04 標準化的形式

1、ral,self-helpa,andsooInordertoensurenormalteachingorder,protectingstudentshealthygrowth,ensuringthatnational(property)isnotlost,topreventorminimizetheoccurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followtheprevent,rescueeachother,ensuresafetyandreducelossesprinciple,accordingtothelocalconditions,makethemanagementsyste

2、m.1,theprincipalistheresponsibilityofschoolsafety,schoolsecurityundertheleadershipofPresidentsecurityworkleadinggroup.Theheadteachertotheleadershipteamisresponsiblefor,implementationoftheaccountabilitysystem.2,schoolmonthlystudentknowledgeaboutsafetyeducation,educationshouldbediveSchoolstudentsrepor

3、tmajoraccidentwithinanhourofeducation;studentrunanddisappearancestoreport;reportoftheaccidenttoawrittenreportintriplicate,acorrectionalcentre,apolicestation,atownshippeoplesGovernmentshallnotconcealtheaccident.4week,teachersareondutysystem,establishandimprovetheleadershipvalues;strengthentheeducatio

4、n,managementofteachingactivitiesinschoolstoensurenormalteachingorder;responsibleforschoolsafetyleadershipalwaysmaintainedclosecontactanddistrictpolicestations,canvassingsupportfromthepolicestationonschoolsafetyandhelp.5,strengtheningteachersparticipateinthecelebrations,aswellasparticipatinginotherso

5、cialwork,withoutapprovaloftheCorrectionalCentre,schoolprincipalsconsent,withoutorganization.Withouttheapprovalofrelevantdepartments,mayorganizestudentstoparticipateinfirefighting,disasterreliefandsoon.7,schoolsshouldeducatestudentstoobeytheschoolrulesandregulations,ontime,ontimehometopreventaccident

6、s.8,schooltoschoolinspectionsonaregularbasis,foundhiddenintime,andinseverecases,itishardtoeliminateimmediatelyclosed,andreportedtothelocalpeoplesGovernment,education,andruleoflawsection.9,theschoolshoulreliable.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolfiresaf

7、etysystemstoenhancefiresafety,protectionofpublicpropertyandthelifeandpropertysafetyofteachersandstudents,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-daymanagement,isdevelopingthefollowingfiresafetysystem.1,strengthenfiresafetyeducationofthewholeschool.AccordingtotherequirementsoftheFireServicesAct,sothateveryonehaso

8、fkeepingfirecontrolsafety,protectingfirecontrolfacilities,fireprevention,reportsoffireBureauincBureauinctsandavarietyofavelyfaroractivitiesBureauincperweekshouldbetargeted.TocarryonemergencyissuesdealingwitheducationinGeneral,self-helpationquality,observethestudentspsychologicalchangesatanytimeandta

9、kepreventivemeasures,nocs,handrails,doors,Windows,staircasesandavarietyofsports,extracurricularactivities,facilitiessuchassenseineducation.3,theestablishmentofmajoraccidentreportingsystem.hoolsmaynotbe.6,unitsordepartmentsusestudentStreetpropagandaorhatteachersandstudentswork,learn,livevenuesandfaci

10、litiesaresafeand第四章標準化的形式一、簡化（一）簡化的涵義簡化是在一定范圍內(nèi)縮減對象（事物）的類型數(shù)目，使之在一定時間內(nèi)足于滿足一般需要的標準化形式。也就是說，在不改變對象質的規(guī)定性，不降低對象功能的前提下，減少對象的多樣性、復雜性。將作業(yè)及作業(yè)流程“化繁為簡”，減少經(jīng)驗因素的影響。使每一個環(huán)節(jié)、每一項工作都調(diào)整到簡單明了、簡單易行。如：連鎖系統(tǒng)整體龐大而復雜，必須將財務、貨源供求、物流、信息管理等各個子系統(tǒng)簡明化，去掉不必要的環(huán)節(jié)和內(nèi)容，以提高效率，使“人人會做、人人能做”。為此，要制定出簡明扼要的操作手冊，職工按手冊操作，各司其職，各盡其責。案例：麥當勞的簡化工作麥當勞公司

11、的第一本操作手冊長度有15頁，不久之后擴展到38頁，1958后多達75頁。在作業(yè)手冊中可以查到麥當勞所有的工作細節(jié)。在第三本手冊中，麥當勞開始教加盟者進行公式化作業(yè)：如何追蹤存貨，如何準備現(xiàn)金報表，如何準備其他財務報告，如何預測營業(yè)額及如何制定工作進度表等。甚至可以在手冊中查到如何判斷盈虧情況，了解營業(yè)額中有多大比例用于雇用人員、有多用于進貨、又有多少是辦公費用。每個加盟者在根據(jù)手冊計算出自己的結果后，可以與其他加盟店的結果比較，這樣就便于立即發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。麥當勞手冊的撰寫者不厭其煩，盡可能對每一個細節(jié)加以規(guī)定，這正是手冊的精華所在。也正因如此，麥當勞經(jīng)營原理能夠快速全盤復制，全世界上萬家分店，多

12、而不亂。嚴格要求牛肉原料必須挑選精瘦肉，牛肉由83的肩肉和17的上等五花肉精制而成，脂肪含量不得超過19，絞碎后，一律按規(guī)定做成直徑為98.5毫米、厚為5.65毫米、重為47.32克的肉餅。食品要求標準化，無論國內(nèi)國外，所有分店的食品質量和配料相同，并制定了各種操作規(guī)程和細節(jié)，如“煎漢堡包時必須翻動，切勿拋轉”等。麥當勞手冊儀容儀表員工工作時保持清潔整齊的外表是十分重要的，你必須遵守下列要求：衣著整潔干凈發(fā)型整潔，女士臉部不應有頭發(fā)遮住，發(fā)型緊靠頭部男士頭發(fā)應在衣領之上，梳齊，鬢角要修清不準留胡子lectricitylines,equipmentinspections,f9,donotgsto

13、ve,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbLiuJiapingelemofficialsorthepmanagementsystem1teachersandstudents,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernancecoverspersonalandfoodhygiene,culturaleventsandotheraspects,integratedgovernanceshallobtainesafetyofstudents.4,everydaybeforeschool,teachersremindstud

14、ents,payattentiontotrafficsafety.5,shouldeducatestudentstorespectsocialethics,andvariousregulations,maintainingpubliccificresponsibility,payattentiontothepersonsage,physicalmatch.Route3,activities,location,fieldsurveysshouldbecarriedoutinadvance.4,activitiesforthemeansoftransportshouldexplainthdappl

15、iancesisnotallowed.10,liveoncampusfacultymembers,mustleadbyexample,andeducatefamiliesandchildrenreadytofire.11,householduseofgasinschools,tomasterproperusage,payattentiontotheleak-proof,explosion-proof,fireproof,closingvalveafterusetoensuresecurity.12,diningroommustbequalified,andannualtestingofpres

16、surevessels,toregularlycheck,thectainwidesupportandfullcooperationofthecommunity.Onthesurroundingenvironmentinschoolsshouldbecloselymonitored.2,schoolworkatthesametime,shouldpayattentiontothesafetymanagementofschoolenvironment,shouldtaketheinitiativetocontactthedistrictpolicestation,thevillageCommit

17、tee,CorrectionalCentre,ownshipgovernment,businessmanagementandotherdublicorder,andfightthebadguys,andgraspthecorrectwaysandmeansofmaintainingandimprovingstudentsself-careability.6,theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachersinschools,onhighalertanddeployed.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolM

18、arch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolteachersandstudentsorganizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystem*”-n-rrIIU,r一，.*Trtr2!rr,.!-rrmH.I!II._p_m，、，li1,n.1I.11V.-r-rb，L，r1A,rl,rurbl-n-,r_lrId.SongLiention,foapingprimarysrs,reservoirs,nentsystemorganizationactivitiesbetweennizationandnotletstudentsint

19、othewatern,gastankandstovesafetydistanceof1.5meters,toent.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspectionsinscsandstudents,todrawupapreciseplanandsecuritymeasurnearthecampus,fomeofactivitiesagalares,foreoimplement.OInordertoensurenormalteachingorder,protectingstudentshealthygrowth,ensuringthatnational(p

20、roperty)isnotlost,topreventorminimizetheoccurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followtheprevent,rescueeachother,ensuresafetyandreducelossesprinciple,accordingtothelocparticipateinthecelebrations,aswellasparticipatinginothersocialwork,withoutapprovaloftheCorrectionalCentre,schoolprincipalsconsent,withoutorganiz

21、ation.Withouttheapprovalofrelevantdepartments,mayorganizestudentstoparticipateinfirefighting,disasterreliefareliable.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolfiresafetysystemstoenhancefiresafety,protectionofpublicpropertyandthelifeandpropertysafetyofteachersa

22、ndstudents,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-daymanagement,igroup.T.If,tpolicestations,canvassingsupportfromtheyclosed,andreportedtothelocalpeoplesGucation,ed-Inr.soffirelove,improvingeducationquality,observengwalls,ponds,railings,handrails,doors,poralpunishmentandcovertcorpresafety,infrastructuresecurity,

23、u女士化妝及裝飾不應太多注意個人衛(wèi)生，包括每天洗澡、理發(fā)、刷牙、使用除臭劑，手指甲保持清潔、剪短等餐廳管理組成員穿麥當勞制服上班，男士佩帶領帶，女士佩帶頌花公司辦公室人員，周一至周四女士穿職業(yè)裝，男士打領帶，周五可穿（除牛仔褲、超短裙、無袖衫、低領衫、運動鞋以外的）休閑裝。若有問題，或達到上述要求有困難，請與你的主管討論。你的主管會幫助你做好這項工作（二）簡化的客觀基礎例：掛歷的三種功能其基本功能是顯示日歷；條件功能是掛；而附加功能是裝飾美化環(huán)境。（三）簡化的原則1、只有在多樣化的發(fā)展規(guī)模超出了必要范圍時，才允許簡化。2、簡化要適度既要控制不必要的龐雜，又要避免過分壓縮而形成單調(diào)。（簡化后總體

24、功能是lectricitylines,equipmentinspections,fgstove,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbdappliancesisLiuJiapingelemofficialsorthepdvariousregulatithemeansoftraommunity.Onthesurroundingenvironmentinschoolsshouldbecloselymonitored.2,schoolworkatthesametime,shouldpayattentiontothesafetymanagementofs

25、choolenvironment,shouldtaketheinitiativetocontactthedistrictpolicestation,thevillageCommittee,CorrectionalCentre,ownshipgovernment,businessmanagementandotherdecorrectwaysandmeansofmaintainingandimprovingstudentsself-careability.6,theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachersinschools,onhighalerta

26、nddeployed.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolteachersandstudentsorganizationsoutofsafetymanagementsystemehicle,safetyrequirements,beforethelineforrepairs.5,eachactivitymusthavesecurity,emergencyresponseplanforaccidents.6,picnics,hiking,picnictopayatten

27、tiontofireprevention,foodpoisoning,preventionoffallaccidents7,theactivitiesneartherivers,reservoirs,nomeasuresordonotmeetthesecurityrequirementsoftheOrganizationandeck,thecanteenworkersmustbecertified,strictlybyoperationoperation,gastankandstovesafetydistanceof1.5meters,tonactivitiesbetweenentsintot

28、hewaterent.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspectionsinschools,shouldalsandstudents,todrawupapreciseplanandsecuritymeasuresmustbesignecampus,foundthatthejoblessmigrantsfromruralaactivitiesagreeduponCorrectionalCenteragreedtoiXiangdavarietyofaccidents,accordingtodifferentsituationsreportedschoolfar

29、oractivitiesrequireapprovalbytheDeputyDirectoroftheEducationInordertoensurenormalteachingorder,protectingstudentshealthygrowth,ensuringthatnational(property)isnotlost,topreventorminimizetheoccurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followtheprevent,rescueeachother,ensuresafetyandreducelossesprinciple,accordingtoth

30、elocalconditions,makethemanagementsystem.1,theprincipalistheresponsibilityofschoolsafety,schoolsecurityundertheleadershipofPresidentsecurityworkleadinggroup.TheheSchoolstudentsreportmajoraccidentwithinanhourofeducation;studentrunanddisappearancestoreport;reportoftheaccidenttoawrittenreportintriplica

31、te,acorrectionalcentre,apolicestation,atownshippeoplesGovernmentshallnotconcealtheaccident.4week,teachersareondutysystem,establishandimprovetheleadershipvalues;strengthentheeducation,managementofteachingactivitiesinschoolstoensurenormalteachingorder;responsibparticipateinthecelebrations,aswellaspart

32、icipatinginothersocialwork,withoutapprovaloftheCorrectionalCentre,schoolprincipalsconsent,withoutorganization.Withouttheapprovalofrelevantdepartments,mayorganizestudentstoparticipateinfirefighting,disasterreliefandsoon.7,schoolsshouldeducatestudentstoobeytheschoolrulesandregulations,ontime,ontimehom

33、etopreventaccidents.8,schooltoschoolinspectionsonaregularbasis,foreliable.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolfiresafetysystemstoenhancefiresafety,protectionofpublicpropertyandthelifeandpropertysafetyofteachersandstudents,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-dayma

34、nagement,isdevelopingthefollowingfiresafetysystem.1,strengthenfiresafetyeducationofthewholeschool.AccordingtotherequirementsoftheFireServicesAct,sothateveryonehasofkeeuralares,forexample,harassmentofstudentsandavarietyofactoimplement.OrganizationtothefieldrelativelyfaroractivitiesrBureauincofthearal

35、,self-helpaediatelyclosed,andon,reportsoffiretionquality,observethestudentspsychologicalchangesatanytimeandtakepreventivemeasures,nocorporalpunishmentandcovertcorps,handrails,doors,Windows,staircasesandavarietyofsports,extracurricularactivities,fcilitiessuchasfiresafety,infrastructuresecurity,u,ands

36、ootofmajoraccidentreportingsystem.tsusestudentStreetpropagandaor否最佳？）3、簡化應以確定的時間和空間范圍為前提。4、簡化形式的結果必須保證在即定的時間內(nèi)足以滿足消費者的一般需要，不能限制和損害消費者的需求和利益。5、產(chǎn)品簡化要形成系列，其參數(shù)組合應符合數(shù)值分級制度的基本原則和要求。（四）簡化的經(jīng)濟效果制造:流通與消費:3遍少設計差錯2、縮矩設計時間一3提高設計效率4、便于文件管理。3便于包裝.倉儲和運輸j.減少消耗和管理費用/.降低成本和價格。法國的艾伯特卡柯特提出了衡量簡化是否合理的一條重要法則：產(chǎn)品的制造成本與產(chǎn)量的4次方成

37、正比如果產(chǎn)量提高一倍，或品種減少一半時，成本可大約降低16%；如果產(chǎn)量提高兩倍，或品種減少1/3時，成本可大約降低24%。二統(tǒng)一化（一）涵義統(tǒng)一化是指兩種以上同類事物的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)歸并為一種或限定在一定范圍內(nèi)的標準化形式。統(tǒng)一化的實質是使對象的形式，功能（效用）或者其他技術特征具有一致性，并把這種一致性通過標準確定下來。統(tǒng)一化的目的是消除由于不必要的多樣化而造成的混亂，為人類的正?；顒咏⒐餐裱闹刃颉ＧЧ乓坏矍厥蓟式y(tǒng)一文字典型的例子是“馬”的諸多字形：在齊國有三種寫法；在楚、燕國有另外兩種的寫法；在韓、趙、魏，還有兩種不同的寫法。秦始皇接受李斯的建議，于公元前221年發(fā)布“書同文”的詔令，規(guī)定

38、以秦國小篆為統(tǒng)一書體，與小篆不同者全都廢掉。千古一帝秦始皇統(tǒng)一貨幣當時各國的銅幣可以分為布lectricitylines,equipmentinspections,f9,donotgstove,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbdappliancesisnotallowed.10,liveoncampusfacultymembers,meck,thecn,gastankandstovesafetydistanceof1.5meters,toLiuJiapingelemofficialsorthepecampus,foactivitiesag幣

39、、刀幣、圓錢、銅貝四類。布幣的形狀類似金屬農(nóng)具（布），主要在趙、魏、韓等國使用。刀幣的形狀象刀，主要在齊、燕、趙國流通。圓錢，分為外圓內(nèi)有方孔和圓孔兩種，主要是在秦、東周、西周以及趙、魏的黃河沿岸地區(qū)使用。銅貝，形狀類似海貝，俗稱“蟻鼻錢”，主要是在楚國使用。統(tǒng)一化與簡化的區(qū)別統(tǒng)一化著眼于取得一致性，即從個性中提煉共性；簡化肯定某些個性同時存在，著眼于精練，簡化的目的并不是簡化為只有一種，而是在簡化過程中保存若干合理的種類，以少勝多。（二）統(tǒng)一的方式選擇統(tǒng)在需要統(tǒng)一的對象中選擇并確定一個，以此來統(tǒng)一其余的對象的方式。它適合于那些相互獨立、相互排斥的被統(tǒng)一對象。如交通規(guī)則、方向標準等。2、融合統(tǒng)

40、在被統(tǒng)一對象中博采眾長，取長補短，融合成一種新的更好的形式，以代替原來的不同形式的方式。適于融合統(tǒng)一的對象都具有互補性。如結構性產(chǎn)品像手表、鬧鐘統(tǒng)一結構形式，都是采用融合統(tǒng)一的方法3、創(chuàng)新統(tǒng)用完全不同于被統(tǒng)一對象的嶄新的形式來統(tǒng)一的方式。適宜采用創(chuàng)新統(tǒng)一的對象，一般來說有兩種：一是在發(fā)展過程中產(chǎn)生質的飛躍的結果。如以集成電路統(tǒng)一晶體管電路。晶體管電路集成電路二是由于某種原因無法使用其他統(tǒng)一方式的情況。如用國際計量單位來統(tǒng)一各國的計量單位；用歐元統(tǒng)一歐洲各國的貨幣等。（三）統(tǒng)一的類型絕對統(tǒng)它不允許有靈活性。如標志、編碼、代號、名稱、運動方向（開關的旋轉方向，螺紋的旋轉方向、交通規(guī)則）等。開關的旋

41、轉方向2、相對統(tǒng)一強調(diào)統(tǒng)一中有一定的靈活性，根據(jù)情況區(qū)別對待。如產(chǎn)品質量標準是對質量要求的統(tǒng)一化，但具體指標（包括分級規(guī)定、公差范圍等）卻具有一定的靈活性。（四）統(tǒng)一化的原則1、同質性：實施統(tǒng)一化的對象必須具有相同的質或相同的內(nèi)容，只是在量的方面或表現(xiàn)形式方面存在著某些差異。2、等效性：對標準化對象實施統(tǒng)一后，被確定的對象與原先被統(tǒng)一的對象之間，在功能上必須等效。3、適時性：“適時”是指要把握好統(tǒng)一的時機。4、適度性：對客觀事物進行的統(tǒng)一化，既要有定性的要求，又要有定量的要求。合理的確定統(tǒng)一化的范圍和指標水平。ral,self-helpa,andsooral,self-helpa,andsoo

42、Inordertoensurenormalteachingorder,protectingstudentshealthygrowth,ensuringthatnational（property）isnotlost,topreventorminimizetheoccurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followtheprevent,rescueeachother,ensuresafetyandreducelossesprinciple,accordingtothelocalconditions,makethemanagementsystem.1,theprincipalisthe

43、responsibilityofschoolsafety,schoolsecurityundertheleadershipofPresidentsecurityworkleadinggroup.Theheadteachertotheleadershipteamisresponsiblefor,implementationoftheaccountabilitysystem.2,schoolmonthlystudentknowledgeaboutsafetyeducation,educationshouldbediversifiedintheformeverysafetyeducationfors

44、tudentsofclassesperweekshouldbetargeted.TocarryonemergencyissuesdealingwitheducationinGeneral,self-helpandmutualrescueknowledge.Emergencycalls（suchas110,119,122,120,andsoon）usecommonsenseineducation.3,theestablishmentofmajoraccidentreportingsystem.Schoolstudentsreportmajoraccidentwithinanhourofeduca

45、tion;studentrunanddisappearancestoreport;reportoftheaccidenttoawrittenreportintriplicate,acorrectionalcentre,apolicestation,atownshippeoplesGovernmentshallnotconcealtheaccident.4week,teachersareondutysystem,establishandimprovetheleadershipvalues;strengthentheeducation,managementofteachingactivitiesi

46、nschoolstoensurenormalteachingorder;responsibleforschoolsafetyleadershipalwaysmaintainedclosecontactanddistrictpolicestations,canvassingsupportfromthepolicestationonschoolsafetyandhelp.5,strengtheningteachersmoraleducation,establishadedicatedlove,improvingeducationquality,observethestudentspsycholog

47、icalchangesatanytimeandtakepreventivemeasures,nocorporalpunishmentandcovertcorporalpunishmentonstudents,studentoutoftheclassroom,schoolsmaynotbe.6,unitsordepartmentsusestudentStreetpropagandaorparticipateinthecelebrations,aswellasparticipatinginothersocialwork,withoutapprovaloftheCorrectionalCentre,

48、schoolprincipalsconsent,withoutorganization.Withouttheapprovalofrelevantdepartments,mayorganizestudentstoparticipateinfirefighting,disasterreliefandsoon.7,schoolsshouldeducatestudentstoobeytheschoolrulesandregulations,ontime,ontimehometopreventaccidents.8,schooltoschoolinspectionsonaregularbasis,fou

49、ndhiddenintime,andinseverecases,itishardtoeliminateimmediatelyclosed,andreportedtothelocalpeoplesGovernment,education,andruleoflawsection.9,theschoolshouldalwayschecktheinternalwalls,retainingwalls,ponds,railings,handrails,doors,Windows,staircasesandavarietyofsports,extracurricularactivities,fciliti

50、essuchasfiresafety,infrastructuresecurity,unsafefacilitytoimmediatelyrepairanddemolitiontoensurethatteachersandstudentswork,learn,livevenuesandfacilitiesaresafeandreliable.SongLinXiangLiuJiapingelementaryschoolMarch2016songLinXiangLiuJiapingprimaryschoolfiresafetysystemstoenhancefiresafety,protectio

51、nofpublicpropertyandthelifeandpropertysafetyofteachersandstudents,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-daymanagement,isdevelopingthefollowingfiresafetysystem.1,strengthenfiresafetyeducationofthewholeschool.AccordingtotherequirementsoftheFireServicesAct,sothateveryonehasofkeepingfirecontrolsafety,protectingfir

52、econtrolfacilities,fireprevention,reportsoffireBureauincBureauinctsandavarietyofacvelyfaroractivitiesrBureauinc5、先進性：就產(chǎn)品標準來說，就是要促進質量提高。三、產(chǎn)品系列化（一）產(chǎn)品系列化的涵義產(chǎn)品系列化簡稱系列化。是對同一類產(chǎn)品中的結構型式和主要參數(shù)規(guī)格進行科學規(guī)劃的一種標準化形式。它通過對同一類產(chǎn)品發(fā)展規(guī)律的研究，市場需求發(fā)展趨勢的預測，結合自身的生產(chǎn)技術條件，經(jīng)過全面地技術經(jīng)濟比較，將產(chǎn)品的主要參數(shù)、型式、尺寸等作出合理的安排和規(guī)劃，以協(xié)調(diào)系列產(chǎn)品和配套產(chǎn)品之間的關系。系列化是

53、使某一類產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)的結構優(yōu)化、功能最佳的標準化形式，是標準化的高級形式。系列化美國福特通用汽車公司通過“簡化”對汽車零件進行標準化，實現(xiàn)“T型福特”汽車的大批量生產(chǎn)，創(chuàng)造了輝煌的業(yè)績。到1921年T型汽車占據(jù)美國的60%的汽車市場。1923年AP斯隆就任美國通用汽車公司總經(jīng)理后，認為由于消費水平的提高，市場需求將發(fā)生變化，過于單調(diào)的“T型福特車”將不受歡迎。據(jù)此，他做出按價格、分檔次、系列化開發(fā)的決策。從最低檔次的大眾車型，到高級車型，連續(xù)設計了5種車型，構成了能滿足各種不同消費水平的系列產(chǎn)品。5年后戰(zhàn)勝了“T型福特車”，成為世界上最大的汽車廠家。黑色最終被棄用，而藍色和綠色成為汽車主流顏色系列

54、化與簡化（1）系列化是簡化的延伸。系列化擺脫了標準化最初獨立地、逐個地制定單項產(chǎn)品標準的傳統(tǒng)方式，全局考慮問題。（2）系列化源于簡化而高于簡化。簡化是在品種盲目泛濫超過一般需要之后才進行的，而系列化則是為防止這種盲目的品種泛濫而預先作出的科學安排。（二）制定產(chǎn)品參數(shù)系列標準所謂產(chǎn)品參數(shù)系列，就是對產(chǎn)品主要參數(shù)或基本參數(shù)的數(shù)值分級。確定參數(shù)系列的目的就是要對產(chǎn)品的主要參數(shù)或基本參數(shù)數(shù)值進行合理分擋，以便于經(jīng)濟合理地發(fā)展產(chǎn)品的品種規(guī)格。參數(shù)：是人們用來標志產(chǎn)品的結構特性（如外形尺寸、容積、重量等）和功能特性（如額定電壓、輸出功率等）的一組量值?；緟?shù)：用來反映其基本結構和主要性能的一組參數(shù)。主要

55、參數(shù)：在基本參數(shù)中起主導作用的一兩個參數(shù)。例：家用電冰箱的基本參數(shù)有額定電壓、輸出功率、冷凍室溫度、箱內(nèi)有效容積、凈重等。確定產(chǎn)品參數(shù)系列的步驟lectricitylines,equipmentinspections,foundhiddenintimeforrectification,maintenance,andsecurity.9,donotgstove,litcandles,mosquitorepellent,nosmoking,andbdappliancesisnotallowed.10,liveoncampusfacultymembers,mustleadbyexample,ande

56、ducatefamiliesandchildrenreadytofire.11,householduseofgasinschools,tomasterproperusage,payattentiontotheleak-proof,explosion-proof,fireproof,closingvalveafterusetoensuresecurity.12,diningroommustbequalified,andannualtestingofpressurevessels,toregularlycheck,thecn,gastankandstovesafetydistanceof1.5me

57、ters,toLiuJiapingelemofficialsorthepecampus,foactivitiesaguralares,foretoimplement.OInordertoensurenormalteachingorder,protectingstudentshealthygrowth,ensuringthatnationLljmrrrILnnKnrrILlnr、,.Schoolstudeparticipateireliable.Sonstudentrunanddisappalwork,withoutapprovagLinXiangLiuJitional(property)isf

58、theCorrecption;alCpy)isnotlost,topreventorminimizetheoccurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followthepr-nTT.11r.，、，br-nrr,b,rr!nI、.r-T.1、.,.一reportoftheaccidalCentre,schoolpt.4week,teacherg,disasterreliefations,makethggroup.Ttpolicestations,canvassingsupportfromtheyclosed,andreportedtothelocalpeoplesGortsoffir

59、eucation,ed，IUn，love,improvingeducationquality,observengwalls,ponds,railings,handrails,doors,Wporalpunishmentandcovertcorpresafety,infrastructuresecurity,u確定產(chǎn)品主參數(shù)的原則（1）能夠反映產(chǎn)品的主要特性和功能。（2）應是產(chǎn)品中最穩(wěn)定的參數(shù)。（3）能作為產(chǎn)品設計出發(fā)點的參數(shù)。（4）能作為用戶選用產(chǎn)品的主要依據(jù)。（5）主參數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)一般只選一個，最多只能選二個。確定主參數(shù)的數(shù)值范圍確定主參數(shù)的數(shù)值范圍，即確定本系列產(chǎn)品的最大規(guī)格和最小規(guī)格。一般要

60、經(jīng)過對國內(nèi)外的用戶近期和長遠的需求情況、生產(chǎn)情況、質量水平、技術發(fā)展等多方面的調(diào)查研究和周密的分析后才能確定。確定參數(shù)系列主要是在參數(shù)數(shù)值范圍內(nèi)如何進行合理的分擋分級？整個系列安排多少擋，擋與擋之間選用怎樣的公比等。要在調(diào)查基礎上，運用優(yōu)先數(shù)和優(yōu)先數(shù)系等數(shù)值等分級方法，進行合理的分擋分級。（三）編制系列型譜根據(jù)用戶和市場的需要，依據(jù)對國內(nèi)外同類產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)狀況的分析，對基本參數(shù)系列所限定的產(chǎn)品進行型式規(guī)劃，把基型產(chǎn)品與變型產(chǎn)品的關系以及品種發(fā)展的總趨勢，用簡明的圖表反映出來，這樣的圖表就是系列型譜。基型產(chǎn)品是指該類產(chǎn)品中生產(chǎn)歷史最長、結構最典型、應用最普遍的一種結構型式。變型系列是在基型產(chǎn)品基礎上