catti二級筆譯之評分與翻譯原則

1、CATTI英語二級筆譯培訓主講人：Freddy翻譯中介x景界外語CATTI筆譯筆譯五標準:譯文準確、完整、流暢（忠實+通順，最低要求?。w現(xiàn)原文風格（二級筆譯特別要求?。o錯譯、漏譯（若有，失分會很多！）譯文邏輯清楚，無語法錯誤（若有多處，基本通不過！）標點符號使用正確（細節(jié)不容忽略?。┮郧叭绾卧u分？Q: 具體怎么評分？A: 閱卷人采點給分，哪怕通篇看起來不知所云，但只要翻譯正確的句子加起來夠60分，就可以通過。由于西藏地處“世界屋脊”，自然條件惡劣，也由于幾百年落后的封建農(nóng)奴制社會形成 的各種社會歷史條件的限制，西藏在全國還屬于不發(fā)達地區(qū)。但是，50年的發(fā)展已經(jīng)極 大地改變了其昔日貧窮落后的

2、面貌，西藏人民生活質量大大提高。社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展極大 地豐富了人民的物質文化生活。2000年，西藏全區(qū)各族人民已基本擺脫貧困，實現(xiàn)溫飽。部分群眾生活達到了小康水平。隨著人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩電、洗衣機、摩托車、手表等消費品進入了越來越多尋常百姓家。不少富裕起來的農(nóng)牧民蓋起了新房，有的還 購買了汽車。西藏目前的人均居住面積處于全國首位。廣播、電視、通信、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn) 代信息傳遞手段已深入到人民群眾的日常生活。絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的百姓能夠通過收聽收看 廣播、電視，了解全國和全世界各地的新聞。當?shù)匕傩漳軌蛲ㄟ^電話、電報、傳真或互 聯(lián)網(wǎng)等手段獲取信息資料，并與全國和全世界各地取得聯(lián)系。由于缺醫(yī)少藥狀況得到根

3、 本改變，人民群眾的健康水平大幅度提高。西藏人均預期壽命由二十世紀五十年代的 35.5歲增加到現(xiàn)在的67歲。（2005年5月三級筆譯漢譯英真題，漢譯英部分40分）Tibet, located on the “Roof of the World”, is still an underdeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom.

4、(3分) However, the development of Tibet in the past 50 years has greatly changed its former poor and backward look, and the Tibetan people s living standards have greatly improved. (3分) Social and economic development has enriched the people s material and cultural life remarkably. (2分)In 2000, peopl

5、e of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. (2分) Some of them began to live a better-off life. (1分) Along with the improvement in the people s livelihood, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV sets, washing machines, motorcycles and wrist

6、watches have entered more and more ordinary homes. (4分) Many well-off farmers and herdsmen have built new houses. (1分) Some have even bought automobiles. (1分) Currently, Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country. (1分) Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modern

7、information transmission means are now part of daily life in Tibet. (3分) News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV. (2分) Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telepho

8、ne, telegram, fax or the Internet. (2分) The Tibetan people s health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally. (3分) The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67

9、years presently. (2分)（30分分化到每個句子，另外10分由評卷人自己把握尺度給分）現(xiàn)在如何評分？現(xiàn)在如何評分？現(xiàn)在如何評分？一、搭配原則1. 主謂搭配：一般說來，漢語的主謂關系沒有英語那么密切。英語的主謂搭配要考慮主語能否實施后面的動作。因此，譯文以什么做主語，怎樣和謂語搭配，是漢譯英時需要斟酌的一個問題。例1 我們的信息技術取得了一個又一個輝煌勝利。Version 1: Our information technology has won one brilliant victory after another. Version 2: We have won one bri

10、lliant victory after another in information technology.例2 一些企業(yè)產(chǎn)品質量和工藝水平已達到世界領先水平。（2012年5月二級筆譯漢譯英真題）Some enterprises have already led the world with their superior quality and workmanship.點評：該句中“質量”、“水平”與動詞“達到”在英語中不是正常的搭配關系，以“企業(yè)”轉換成主語，原文主語 “質量”與“工藝”用介詞短語鏈接作為方式狀語?？偨Y：主語是偏正短語時，我們可以將偏正短語中的“偏”做主語。一、搭配原則2.

11、動賓搭配：核心思路是“先賓后謂”，即在翻譯動賓短語的時候，應先考慮賓語的成分（名詞、短語和句子）。不同的賓語成分決定了謂語的使用。例1 中國人民始終希望天下太平，希望各國人民友好相處。looking forward toVersion 1: The Chinese people are alwaysglobal peace andfriendship among all nations.（賓語是名詞和名詞短語）hopingVersion 2: The Chinese people are alwaysthat the world is at peace andpeople of all nat

12、ions will coexist friendlily. （賓語是句子）一、搭配原則2. 動賓搭配：例2 像這一類的問題有不少，如果處理不當，就很容易動搖我們的方針，影響改革的全局。Version 1: There are many problems like this one, and if we dont handle them properly,they could easily shake our policies and affect the overall reform.Version 2: There are many problems like this one, and i

13、f we dont handle them properly, our policies could easily be undermined and overall reform affected.例3 三十年來，中國經(jīng)濟以震驚世界的GDP數(shù)值高速增長，不僅讓民眾的生活從貧困走向溫飽、從溫飽邁向小康，國家財力亦是今非昔比。(“翟志剛一小步，中國一大步”中國新聞網(wǎng)2008年9月27日報道 )Version 1: Over the past three decades, Chinas economy has been growing at a fast GDP rate that shocks

14、the world.Version 2: Over the past three decades, Chinas economy has been growing at a fast GDP rate that amazes the world.一、搭配原則2. 動賓搭配：例4 “老虎”、“蒼蠅”一起打。Version 1: crack down on both the tigers and the flies?crack down on/against + crime/problem/protest, etcVersion 2: hunt the tigers and the flies?h

15、unt:to chase wild animals or birds in order to catch or kill them for food, sportor to make money(打獵；獵殺) （OALD 7） Version 3: not only cage the tigers but also swat the flies.一、搭配原則介詞搭配：一些動詞（及物或不及物）后面若要加雙賓語，則要考慮用哪個介詞搭配的問題。例1：這位作家指責評論者沒有公正地評價他的處女作。The writeraccusedthe critic of failing to do justice t

16、o his maiden work.rebuke/admonish sb. for (doing) sth.reproach sb. for/with (doing) sth.二、時態(tài)確定原則英語的時態(tài)有它特殊的語用意義，例如：Ive seen more and more people who can not read write. Our government has been saying that they are trying to eliminate illiteracy. Is our government trying to eliminate education?我發(fā)覺不會讀書

17、寫字的人愈來愈多了。政府老是說他們正在盡力消滅文盲現(xiàn)象他們莫非正在想方設法消滅教育？（has been saying表示厭倦或反感， is trying表示譏諷。）可見時態(tài)不像想象中那么簡單，漢譯英通常不可避免地會面臨時態(tài)選擇問題，這往往是考試中的一個難點。除了憑借語感和語法判斷外，有時還需要考慮 情感、態(tài)度等因素。二、時態(tài)確定原則例1 南海諸島自古以來就是中國領土。The South China Sea Islands have been Chinas territory since ancient times.例2 中華民族歷來愛好自由和和平。Version 1: The Chinese

18、people always cherish freedom and peace.（客觀陳述） Version 2: The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.（褒揚、贊美）Version 3: The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.（褒揚、贊美）二、時態(tài)確定原則例3 畢竟中國、古巴等一些在人權委員會中受到以美國為首批評的國家，總是投票或游說反對美國政府。After all, China and Cuba and other ta

19、rgets of U.S.-led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.（偏見、敵視）例4 中國最早發(fā)現(xiàn)、命名和開發(fā)利用南海諸島及相關海域，最早并持續(xù)、和平、有效地對南海諸島及相關海域行使主權和管轄，確立了在南海的領土主權和相關權益。China is the first to have discovered , named and explored and exploited Nanhai Zhudao and relevant waters, and the fir

20、st to have exercised sovereignty.二、時態(tài)確定原則例5a）中國過去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來也必將是世界和平的維護者、共同發(fā)展的促進者、國際合作的推動者。Chinawas,isandwillcontinuetobeaforceforworldpeace,common development and international cooperation.例5b）中國過去是、現(xiàn)在是、將來也一定更是南海的主人。China was and remains to be the master of the South China Sea.二、時態(tài)確定原則例6面對復雜的國際和地區(qū)形勢，維

21、護地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定和促進成員國共同發(fā)展，過去、現(xiàn)在乃至將來相當長時期內都是上海合作組織的首要任務和目標。（2014年5月二級筆譯漢譯英真題）The complicated landscape, international and regional alike, means that SCO will remain committed, now as ever, to regional security and stability as well ascommon development of its member states. That is the top priority and premi

22、er goal for the organization for quite sometime to come.例7在亞洲各國政府和人民的共同努力下，亞洲的發(fā)展正呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的良好姿態(tài)。（2006年5月二級筆譯漢譯英真題）Thanks to the joint efforts of the governments and peoples of Asian countries, Asia has registered an unprecedented sound momentum of development.三、主語確定原則由于英語是主語顯著語言（subject-prominent），構建在

23、主謂軸（subject-predicate pivot）上，主語決定了句法結構；漢語為主題顯著性語言（topic-prominent），其中主語的重要性相對較低，無主語的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。因此在漢譯英中最重要的就是確定主語，主語選擇成功了，句子越翻越順；選擇失敗，考生越翻越煩。主語的確定主要有三種方法：使用原主語；重新確定主語；增補主語。例1 這一目標的實現(xiàn)，最直接的應該是老百姓住得更寬敞了，更舒服了。Version 1: The realization of the goal will enable the citizens to live more comfortablywith more s

24、pacious apartments. (“最直接”的語義信息不好處理)Version 2: The best/biggest benefit of the realization of the goal is that the citizens live more spaciously and comfortably. (兩個of結構，行文拖沓)Version3:Thecitizenswilllivemorecomfortablywithmorespaciousapartments,benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.三、主語確定

25、原則例2 中國的發(fā)展與進步不會對任何人構成威脅。（江澤民哈佛大學演講）Version1:ThedevelopmentandprogressofChinawillnotposeanythreatto anyone.Version 2: A developing and progressing China will pose no threat to anyone.例3 中國的水域、草原、山地資源豐富，開發(fā)潛力巨大。Version 1: Chinas water, grassland and sloping land resources are rich, which haveVersion 2:

26、 China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation.三、主語確定原則例4從地雷禁用條款到京都防止氣候變暖條約等一些列問題，美國政府總是對國際輿論置若罔聞，使得這些（倒戈）國家越來越懊惱。They have been increasingly chagrined by Washingtons tendency to ignore the internationalconsensusonissuesrangingfromtheuseofland

27、minestothe Kyotoclimatechangetreaty.（轉換主語，從后往前譯，讓譯文一氣呵成?。┤?、主語確定原則舉一反三：例5在世界上，中國巖畫是誕生最早、分布最廣、內容最豐富的國家之一。（2012年11月二級筆譯漢譯英真題）四、謂語最小化原則英語傾向于多用名詞，因而敘述呈靜態(tài)（static）；漢語傾向于多用動詞，因而敘述呈動態(tài)（dynamic）。（連淑能，英漢對比研究：104）這一特點決定了我們漢譯英時要注意將漢語動詞適當轉換為英語名詞、介詞或不定式等詞性或結構。如果考生把所有的動詞都翻譯成動詞的話，只能說明其還屬于“入門”境界。常見減少謂語的方法有：把動詞變成名詞使用介詞

28、短語使用分詞短語多使用to表示目的的狀語把并列謂語中最后一個謂語處理成非限制性定語從句(“，which”)雖然以上這些方法從本質上講都是些小打小鬧的“噱頭”，但是不重視謂語的省略一定不會取得理想的成績。四、謂語最小化原則例1 共同努力建設一個和平與繁榮的世界Version 1: work together to build a peaceful and prosperous worldVersion 2: work together for a peaceful and prosperous world（“建設”一詞無須譯出，利用介詞for巧隱藏）例2 加快推進產(chǎn)業(yè)結構升級和自主創(chuàng)新。Vers

29、ion1: We will step up our efforts to drive/promote the upgrading of industry structureVersion 2: We will accelerate our efforts to upgrade the industrial structure and make independent innovations.（“推進” 一詞可以不譯，直接譯為upgrade sth即可）四、謂語最小化原則例3（中美）雙邊貿(mào)易額增長了200多倍，去年達到5200多億美元。Version 1:Two-way trade has in

30、creased more than 200 times and reached US$520 billion last year.Version 2: Two-way trade has increased more than 200 times to reach US$520billion last year.Version 1兩個動詞用and連接，顯示的是并列關系；Version 2用不定式to連接前后兩個動詞，體現(xiàn)了主從關系。譯文2譯法更嫻熟，技高一籌。四、謂語最小化原則例4 今年的亞太經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易合作組織會議將主要側重兩個方面：一是加強亞太經(jīng)合組織成員之間的合作，共同應對可能出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟衰退

31、，重樹信心；二是繼續(xù)推進亞太經(jīng)合組織貿(mào)易投資自由化進程，推動世界貿(mào)易組織盡早開始新一輪談判。（7 verbs!）The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization

32、 of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.四、謂語最小化原則例5 他實現(xiàn)了徒手攀登泰山、華山、衡山等20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手搖輪椅走過絲綢之路，穿越塔克拉瑪干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海東方明珠電視塔，圓滿完成從沙漠到香港的旅行。（2005年5月二級筆譯漢譯英）(7 verbs!)He left a trail of human records including climbing more th

33、an 20 famous mountains like Mount Tai, Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone, traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completin

34、g the journey from the desert to Hong Kong.四、謂語最小化原則注意：Bad noun habit in English writing and translation例：寫作時過分使用名詞，勢必給動詞增加太多的負擔，因而阻礙思路暢通。試比較此句的兩個譯文：Version 1: The effect of the overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of t

35、he thought. （28 words， with 5 “ofs” ）Version 2: One who overuses nouns in writing places too much strain upon the verbs andas a result prevents the thought from moving along. （23 words，without any “of”）譯文1充滿了名詞、動名詞和介詞，其唯一的謂語動詞是“is”。這個軟弱的動詞必須拉動一個滿載名詞的主語，還必須推動兩個滿載名詞的表語，這就使整個句子缺乏動態(tài)感。若將部分名詞改成動詞，即可分擔句子的負荷，化靜為動，如譯文2。五、銜接原則英語造句常用各種形式手段連接詞、語、分句或