地理英語詞匯大全課件

1、中文英文地理學統(tǒng)一地理學普通地理學系統(tǒng)地理學區(qū)域地理學理論地理學應用地理學元地理學地文學地質學古地理學地理學體系地理環(huán)境geographyunified geographygeneral geographysystematic geographyregional geographytheoretical geographyapplied geographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraphygeographical systemgeographical environment01 地 理 學 總 論中文英文地理學geograph

2、y01 地 理 學 總 論中文英文地理因子地理過程地理分布地理界線地理綜合地理考察綜合考察區(qū)域分析區(qū)域分異生存空間生存承載能力環(huán)境決定論災變論地球地球表面geographical factorsgeographical processgeographical distributiongeographical boundarygeographical synthesisgeographical surveyintegrated surveyregional analysisregional differentiationliving spacelife-carrying capacityenvi

3、ronmental determinismcatastrophe theoryearthearth surface中文英文地理因子geographical factors中文英文地球表層地理系統(tǒng)地理圈景觀圈巖石圈水圈大氣圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技術圈北半球南半球地球體epigeospheregeosystemgeographical spherelandscape spherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthern hemispheresouthern

4、hemispheregeoid中文英文地球表層epigeosphere中文英文地理緯度地理經度北極南極極圈北回歸線南回歸線赤道時區(qū)日界線極晝極夜洲大陸洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea中文英文地理緯度latitude中文英文內陸地理單元區(qū)劃帶地帶區(qū)域地區(qū)小區(qū)inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbe

5、ltzoneregionareadistrict中文英文內陸inland中文英文自然地理學綜合自然地理學普通自然地理學自然綜合體地域自然綜合體自然地理過程自然生產潛力進展因素殘留因素三維地帶性水平地帶垂直地帶地帶性physical geographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrel

6、ic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertical zonezonality02 自 然 地 理學中文英文自然地理學physical geography02 中文英文非地帶性水平地帶性垂直地帶性地方性坡向陽坡陰坡山體效應綜合自然區(qū)劃雪帶亞雪帶高山亞高山山地azonalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret, sunny slopeubac, shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德） ,integrated physicog

7、eographicalregionalizationnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains中文英文非地帶性azonality中文英文荒漠荒漠化沙漠巖漠礫漠泥漠鹽漠戈壁綠洲景觀學景觀相自然景觀土地desertdesertificationsandy desertrocky desertgravel desertargillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland中文英文荒漠desert中文英文土地系統(tǒng)土地分類土

8、地類型土地單元土地要素土地刻面刻面聯(lián)合體土地屬性生態(tài)地理學地生態(tài)學景觀生態(tài)學生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)平衡生態(tài)區(qū)域生態(tài)小區(qū)land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combinationterrain characteristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscape ecologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict中文英文土地系統(tǒng)land system中文英文生態(tài)地段生態(tài)區(qū)生態(tài)點自然資源可再生資源非可再生資源災害

9、地理學自然災害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard中文英文生態(tài)地段ecosection中文英文地貌學地貌地貌年代學地貌成因地貌形成作用氣候地貌學動力地貌學地貌量計學人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis, landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomo

10、rphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill 03 地 貌 學中文英文地貌學geomorphology 03 中文英文山山脈嶺峰山麓半島島嶼群島海峽地峽海拔（高度）相對高度山嘴盆地山間盆地mountainmountain range, mountain chainrange, ridgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea lev

11、elrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin中文英文山mountain中文英文山間盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峽谷谷溝谷沖溝山形山志階地臺地洼地坡地intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetableland, platformdepressionslope中文英文山間盆地intermountain basin中文英文坡度基巖地貌過

12、程侵蝕作用雨滴侵蝕剝蝕作用刻蝕溶蝕沖刷片蝕溯源侵蝕下切侵蝕側向侵slope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosionlateral erosion中文英文坡度slope, gradient中文英文掏蝕侵蝕基準面總侵蝕基準面局部侵蝕基準面裂點沉積作用堆積作用堆積物加積作用沉積相地貌世代地貌序列地形

13、基面地貌組合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosiongeneral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation, depositiondeposition, accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform中文英文掏蝕undercutting中文英文負地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蝕地貌夷平

14、作用夷平面準平面剝蝕面山麓侵蝕面山麓侵蝕平面山頂面侵蝕循環(huán)回春作用negative landformnormal landforminverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation中文英文負地貌negative landform中文英文相關沉積地殼均衡新構造運動構造地貌學丹霞地貌構造高原構造階地單面山方山豬背脊線

15、形現(xiàn)象斷層崖斷層線崖斷層三角面correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology“Danxia” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet中文英文相關沉積correlated sediments中文英文斷層谷斷塊山火山火山作用風化作用物理風化作用化學風化

16、作用生物風化作用機械風化作用差異風化作用風化層殘積土殘積物殘積層風化殼triangular facetfault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust中文英文斷層谷triangular facet中文英文正殘積風化殼碎屑型風化殼硅鋁粘土型風化殼硅鋁碳酸鹽型

17、風化殼硅鋁氧化物硫酸鹽風化殼硅鋁鐵質和富鋁型風化殼剝落頁狀剝落塊狀崩落結殼作用塊狀崩落結殼作用鹽屑堆鹽屑錐orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingi

18、ncrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone中文英文正殘積風化殼orthoeluvial weather中文英文山麓堆積坡積物坡水堆積物土體蠕動滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流巖崩流水地貌學流水地貌沖積物沖積層沖積錐沖積扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyfluvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial co

19、nealluvial fan中文英文山麓堆積talus中文英文洪積物洪積層洪積扇河床河漫灘匯水區(qū)流域分水嶺辮狀河曲流天然堤濱河床沙壩凸岸壩牛軛湖離堆山proluvium，proluvial depositproluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core，meander s

20、pur中文英文洪積物proluvium，proluvial dep中文英文河流階地河流襲奪河流錯位河流偏移風口縱谷橫谷風蝕吹蝕沙丘新月形沙丘流動沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘縱向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune中文英文

21、河流階地river terrace中文英文橫向沙丘拋物線沙丘蜂窩狀沙丘沙垅風棱石風蝕脊沙暴風蝕坑風蝕洼地干鹽湖基巖扇島山漠漆巖漆漠蓋層transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement中文英文橫向沙丘transverse dune中文英文黃土黃土地貌黃土塬黃土梁黃土峁劣地

22、咯斯特咯斯特地貌學咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蝕谷溶蝕盆落水洞溶溝loessloess landform“yuan”，loess tableland“l(fā)iang”，loess ridge“mao”，loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren中文英文黃土loess中文英文干谷豎井潛蝕作用洞穴堆積咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴學假咯斯特類咯斯特泉華沉積石灰華海岸濱海岸地貌學dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave d

23、epositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudokarstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology中文英文干谷dry valley中文英文海蝕作用海蝕龕海蝕洞海蝕臺海蝕崖海蝕柱岬角巖灘潮灘潮汐通道潮溝舄湖三角洲河口灣海灘marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel， tidal

24、inlettidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach中文英文海蝕作用marine erosion中文英文灘脊灘脊型潮灘灘脊型潮灘平原沙嘴障壁壩濱外壩尖形灘尖形壩連島壩陸連島沿濱泥沙流海岸階地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombolo islandlongshore driftcoastal terrace，marine terraceeustatic movementco

25、ral reeffringing reef中文英文灘脊beach ridge中文英文堡礁環(huán)礁大陸架大陸坡洋盆海隆海嶺平頂海山海溝海淵barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic basinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep中文英文堡礁barrier reef中文英文氣候學氣候氣候資源太陽輻射反照射積溫無霜期降水蒸發(fā)干燥度熱水平衡風向風速氣候災害climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated

26、temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard04 氣 候 學中文英文氣候學climatology04 氣 候 學中文英文旱災水災風災雹災濕害熱害凍害冷害氣候分類氣候區(qū)劃氣候帶氣候區(qū)氣候型赤道帶熱帶drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold dama

27、geclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone中文英文旱災drought damage中文英文亞熱帶溫帶寒帶濕潤氣候干燥氣候熱帶雨林氣候薩瓦納氣候森林氣候草原氣候荒漠氣候苔原氣候極地氣候高原氣候山地氣候大陸度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna c

28、limateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climatemountain climatecontinentality中文英文亞熱帶subtropical zone 中文英文大陸性氣候海洋性氣候地中海氣候地形氣候學區(qū)域氣候地方氣候小氣候氣候系統(tǒng)行星風系信風季風梅雨臺風寒潮海陸風continental climatemaritime climateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climate

29、microclimateclimatic systemplanetary wind systemtrade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land breeze中文英文大陸性氣候continental climate中文英文山谷風干熱風焚風雨影氣候變遷古氣候歷史氣候年輪氣候學物候學自然歷城市氣候城市熱島氣候志mountain-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendrocli

30、matologyphenologynatural calendarurban climateurban heat islandclimatography中文英文山谷風mountain-valley breeze中文英文水文地理學水文學水體水團河流學水利學水利經濟學水化學森林水文學都市水文學水文物理學古水文學土壤水文學hydrogeographyhydrologywater bodywater masspotamologyhydraulicshydroeconomicshydrochemistryforest hydrologyurban hydrologyhydrophysicspalaeoh

31、ydrologypedohydrology05 水 文 地 理 學中文英文水文地理學hydrogeography05 水 中文英文水文情勢水文過程水文測驗流域形態(tài)流域分水線河道坡降河道等級閉合盆地河網(wǎng)密度總蒸發(fā)水平衡陸面蒸發(fā)水面蒸發(fā)分岔系數(shù)河源hydrological regimehydrological processhydrometrywatershed morphologybasin dividechannel gradientchannel orderclosed basindrainage densityevapotranspirationwater budget，water bal

32、anceland evaporationwater surface evaporationfork factorheadwaters中文英文水文情勢hydrological regime中文英文水道網(wǎng)支流過程線流量過程線分割瀑布水平降水水循環(huán)水量交換徑流徑流系數(shù)年正常徑流量基流河床變形河流補給暴發(fā)洪水hydrographic nettributaryhydrographseparation of hydrographwaterfallhorizontal precipitationwater cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual n

33、ormal runoffbase flowriver bed deformationriver feedingflash flood中文英文水道網(wǎng)hydrographic net中文英文洪水流水過程層間流壤中流河流數(shù)目定律疊加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量產流匯流產沙率退水曲線徑流模數(shù)產水量floodfluvial processesinteraquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superpositiondischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrati

34、onrate of sediment productionrecession curverunoff moduluswater yield中文英文洪水flood中文英文懸移質泥沙運動產沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持澇暴雨徑流輸沙能力徑流變率地下水文學承壓地下水水力傳導度suspended loadsediment movementsediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservationwaterloggingstorm flowtransportabil

35、ity of sedimentsvariability of runoffgroundwater hydrologyconfined groundwaterhydraulic conductivity中文英文懸移質suspended load中文英文入滲土壤水含水層自流水盆地深層地下水裂隙水地下水位礦泉地下河飽和帶湖沼學湖泊水文學湖流水質湖泊富營養(yǎng)化infiltrationsoil water aquiferartesian basindeep phreatic waterfissured waterwater tablemineral springunderground riversatur

36、ation zonelimnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication中文英文入滲infiltration中文英文人工湖鹽湖咸水湖淡水湖構造湖層結湖季節(jié)性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖熱湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketectonic lake，structural lake stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lakealpine lakewandering lake war

37、m lakebrackish-water lake extinct lake holomixed lake lake circulation中文英文人工湖man-made lake中文英文湖水環(huán)流湖泊蓄水量冰川補給積雪水文學融雪水文學融雪徑流有潮河口無潮海波浪侵蝕地下水庫水資源供水水能lake circulationlake storagealimentation of glacieralimentation of glaciersnow hydrologysnow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosiongroundwater reservoir

38、water resourcesWater supplyhydropower中文英文湖水環(huán)流lake circulation中文英文生物地理學生物分布學生物分布分布區(qū)分布區(qū)中心分布區(qū)間斷分布區(qū)型擴散中心殘遺種區(qū)種群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeographychorologybiochoresarealareak centerareal disjunctionareal typedispersal centerrefugiumpopulationbiotabiogeocoenosishabitat06 生 物 地 理 學中文英文生物地理學biogeography06 生 物 地中文英文小生境群

39、落生境植物地理學植物區(qū)系生活型生活型譜水生植物濕生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群叢niche，microhabitatbiotopephytogeographyfloralife formlife form spectrumhydrophytehygrophytemesophytexerophyteindicator plantindicator communityvegetationplant communityassociation中文英文小生境niche，microhabitat中文英文群系植被型頂級群落演替針葉林泰加林落葉林常綠闊葉林硬葉林照葉林季風雨林雨林紅樹林苔

40、原森林草原formationvegetation typeclimaxsuccessionconiferous foresttaigadeciduous forestevergreen broad-leaved forestsclerophyllous forestlaurel forestmonsoon forestrainforestmangrovetundraforest steppe中文英文群系formation中文英文草原高草草原薩瓦納普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限樹線動物地理學動物區(qū)系地理阻障動物傳布華萊士線動物群落泛北極steppeprairiesavannapunameadow

41、alpine krummholzupper forest limittimberlinezoogeographyfaunageographical barrierssynzoochorywallaces lineanimal communityHolarctic中文英文草原steppe中文英文古北界新北界舊熱帶界新熱帶界東洋界 澳洲界PalaearcticNeoarcticPalaeotropicNeotropicOrientalAustralasian中文英文古北界Palaearctic中文英文土壤地理學土被土鏈土壤組合土壤復區(qū)土壤氣候土壤資源土壤退化土壤侵蝕古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤p

42、edogeographysoil mantlesoil catenasoil associationsoil complexsoil climatesoil resourcessoil degradationsoil erosionpaleosoilforest soildesert soildesert soil07 土 壤 地 理 學中文英文土壤地理學pedogeography07 土 中文英文高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤頂級土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黃壤紅壤磚紅壤黑鈣土栗鈣土棕鈣土 灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soilyoung soilmature soilclimax soilpod

43、zolic soilbrown earthcinnamon soilyellow earthred earthlateritechernozemchestnut soilbrown soilgray desert soilbrown desert soil中文英文高山土壤high mountain soil中文英文鹽土堿土solonchaksolonertz中文英文化學地理學景觀地球化學地球化學景觀自成景觀從屬景觀殘積景觀水上景觀水下景觀chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscap

44、eauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscape08 化 學 地 理 學中文英文鹽土solonchak中文英文化學地理學chemic中文英文水成景觀單元景觀生源景觀非生源景觀大氣遷移水遷移生物遷移機械遷移化學遷移標型元素標型化合物標型離子化學剝蝕aqueous landscape，aqual landscapeelementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbio

45、logical migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorphic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation中文英文水成景觀aqueous landscape，aqua中文英文醫(yī)學地理學地方病自然疫源地高山病克山病大骨節(jié)病medical geographyendemic diseasenatural epidemic focusmountain sicknessKeshan diseaseKas

46、chin-Beck disease 09 醫(yī) 學 地 理 學中文英文醫(yī)學地理學medical geography09 中文英文環(huán)境地理學環(huán)境地球化學自然環(huán)境社會環(huán)境區(qū)域環(huán)境海洋環(huán)境環(huán)境系統(tǒng)環(huán)境結構環(huán)境要素環(huán)境演化環(huán)境背景值環(huán)境異常環(huán)境自凈environmental geographyenvironmental geochemistrynatural environmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environmentenvironmental system environmental structureenvironmental

47、 elementenvironmental evolutionenvironmental background valueenvironmental abnormalityenvironmental self-purification10 環(huán) 境 地 理 學中文英文環(huán)境地理學environmental geograp中文英文環(huán)境容量景觀損害環(huán)境退化環(huán)境效應環(huán)境污染大氣污染水污染土壤污染海洋污染環(huán)境經濟環(huán)境管理環(huán)境標準environmental capacitylandscape damageenvironmental degradationenvironmental effectenviron

48、mental pollutionatmospheric pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollutionenvironmental economyenvironmental managementenvironmental standard中文英文環(huán)境容量environmental capacity中文英文環(huán)境質量環(huán)境質量參數(shù)環(huán)境質量指數(shù)環(huán)境質量評價環(huán)境影響評價環(huán)境質量綜合評價環(huán)境保護環(huán)境規(guī)劃環(huán)境區(qū)劃環(huán)境設計自然保護自然保護區(qū)自然資源保護生物資源保護environmental qualityenvironmental quality p

49、arameterenvironmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluationenvironmental impact assessmentenvironmental quality comprehensive evaluationenvironmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regionalizationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural r

50、esourcesliving resources conservation中文英文環(huán)境質量environmental quality中文英文水資源保護國家公園地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病protection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease中文英文水資源保護protection of water r中文英文冰川學積雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆雪線吹雪雪崩雪蝕陸冰冰山冰川冰蓋glaciologysno

51、w coverfirnfirnificationfirn basinsnow linesnow driftavalanchenivationland iceicebergglacierice sheet11 冰川學中文英文冰川學glaciology11 冰川學中文英文冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物質平衡消融區(qū)積累區(qū)冰川隙冰川地質學角峰冰斗U形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice fieldglacierizationglaciationglacier mass-balanceablation areaaccumulation areacrevasseglacial geologyhorncirqueU-

52、shape valleydrumlinroche moutonneeglacial striaglacial stream中文英文冰原ice field中文英文冰下河道漂礫紋泥海洋性冰川大陸性冰川極地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川懸冰川冰川變化冰川退縮冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial channelbouldervarvemaritime glaciercontinental glacierpolar glaciermountain glaciercirque glacierhanging glacierglacial fluctuationdeglaciationice agelittle

53、ice ageneoglaciationpost-glacial中文英文冰下河道subglacial channel中文英文間冰期冷圈冷圈學interglacial periodcryospherecryology中文英文凍土學凍土融土季節(jié)凍土多年凍土高山凍土凍土動力學凍土退化凍土進化geocryology,cryopedologyfrozen groundmelted soilseasonal frozen groundpermafrostalpine permafrostpermafrost dynamicspermafrost degradationpermafrost aggradat

54、ion12 凍土學中文英文間冰期interglacial period中文英文中文英文富冰凍土凍結層中水凍土相分析凍融循環(huán)凍結指數(shù)融化指數(shù)零點幕成冰作用冰膠結冰分凝地下水冰透鏡體冰含量凍脹凍脹力ice permafrostinterpermafrost waterpermafrost phase-analysesfreeze-thaw cyclesfreezing indexthawing indexzero curtainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost h

55、eaving force中文英文富冰凍土ice permafrost中文英文冰緣寒凍風化熱喀斯特熱喀斯特湖冰鍥翻漿periglacialcryogenic weathering, frost weatheringthermokarstthermokarst lakeice wedgefrost boil中文英文沼澤學沼澤鹽沼草甸沼澤苔蘚沼澤蘆葦沼澤mire sciencemire, swampsalt marshmeadow marshsedge marsh,reed marsh, phragmites marsh13 沼澤學中文英文冰緣periglacial中文英文沼澤學mire s中文英文

56、蘚類沼澤顫沼林地沼澤紅樹林沼澤海濱沼澤灘地沼澤階地沼澤平原沼澤高山沼澤山地沼澤沼澤形成過程沼澤水文沼澤植物低位沼澤中位沼澤mass bogquaking mire, floating mireforest marshmangrove swampcoastal marshfluvial marshterrace marshplain marshplateau marshmountain mire, upland miremire formation processmire hydrology, peatland hydrologymire plantfentransitional mire中文英

57、文蘚類沼澤mass bog中文英文高位沼澤富營養(yǎng)沼澤中營養(yǎng)化沼澤貧營養(yǎng)化沼澤沼澤化沼澤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)沼澤率泥炭濕地raised bogeutrophic miremesotrophic mireoligotrophic bogpaludificationmire ecosystemmire areapeatwetland中文英文人文地理學人類地理學人種地理學human geographyanthropogeographygeography of race14人文地理學中文英文高位沼澤raised bog中文英文人文地理學hum中文英文人口地理學民族地理學民族志聚落地理學城市地理學鄉(xiāng)村地理學社會地理學

58、文化地理學行為地理學感應地理學政治地理學行政地理學軍事地理學選舉地理學犯罪地理學population geography, ethnic geographyethnographysettlement geographyurban geographyrural geographysocial geographycultural geographybehavioural geographyperception geographypolitical geographyadministrative geographymilitary geographyelectral geographygeograp

59、hy of crime中文英文人口地理學population geography,中文英文激進地理學人本主義地理學福利地理學旅游地理學游憩地理學閑暇地理學宗教地理學語言地理學地緣政治學人類生態(tài)學聚落城市鎮(zhèn)城市化城市化區(qū)域radical geographyhumanistic geographywelfare geographygeography of tourismgeography of recreationgeography of leisuregeography of religionlinguistic geographygeopoliticshuman ecologysettleme

60、ntcitytownurbanizationurbanized area中文英文激進地理學radical geography中文英文逆城市化城市連綿區(qū)城市集群大都市圈大都市市區(qū)城市等級系列城市體系城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)標準化大都市統(tǒng)計區(qū)都市集聚城市輻集郊區(qū)化城市引力引力模式斷裂點counter urbanizationmegalopolitan regionmegalopolismetropolitan regionmetropolitan areaurban hierarchyurban systemcity ecological systemstandard metropolitan statist