發(fā)熱患者中利奈唑胺組較萬(wàn)古霉素組退熱更快ME*MITT*P=0.04P=0.01萬(wàn)古霉素利奈唑胺單位:天Efficacy and Safety of Linezolid Compared with Vancomycin in a Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Febrile Neutropenic Patie

18、nts with CancerClinical Infectious Diseases 2006; 42:597607 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. 1058-4838/2006/4205-0003$15.00mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展34粒缺伴發(fā)熱患者中利奈唑胺組較萬(wàn)古霉素組退熱更快ME*MITTYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.時(shí)間:2004年1月-2009年4月;對(duì)象:5

19、2例MRSA所致膿毒癥并使用LZD治療的患者;發(fā)熱定義: 體溫大于38;明顯退熱定義:體溫下降超過(guò)1。 3天內(nèi)退熱 3天內(nèi)未退熱臨床回顧性分析結(jié)果: 28例發(fā)熱患者中64%在3天內(nèi)退熱,退熱中位時(shí)間為3天; MRSA培養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)陰中位時(shí)間為8天。日本: 利奈唑胺治療MRSA膿毒癥可早期退熱mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展35Yoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob日本:利奈唑胺治療MRSA膿毒癥可早期退熱mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展36日本:利奈唑胺治療MRSA膿毒癥可早期退熱mrsa肺炎的診治利奈唑胺對(duì)MRSA的毒性抑制作用 可能是其治療MRSA感染早期退熱的原因Yoshizawa S, et

20、 al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展37利奈唑胺對(duì)MRSA的毒性抑制作用Yoshizawa S, eYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第一步:比較利奈唑胺與萬(wàn)古霉素的抗菌作用鼻腔接種MRSA懸液(106107 CFU/小鼠)6周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠6周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠利奈唑胺(LZD)0.4 mg/小鼠即12 mg/kg 體重萬(wàn)古霉素VCM)1 mg/小鼠即40 mg/kg 體重 *

21、 治療用藥途徑均為皮下注射; * 分別于MRSA感染后2小時(shí)、6小時(shí)獲得小鼠肺組織,進(jìn)行細(xì)菌數(shù)測(cè)定。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 MRSA感染后2小時(shí)及6小時(shí)時(shí)肺內(nèi)細(xì)菌數(shù)在LZD組和VCM組間無(wú)差異。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展38Yoshizawa S, et al. AntimicrobYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第二步:證實(shí)利奈唑胺抑制MRSA肺炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生鼻腔接種MRSA懸液(106107 CFU/小鼠)6周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠6周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠利奈唑胺(LZD)0.4

22、 mg/小鼠即12 mg/kg 體重萬(wàn)古霉素VCM)1 mg/小鼠即40 mg/kg 體重 * 治療用藥途徑均為皮下注射;* 分別于MRSA感染后2小時(shí)、6小時(shí)獲得小鼠肺組織,進(jìn)行細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展39Yoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob第三步:證實(shí)利奈唑胺抑制MRSA肺炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生的作用呈量效相關(guān)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展40第三步:證實(shí)利奈唑胺抑制MRSA肺炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生的作用呈量效Yoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第三

23、步:證實(shí)利奈唑胺抑制MRSA肺炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生的作用呈量效相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果:不同組別TNF- 、IL-6水平比較 利奈唑胺顯著抑制MRSA肺部感染后TNF-和 IL-6產(chǎn)生,且呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性(* P 0.01, P 0.05); 不同治療組間肺內(nèi)細(xì)菌數(shù)無(wú)顯著性差異。* *動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展41Yoshizawa S, et al. AntimicrobYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第三步:證實(shí)利奈唑胺抑制MRSA肺炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生的作用呈量效相關(guān)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展42

24、Yoshizawa S, et al. AntimicrobYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第四步:證實(shí)Sub-MICs利奈唑胺抑制MRSA產(chǎn)生毒素動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展43Yoshizawa S, et al. AntimicrobYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第四步:證實(shí)Sub-MICs利奈唑胺抑制MRSA產(chǎn)生毒素實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)* 利奈唑胺MIC:2mg/L;0.5MI

25、C=1g/ml,0.25MIC=0.5g/ml,0.125MIC=0.25g/ml;* 進(jìn)行細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)。MRSA懸液MRSA+1倍MIC LZD(過(guò)夜孵化)MRSA+0.5倍MIC LZD(過(guò)夜孵化)MRSA+0.25倍MIC LZD(過(guò)夜孵化)MRSA+0.125倍MIC LZD(過(guò)夜孵化)MRSA懸液LZD s.c.感染前1h動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展44Yoshizawa S, et al. AntimicrobYoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-1748.第四步:證實(shí)Sub-MICs利

26、奈唑胺抑制MRSA產(chǎn)生毒素實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 亞抑菌濃度利奈唑胺能明顯抑制MRSA產(chǎn)生的IL-6,而感染前予以利奈唑胺并不未抑制IL-6的產(chǎn)生(* P 0.05, P 0.01) ; 0.5g/ml(1/4MIC)組、0.25g/ml (1/8MIC)組與對(duì)照組在細(xì)菌數(shù)量上無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。*動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展45Yoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob研究重要推論The immunoregulatory activities of antimicrobial agents may, in addition to their antimicrobial effects, ha

27、ve a protective effect against the destructive local inflammatory response in areas of infection. The present data suggest potent virulence factor-suppressing activity of LZD, which results in a reduction of inflammatory cytokine production. Since these effects were observed at LZD concentrations th

28、at are achievable in human serum with the conventional dosing, they may explain at least in part early defervescence observed in patients treated with LZD, despite the presence of positive cultures of MRSA from normally sterile sites.Yoshizawa S, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(4):1744-

29、1748.利奈唑胺有抗感染和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,對(duì)感染部位的局部破壞性炎癥反應(yīng)有保護(hù)作用。利奈唑胺治療MRSA感染的早期退熱作用可能與其抑制MRSA毒性因子的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展46研究重要推論The immunoregulatory act利奈唑胺減輕MRSA肺炎中性粒細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)同時(shí)避免相關(guān)肺損傷 背景:利奈唑胺除了直接抗細(xì)菌作用外,還具有抑制毒素產(chǎn)生及毒力因子表達(dá)的額外效應(yīng)。 目的:評(píng)價(jià)抗球菌藥物對(duì)MRSA感染的療效以及免疫相關(guān)肺損傷情況。Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展47利奈唑胺

30、減輕MRSA肺炎中性粒細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)同時(shí)避免相關(guān)Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)取材取材取材取材0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 (H) 6周齡RjOrl瑞士小鼠氣管注入MRSA懸液給藥 第一次 第二次 第三次 第四次未治療組利奈唑胺組80mg/kg q12h s.c.萬(wàn)古霉素組110mg/kg q12h s.c.* 取材后測(cè)定炎癥因子TNF- 、IL-1、MIP-2及MPO活性,并進(jìn)行組織學(xué)和免疫組化分

31、析。mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展48Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展49Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組及萬(wàn)古霉素組相比,利奈唑胺組在MRSA感染8小時(shí)后TNF- 水平顯著降低( * P 0.05 )。*mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展50Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect

32、Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果:利奈唑胺有效減輕MRSA所致肺損傷未感染未治療感染未治療利奈唑胺組萬(wàn)古霉素組不同組別MPO活性比較(sham 未感染未治療;*P .001; *P .05 ) 與對(duì)照組及萬(wàn)古霉素組相比,利奈唑胺組在MRSA感染8小時(shí)、48小時(shí)后MPO活性顯著下降; 相應(yīng)的,MRSA感染8小時(shí)后利奈唑胺組小鼠肺組織病理顯示中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)減少,提示免疫相關(guān)肺損傷減輕。mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展51Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Jacqueline C, et al. J I

33、nfect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果:利奈唑胺有效減輕MRSA所致肺損傷mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展52Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect Dis.2014;210(5):814-23.mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展53Jacqueline C, et al. J Infect 利奈唑胺抑制體內(nèi)葡萄球菌毒素的產(chǎn)生并且改善兔子模型中壞死性MRSA肺炎的生存率一個(gè)新研究The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013;208:7582 The Author 2013.

34、Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America新西蘭大耳白兔麻醉后菌液通過(guò)兒科氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管直接注射1.5mL含SF8300接種液入肺部(主支氣管上部1cm)。感染的兔子被隨機(jī)分為三組:未治療對(duì)照組、萬(wàn)古霉素組、利奈唑胺組。在接種1.5、4、9小時(shí)后分別開(kāi)始抗生素治療。每3小時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)一次。存活下來(lái)的兔子36小時(shí)后安樂(lè)死。肺取出后切成0.5-cm 的塊。三塊肺在生理鹽水中混合均勻,通過(guò)分層的血瓊脂平板確定菌量。mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展54利奈唑胺抑制體內(nèi)葡萄球菌毒素的

35、產(chǎn)生并且改善兔子模型中壞死性mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展55mrsa肺炎的診治進(jìn)展55早期應(yīng)用利奈唑胺治療顯著提高M(jìn)RSA感染的生存率*P0.01*P0.001Effects of Linezolid on Suppressing In Vivo Production of Staphylococcal Toxins and Improving Survival Outcomes in a Rabbit Model of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia. Diep BA, et al.J Infect D

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