全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一考試英語真題2013年

1、全國醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一考試英語真題2013年（總分：100.00，做題時(shí)間：180分鐘）一、Part1:Listeningcomprehension（30%）（總題數(shù)：15,分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00）AcoughDiarrhea丿AfeverVomiting解析：TuberculosisRhinitisLaryngitisFlu丿解析：Inhisbag.Bythelamp.InhishouseVNoideaaboutwhereheleftit.解析：HesnearlyfinishedhisworkHehastoworkforsomemoretime.VHewantstoleavenow.Hehastro

2、ublefinishinghiswork.解析：ApatientAdoctorAteacherAstudentV解析：2.6TOC o 1-5 h z3.53.9136V解析：Heistheheadofthehospital.HeisinchargeofPediatrics.HewentoutlookingforDan.HewenttoMichiganonbusiness.V解析：Hehasgotafever.Heisatalentedskier.Heisveryrich.Heisarealskienthusiast.V解析：Toasklocalpeopleforhelp.TodoasRoma

3、nsdoonlywheninRome.Trytoactlikethepeoplefromthatculture.VStaywithyourcountryfellows.解析：Shemarriedbecauseofloneliness.Shemarriedamillionaire.CShemarriedformoney.VD.Shemarriedforlove.解析：AspirantCourageousVCautiousAmiable解析：Hewasunhappy.Hewasfeelingabitunwell.VHewenttoseethedoctor.Theweatherwasnasty.解析

4、：shelves.Youmayfindmanyofthemonthebooksellershelves.Youcanbuyitfromalmosteverybookstore.Itsaverypopularmagazine.VItdoesntsellverywell.解析：Ageneralpractitioner.Agynecologist.VAnorthopedistAsurgeon.解析：ChemotherapyRadiationInjectionsVSurgery解析：二、SectionB（總題數(shù):3,分?jǐn)?shù):15.00）Itisageneticdisorder.Itisarespirat

5、oryconditioninpigs.VItisanillnessfrombirdstohumans.Itisagastricailment.解析:Eatingpork.Raisingpigs.VEatingchicken.Breedingbirds.解析:RunningnoseInappetenceVPainsalloverDiarrhea解析:Tostayfromcrowds.VToseethedoctorimmediately.Toavoidmedications.Togotothenearbyclinic.解析：Itisadebate.ItisaTVprogramVItisaconsu

6、ltation.Itisaworkshop.解析：About10,000,000.VAbout1,000,000.About100,000.About10,000.解析：Acocktailofvitamins.Acocktailofvitaminsplusmagnesium.VThecombinationofvitaminsA,CandE.Thecombinationofminerals.解析：Thedelicatestructuresoftheinnerear.VTheinnerearcells.Theeardrums.Theinnerearossicles.解析：GeneralMotors

7、.TheUnitedAutoWorkers.NIHVAllofabove.解析：AnindustrialtrialinSpain.MilitarytrialsinSpainandSweden.IndustrialtrialsinSpainandSweden.VAtrialinvolvingstudentsattheUniversityofFlorida.解析：Thelinkbetweenobesityandbirthdefects.VThelinkbetweenobesityanddiabetes.Theriskofbirthabnormalities.Theharmfuleffectsofo

8、besity.解析：Neuraltubedefects.Heartproblems.CleftlipandpalateDiabetesV解析：20million.200million.400million.V40million.解析：Aweight-losssurgery.VAbalanceddiet.Achangeoflifestyle.Moreexercise.解析：Whyobesitycancausebirthdefects.HowobesitymaycausebirthdefectsVWhyobesitycancausediabetes.DHowobesitymaycausediabe

9、tes解析：三、PartIIVocabulary（10%）（總題數(shù)：10,分?jǐn)?shù)：5.00）Havingabirdseyeviewfromthehelicopter,thevastpasturewaswithbeautifulhouses.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）overlappedsegregatedintersectedinterspersedV解析：Asusual,SingaporeAirlineswillreducetrans-pacificcapacityinseasonsthisyear.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）sternslackVsumptuousglamorous解析：Astotheliv

10、ingenvironment,bacteriasneedsvary,butmostofthemgrowbestinaslightlyacid.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）mechanismminiaturemediumVmeans解析：Underanunstableeconomicenvironment,employersintheconstructionindustryplacegreatvalueoninhiringandlayingoffworkersastheirvolumesofworkwaxandwane.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）flexibilityVmoralitycapacityproduc

11、tivity解析：20.1nastarkoffortunes,thePhilippines-onceAsiassecondrichestcountry-recentlyhadtobegVietnamtosellitsriceforitshungrymillions.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）denialreversalVintervalwithdrawal解析：WebportalSohuhasgoneastepfurtherandcalledfornetizenstojoininanall-outboycottofcontent.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）wholesomecontagiousvulgarVs

12、tagnant解析：Expertsurgeareforestingofclearedareas,promotionofreduced-impactlogging,andagriculture,tomaintaintherainforest.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）sustainableVrenewablerevivablemerchandisable解析：23.IntheU.S.,theRepublicansdoctrineswereslightlyliberal,whereastheDemocratswerehardly.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）rationalradicalconservativeVp

13、rogressive解析：24.OfficialsfromtheDepartmentofAgricultureconfirmedthatthefloodsanddroughtthissummerdidnotaffectthecountrysgrainoutput.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）ripplingwaningfluctuatingdevastatingV解析：25.ItisbelievedthattheBlackDeath,rampantintheMedievalEurope,killed1/3ofitspopulation.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）atlargeVatrandomonendonav

14、erage解析：四、SectionB（總題數(shù):10,分?jǐn)?shù)：5.00）Christmasshoppersshouldbeawareofthepossibledefectsoftheproductssoldatadiscount（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）deficitsdeviationsdrawbacksVdiscrepancies解析：Thegoalofthistrainingprogramistoraisechildrenwithasenseofresponsibilityandnecessarycouragetobewillingtotakeonchallengesinlife（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）A

15、despiseBevadeCdemandundertakeV解析：After“9.11”,theOlympicGamesseverelytaxedthesecurityservicesofthehostcountry.（分?jǐn)?shù)：050）improvedburdenedVinspectedtariffed解析：Theclownsperformancewassofunnythattheaudience,adultsandchildrenalike,wereallthrownintoconvulsions.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）afitofenthusiasmascreamoffrightaburstof

16、laughterVacryofanguish解析：WeraisedamortgagefromBankofChinaandwereinformedtopayitoffbytheendofthisyear.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）loanVpaymentwithdrawalretrieval解析：Theadvocateshighlyvaluethe“sportspirit”,whiletheopponentdevalueit,assertingthatitsasheer一hypocrisyandself-deception（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）finesuddenfiniteabsoluteV解析：When

17、everarattlesnakeisagitated,itbeginstomoveitstailandmakearattlingnoise（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）irritatedVtamedstampedprobed解析：33Thedetectivehadanunusualinsightintocriminalstricksandknewclearlyhowtotrackthem.（分?jǐn)?shù)：0.50）inductionBperceptionVinterpretationDpenetration解析：34Mylittlebrotherpracticesthespeechrepeatedlyuntilh

18、isdeliveryandtimingwereperfect（分?jǐn)?shù)：050）ApresentationVBgestureCrhythmDpronunciation解析：35Inrecentweeksbothhousingandstockpriceshavestartedtoretreatfromtheirirrationallyamazinghighs（分?jǐn)?shù)：050）AuntimelyBunexpectedlyCunreasonablyVDunconventionally解析：五、PartIIICloze（10%）（總題數(shù)：1,分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）Videogameplayersmaygetan

19、unexpectedbenefitfromblowingawaybadguysbettervisionPlaying“action”videogamesimprovesavisualability_51_taskslikereadinganddrivingatnight,anewstudysaysTheability,calledcontrastsensitivityfunction,allowspeopletodiscernevensubtlechanges_52_grayagainstauniformlycoloredbackdrop.Itsalsooneofthefirstvisuala

20、ptitudestofadewithage_53_aregularregimenofactionvideogametrainingcanprovidelong-lastingvisualpower,accordingtoworkledbyDaphneBavelieroftheUniversityofRochesterPreviousresearchshowsthatgamingimprovesothervisualskills,suchastheabilitytotrackseveralobjectsatthesametimeand_54_attentiontoaseriesoffast-mo

21、vingeventsBaveliersaid,“Alotofdifferentaspectsofthevisualsystemarebeingenhanced,_55_.”Thenewworksuggeststhatplayingvideogamescouldsomedaybecomepartofvision-correctiontreatments,whichcurrentlyrelymainlyonsurgeryorcorrectivelenses.“_56_youvehadeyesurgeryorgetcorrectivelenses,exposingyourselftothesegam

22、esshouldhelptheopticalsystemtorecoverfasterandbetter,youneedtoretrainthebraintomakeuseofthebetter,crisperinformationthatscomingin_57_yourimprovedeyesight,”Baveliersaid.Expertactiongamersinthestudyplayedfirst-personshootersUnrealTournament2004andCallofDuty2.AgroupofexperiencednonactiongamersplayedThe

23、Sims2,a“l(fā)ifesimulation”videogame.Theplayersofnonactionvideogamesdidntseethesamevision_58_,thestudysays.Bavelierandothersarenowtryingtofigureoutexactlywhyactiongames_59_seemtosharpenvisualskillItmaybethatlocatingenemiesandaimingaccuratelyisastrenuous,strength-buildingworkoutfortheeyes,shesaidAnotherp

24、ossible_60_isthattheunpredictable,fast-changingenvironmentofthetypicalactiongamerequiresplayerstoconstantlymonitorentirelandscapesandanalyzeopticaldataquickly（分?jǐn)?shù)：1000）AcrucialforVBavailableinCresultingfromDascribedto解析：AindisguiseofinshadesofVinsearchofinplaceof解析：ThisishowThatswhyVItisnotthatTheree

25、xists解析：paidpayspaypayingV解析：thoughnottosaynotjustoneVaswell解析：UntilWhileUnlessOnceV解析：asopposedtoinadditiontoasaresultofVinspiteof解析：benefitsVdefectsapproachesrisks解析：incaseinadvanceinreturninparticularV解析：effectreasonVoutcomeconclusion解析：六、PartIVReadingComprehension(30%)(總題數(shù):6,分?jǐn)?shù):30.00)PassageoneT

26、hereisplentywedontknowaboutcriminalbehavior.Mostcrimegoesunrepotredsoitishardtopickouttrendsfromthedata,andevenreliablesetsofstatisticscanbedifficulttocompare.Buthereisonethingwedoknow:thosewithabiologicalpredispositiontoviolentbehaviorwhoarebroughtupinabusivehomesareverylikelytobecomelifelongcrimin

27、als.Antisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,butnoonewassurewhetherthiswasduemostlytosocial-environmentalfactorsorbiologicalones.Itturnsoutbothareimportant,buttheeffectismostdramaticwhentheyacttogether.Thishasbeenillustratedinseveralstudiesoverthepastsixyearswhichfoundthatmalevictimsofchild

28、abuseareseveraltimesaslikelytobecomecriminalsandabusersthemselvesiftheywerebornwithaless-activeversionofagenefortheenzymemonoamineoxidaseA(MAO-A),whichbreaksdownneurotransmitterscrucialtotheregulationofaggression.Researchersrecentlymadeanotherkeyobservation:kidswiththis“doublewhammy”ofpredisposition

29、andanunfortunateupbringingarelikelytoshowsignsofwhatstocomeataveryearlyageTheriskfactorsforlong-termcriminality-attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder,lowIQ,languagedifficulties-canbespottedinkindergarten.Sogivenwhatwenowknow,shouldntwebedoingeverythingtoprotectthechildrenmostatrisk?Nooneissuggesting

30、testingallboystoseewhichvariantoftheMAO-Agenetheyhave,butwhatthescienceistellingusisthatweshouldredoubleeffortstotackleabusiveupbringings,andevensimpleneglect.Thiswillhelpanychild,butespeciallythosewhosebiologymakesthemvulnerable.ThankfullythereisalreadyconsiderableenthusiasminboththeUSandtheUKforco

31、nvertingthelatestinbehavioralscienceintoparentingandsocialskills:bothgovernmentshaveschemesinplacetoimproveparentinginfamilieswherechildrenareatriskofreceivingpoorcare.Somepeopleareuncomfortablewiththeideaofearlyinterventionbecauseitimpliesourbehaviorbecomes“set”aswegrowup,compromisingtheideaoffreew

32、ill.Thatviewisunderstandable,butitwouldbenegligenttoignorewhatthestudiesaretellingus.Indeed,thecosttosocietyoffailingtointerveneintermsofcriminaldamage,dealingwithoffendersandhelpingvictimsofcrimeisboundtobegreaterthanthecostofimprovingparenting.Thevaluetothechildrenisimmeasurable.(分?jǐn)?shù)：5.00).Research

33、ershavecometoaconsensus:toexplainviolentbehavior.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)intermsofphysicalenvironmentformabiologicalperspectiveVbasedontheempiricaldatainastatisticalway解析：.Whenwesaythatantisocialandcriminalbehaviortendstoruninfamilies,asindicatedbytherecentfindings,wecanprobablymeanthat.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)aparticulargeneisp

34、assedoninfamilieschildabusewillleadtodomesticviolencethemalevictimsofchildabusewillpassonthetendencyVtheviolentpredispositionisexclusivelybornofchildabuse解析：.Therecentobservationimplicatedthattocheckthedevelopmentofantisocialandcriminalbehavior.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)boysaretobescreenedforthebiologicalpredisposit

35、ionhigh-riskkidsshouldbebroughtupinkindergartenitisimportanttospotthegenesfortheriskfactorsactivemeasuresoughttobetakenatanearlyageV解析：.Todefendtheargumentagainsttheunfavorableidea,theauthormakesitapointtoconsider.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)theimmeasurablevalueofthegeneticresearchonbehaviortheconsequencesofcompromisi

36、ngdemocracythehugecostofimprovingparentingskillsthegreatercostoffailingtointerveneV解析：.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)ParentingStrategiesforKidsBTheMakingofaCriminalVParentalEducationAbusiveParenting解析：PassagetwoAfter25yearsbattlingthemotherofallviruses,havewefinallygotth

37、emeasureofHIV?Threedevelopmentsfeaturedinthisissuecollectivelygivegroundsforoptimismthatwouldhavebeenscarcelybelievableayearagointhewakeofanotherfailedvaccineandcontinuingproblemssupplyingdrugstoallwhoneedthem.Perhapsthemostcompellinghopeliesintheapparent“cure”ofamanwithHIVwhohadalsodevelopedleukemi

38、a.Doctorstreatedhisleukemiawithabonemarrowtransplantthatalsovanquishedthevirus.NowUSCompanySangamoBiosciencesishopingtoemulatetheeffectpatientsbeingcuredwithasingleshotofgenetherapy,insteadoftakingantiretroviraldrugsforlife.Antiretroviraltherapy(ART)isitselfanotherreasonforoptimism.ResearchersattheW

39、orldHealthOrganizationhavecalculatedthatHIVcouldbeeffectivelyeradicatedinAfricaandotherhard-hitplacesusingexistingdrugs.Thetrickistotesteveryoneoften,andgivethosewhotestpositiveARTassoonaspossible.Becausethedrugsrapidlyreducecirculatinglevelsofthevirustoalmostzero,itwouldstoppeoplepassingitonthrough

40、sex.Byblockingthecycleofinfectioninthisway,theviruscouldbevirtuallyeradicatedby2050Bankrollingsuchalong-termprogramwouldcostseriousmoney-initiallyaround$3.5billionayearinSouthAfricaalone,ringto$85billionintotal.Hugeasitsounds,however,itispeanutscomparedwiththeestimated$19trillioncostoftheIraqwar,ort

41、he$700billionspentinonegoproppinguptheUSbankingsectorItalsolooksmallbeercomparedwiththecostsofcarryingonasusual,whichtheWHOsayscanonlyleadtospiralingcasesandcostsThefinalbitofgoodnewsisthatthecostofARTcouldkeeponfallingLastFriday,GlaxoSmithKlinechairmanAndrewWittysaidthathiscompanywouldofferallitsme

42、dicinestothepoorestcountriesforatleast25percentlessthanthetypicalpriceinrichcountriesGSKhasalreadybeendoingthisforART,butthehopeisthatthecompanymaynowofferitcheaperstillandthatotherfirmswillfollowtheirleadNoonedoubtthedevastationcausedbyAIDSIn2007,2millionpeoplediedand27millionmorecontractedthevirus

43、Thosedismalnumbersarenotgoingtoturnaroundsoon-andtheywontturnaroundatallwithouthugeeffortandinvestmentButatleastthereisrenewedbeliefthat,giventhetimeandmoney,wecanfinallystartriddlingtheworldofthismostfearsomeofviruses(分?jǐn)?shù)：500).Whichisthefollowingcanbemostprobablyperceivedbeyondthefirstparagraph?(分?jǐn)?shù)：

44、100)Theendoftheworld.Acandleofhope.VANobelprize.AQuickFix.解析：.Accordingtothepassage,theapparent“cure”oftheHIVpatientwhohadalsodevelopedleukemiawould.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)makeapromisingtransitionfromantiretroviralmedicationtogenetherapyVfacilitatethedevelopmentofeffectivevaccinesfortheinfectioncompelpeopletodraw

45、ananalogybetweenAIDSandleukemiawouldchangethewaywelookatthosewithAIDS解析：.Asanotherbitofgoodnews,.(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)HIVwillbevirtuallywipedoutfirstinAfricaBthecycleofHIVinfectioncanbebrokenwithARTVC.thecirculatinglevelsofHIVhavebeenlimitedtoalmostzeroDtheexistingHIVdrugswillbeenhancedtobemoreeffectivein25year

46、s解析：（4）Thelastreasonforoptimismisthat（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）AgovernmentswillinvestmoreinimprovingARTBthecostofantiretroviraltherapyisonthedeclineVCeverybodycanaffordantiretroviraltherapyintheworldDthefinancialsupportofARTiscomingtobenoproblem解析：（5）Thewholepassagecarriesatoneof（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）AidealismBactivismCcriticismDo

47、ptimismV解析：PassageThreeArchaeologycantellusplentyabouthowhumanslookedandthewaytheylivedtensofthousandsofyearsagoButwhataboutthedeeperquestions?Couldearlyhumansspeak,weretheycapableofself-consciousreflection,didtheybelieveinanything?SuchquestionsmightseemtobebeyondthescopeofscienceNotsoAnsweringthemi

48、sthefocusofaburgeoningfieldthatbringstogetherarchaeologyandneuroscienceItaimstochartthedevelopmentofhumancognitivepowersThisisnoteasytodoAskullgivesnoindicationofwhetheritsownerwascapableofspeech,forexampleThetaskthenistofindproxies（替代物）forkeytraitsandbehaviorsthathavestayedintactovermillenniaPerhap

49、sthemostintriguingaspectofthisendeavoristeasingouttheroleofcultureasaforceintheevolutionofourmentalskillsFordecades,developmentofthebrainhasbeenseenasexclusivelybiologicalButincreasingly,thatisbeingchallenged.TakewhattheCambridgearchaeologistColinRenfrewcalls“thesapient（智人的）paradox（矛盾）”.Evidencesugg

50、eststhatthehumangenome,andhencethebrain,haschangedlittleinthepast60,000years.Yetitwasntuntilabout10,000yearsagothatprofoundchangestookplaceinhumanbehavior:peoplesettledinvillagesandbuiltshrines.Renfrewsparadoxiswhy,ifthehardwarewasinplace,didittakesolongforhumanstostartchangingtheworld?Hisansweristh

51、atthesoftware-theculture-tookalongtimetodevelop.Inparticular,theinterveningtimesawhumansvest（賦予）meaninginobjectsandsymbolsThosemeaningsweredevelopedbysocialinteractionoversuccessivegenerations,passedonthroughteaching,andstoredintheneuronalconnectionsofchildrenCulturealsochangesbiologybymodifyingnatu

52、ralselection,sometimesinsurprisingwaysHowisit,forexample,thatahumangeneformakingessentialvitaminCbecameblockedbyjunkDNA?Oneansweristhatourancestorsstartedeatingfruit,sothepressuretomakevitaminC“relaxed”andthegenebecameunnecessary.Bythisreasoning,earlyhumansthenbecameaddictedtofruit,andanygenethathel

53、pedthemtofinditwasselectedforEvidencesuggeststhatthebrainissoplasticthat,likegenes,itcanbechangedbyrelaxingselectionpressureOurunderstandingofhumancognitivedevelopmentisstillfragmentedandconfused,howeverWehavelotsofproposedcausesandeffects,andhypothesestoexplainthemYetthepotentialpay-offmakesanswers

54、worthsearchingforIfweknowwherethehumanmindcamefromandwhatchangedit,perhapswecangaugewhereitisgoingFindingthoseanswerswilltakealltheingenuitythemodernhumanmindcanmuster（分?jǐn)?shù)：500）（1）Thequestionspresentedinthefirstparagraph（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）AseemtohavenoanswerswhateverBareintendedtodigforancienthumanmindsVC.arenot

55、scientificenoughtobeansweredhereDareraisedtoexploretheevolutionofhumanappearance解析：（2）Thescientistsfindtheproxytobe（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）AtheroleofcultureVBthepassageoftimeCthestructureofaskullDthebiologicalmakeupofthebrain解析：（3）.AccordingtoRenfrewsparadox,thetransitionfrom60,000to10,000yearsagosuggeststhat（分?jǐn)?shù)：10

56、0）AhumancivilizationcametoolateBthehardwareretainedbiologicallystaticCittooksolongforthesoftwaretoevolveVDthereexistedaninteractionbetweengeneandenvironment解析：（4）Fromtheexampleillustratingtherelationbetweencultureandbiology,wemightconcludethat（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）Athementaldevelopmenthasnotbeenexclusivelybiologi

57、calBthebrainandculturehavenotdevelopedatthesamepaceCthetheoryofnaturalselectionappliestohumanevolutionVDvitaminCcontributestothedevelopmentofthebrain解析：（5）Speakingofthehumanmind,theauthorwouldsaythat（分?jǐn)?shù)：100）AitscognitivedevelopmentisextremelyslowBtoknowitspastistounderstanditsfutureVCitsbiologicalev

58、olutionishardtopredictDasthebraindevelops,soasthemind解析：PassageFourDespitethenumerouswarningsaboutextremeweather,risingsealevelsandmassextinctions,onemessageseemstohavegotlostinthedebateabouttheimpactofclimatechangeAwarmerworldwontjustbeinconvenient.Hugeswathes（片）ofit,includingmostofEurope,theUSandA

59、ustraliaaswellasallofAfricaandChinawillactuallybeuninhabitable-toohot,dryorstormytosustainahumanpopulationThisisnomirageItcouldmaterializeiftheworldwarmsbyanaverageofjust4C,whichsomemodelspredictcouldhappenassoonas2050ThisistheworldourchildrenandgrandchildrenaregoingtohavetoliveinSowhatarewegoingtod

60、oaboutit?Oneoptionistostartplanningtomovetheat-riskhumanpopulationtopartsoftheworldwhereitwillstillbecoolandwetItmightseemlikeadrasticmove,butthisthoughtexperimentisnotaboutscaremongering危（言聳聽）Everyscenarioisextrapolatedfrompredictionsofthelatestclimatemodels,andsomesaythat4Cmayactuallyturnouttobeac