十八世紀(jì)啟蒙時(shí)期英國(guó)文學(xué)課件

1、Part Four The 18th CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in England1688-1798十八世紀(jì) 英國(guó)啟蒙時(shí)期the Age of Reason1. The literature of the 18th century was dominated by the interests of contending partiesThe Whigs: determined to safeguard popular liberty;The Tories: conservative, would leave as much authority as po

2、ssible in the royal hands;3. The development of social lifeThe first half of the 18th century England saw the appearance of a large number of public coffeehouses and private clubs. Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses, and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. Hence the en

3、ormous amount of 18th-century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, and gossip.Literary Development1. Neo-classicism2. sentimentalism3. Modern novel4. Romanticism5. English drama概述英國(guó)文學(xué)史上的啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)是英國(guó)文學(xué)18世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生的一種進(jìn)步思潮。啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng),這一時(shí)期的思想家和作家們崇尚理性,認(rèn)為啟蒙教化是改造社會(huì)的基本手段,因此18世紀(jì)又被稱為理性的時(shí)代.在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域體現(xiàn)為18世紀(jì)

4、上半期的新古典主義,代表作家有詩(shī)人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊隨筆的創(chuàng)始人斯梯爾(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison). 概述 1688年的“光榮革命”推翻復(fù)辟王朝，確定了君主立憲制，建立起資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和新貴族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政權(quán)，英國(guó)從此進(jìn)入一個(gè)相對(duì)安定的發(fā)展時(shí)期。 18世紀(jì)初，新古典主義成為時(shí)尚。新古典主義推崇理性，強(qiáng)調(diào)明晰、對(duì)稱、節(jié)制、優(yōu)雅，追求藝術(shù)形式的完美與和諧。亞歷山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主義詩(shī)歌的代表，他模仿羅馬詩(shī)人，詩(shī)風(fēng)精巧雋俏，內(nèi)容以說(shuō)教與諷刺為主，形式多用英雄雙韻體，但缺乏深厚感情。 1. Neoclassicism 新古典主義T

5、he Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.Addison, Steele, Pope

6、belonged to this school.散文18世紀(jì)英國(guó)散文出現(xiàn)繁榮，散文風(fēng)格基本建立在新古典主義美學(xué)原則之上。理查德斯梯爾（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）與約瑟夫艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）創(chuàng)辦閑談?wù)撸═atler）與觀察者（Spectator）刊物，發(fā)表了許多以當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)風(fēng)俗、日常生活、文學(xué)趣味等為題材的文章，他們清新秀雅、輕捷流暢的文體成為后人模仿的典范。 Tatler ttl spectator spekteit, 小說(shuō)18世紀(jì)被稱為“散文世紀(jì)”的另一個(gè)原因是小說(shuō)的興起。 丹尼爾笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660-17

7、31）的魯濱遜漂流記（Robinson Crusoe）采用寫實(shí)的手法，描寫主人公在孤島上的生活，塑造了一個(gè)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)開拓者和殖民主義者形象，具有時(shí)代精神。這部小說(shuō)被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的創(chuàng)始之作，為笛福贏得“英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父”的稱號(hào)。喬納森斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上最偉大的諷刺散文作家，他的文風(fēng)純樸平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作格列佛游記（Gullivers Travels）是一部極具魅力的兒童故事，同時(shí)包含著深刻的思想內(nèi)容。作者通過(guò)對(duì)小人國(guó)、大人國(guó)、飛島國(guó)、慧馬國(guó)等虛構(gòu)國(guó)度的描寫，以理性為尺度，極其尖銳地諷刺和抨擊了英國(guó)社會(huì)各領(lǐng)域的黑暗和罪惡。 與菲爾丁

8、同時(shí)代的塞繆爾理查遜（Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761）采用書信體創(chuàng)作了帕米拉（Pamela）、克拉麗莎（Clarissa Harlowe）。他將視角投入年輕女主人公的內(nèi)心深處，心理刻畫淋漓盡致，令讀者潸然淚下。托比亞斯斯摩萊特（Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771）是18世紀(jì)中葉頗具特色的小說(shuō)家。他的藍(lán)登傳（The Adventures of Roderick Random）繼承歐洲流浪漢小說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)，布局松散，是一連串發(fā)展迅速、好惡交替、變化急劇的冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷的組合。 勞倫斯斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768）的項(xiàng)狄傳（The Li

9、fe and Opinions of Tristram Shandy）打破傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)敘述模式，寫法奇特。小說(shuō)各章長(zhǎng)短不一，有的甚至是空白。書中充滿長(zhǎng)篇議論和插話，并出現(xiàn)樂(lè)譜、星號(hào)、省略號(hào)等。斯特恩對(duì)小說(shuō)形式的實(shí)驗(yàn)引起20世紀(jì)俄國(guó)形式主義批評(píng)家的注意，項(xiàng)狄傳被認(rèn)為是“世界文學(xué)中最典型的小說(shuō)”。評(píng)論家指出20世紀(jì)小說(shuō)中的意識(shí)流手法可以追溯到這部奇異的小說(shuō)。托馬斯格雷（Thomas Gray, 1716-1771）的墓園哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）表達(dá)詩(shī)人對(duì)時(shí)代紛亂狀態(tài)的厭惡和對(duì)“自然簡(jiǎn)樸安排”的向往，吐露了他們的內(nèi)心感受。英國(guó)詩(shī)歌開始逐漸擺脫新古

10、典主義的束縛，理性的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位為感情或感受所代替。前浪漫主義思潮18世紀(jì)末、19世紀(jì)初，英國(guó)詩(shī)風(fēng)大變。 蘇格蘭農(nóng)民詩(shī)人羅伯特彭斯（Robert Burns, 1759-1796）給英國(guó)詩(shī)壇帶來(lái)一股新鮮的氣息。他的抒情詩(shī)自然生動(dòng)、感情真摯，諷刺詩(shī)尖銳鋒利、妙趣橫生。 威廉布萊克（William Blake, 1757-1827）是版畫家兼詩(shī)人，想象奇特，極富個(gè)性。他的短詩(shī)意象鮮明，語(yǔ)言清新，后期的長(zhǎng)詩(shī)內(nèi)容比較晦澀。他在詩(shī)歌中建立起自己一套獨(dú)特的神話體系，具有神秘主義色彩。布萊克的革命性、獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和復(fù)雜性使他成為浪漫主義詩(shī)歌的先驅(qū)。2. Sentimentalism 感傷主義Sentimentalis

11、m indulged in emotion and sentiment. Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason.Thomas

12、 Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson are representatives of this school.3. The beginning of modern novelModern English novel began in the 18th century and gave the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was

13、one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.Realist novel : bourgeois in essence - subject matter, - readership, - didactic（教誨的

14、） purpose, - form (prose, comic epic); - Samuel Richardsons Pamela (epistolary書信體), Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrews (comic epic in prose), Tom Jones (picaresque以歹徒為題材的), Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.The most famous writers of this school are Wi

15、lliam Blake and Robert Burns. Pre-romanticism found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”.“Gothic novel” 哥特小說(shuō)Set in the medieval period; others set them in a Catholic country. The locale was often a gloomy castle furnished with dungeons地牢, winding passages, and sliding panels; the typic

16、al story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain. made use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors. 5.

17、English drama in the 18th centuryThe English drama of the 18th century did not reach the same high level as its novel, but it experienced a brief flowering in the second half of this century. The greatest dramatist of this period is Richard Brinsley Sheridan, best remembered for his The School for S

18、candal.Sheridan ridn 3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of

19、individual genius rather than of established rules. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope 亞歷山大蒲柏Pope is known as a great poet in his day. He exerted much influence upon the other writers of his age. He popularized the neoclassical literary tradition, brought from France. He was one of the early r

20、epresentatives of the Enlightenment who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism.He was a great satirist and a literary critic who occupied a prominent place in his time. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as “The Age of Pope”. satirist stristlife st

21、oryBorn to a Roman Catholic family in 1688, Pope was educated mostly at home, in part due to laws in force at the time upholding the status of the established Church of England. From early childhood he suffered numerous health problems, including Potts disease (a form of tuberculosis affecting the s

22、pine which deformed his body and stunted his growth, no doubt helping to end his life at the relatively young age of 56 in 1744. He never grew beyond 1.37m (4ft 6in).His Major Worksthe Pastorals (1709)（田園詩(shī)歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711) （論批評(píng) ）a poem written in heroic couplets outlining critical tast

23、es and standards;The Rape of the Lock (1714)（卷發(fā)遇劫記）, a mock-heroic(模仿英雄詩(shī)文體的 ) poem ridiculing the fashionable world of his day; Essay on Man(人論)第一次把人作為專門議題來(lái)贊美和探討。The Dunciad（愚人記 /群愚史詩(shī)）the Essay on Criticism批評(píng)論/論批評(píng) 用英雄雙韻體寫成的說(shuō)教詩(shī)。Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 天使不敢涉足的地方, 蠢人卻蜂擁而前 o err is hum

24、an to forgive divine 犯錯(cuò)者為人，諒錯(cuò)者為神。A Little learning is a dangerous thing一知半解是危險(xiǎn)的事。The Rape of the Lock1712年他寫作了長(zhǎng)篇諷刺詩(shī)奪發(fā)記，1714年又補(bǔ)充了兩章。這首詩(shī)描寫一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一綹金發(fā)，因?yàn)榇耸乱饍杉业臓?zhēng)執(zhí)。蒲柏把此事描寫得和伊利亞特中特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一樣壯觀，寫成了一部英雄史詩(shī)。英譯荷馬的The Iliad 伊利亞特和奧德賽Odyssey 。The Dunciad（愚人記 /群愚史詩(shī)）一首四卷的諷刺詩(shī)Essay on Man(人論)用英雄雙韻體寫成的哲理詩(shī)。由四封寫給當(dāng)時(shí)哲學(xué)

25、家的信箋組成。One truth is clear, whatever is , is right.一個(gè)事實(shí)毋庸置疑，凡存在的，必合理。Features and LimitationA master of heroic couplet. In writing heroic couplets, no one has been able to approach him.Pope lacks lyrical gift（缺乏抒情天賦）, artificial（造作） and obscure（晦澀）. His satire is not always just. But William Blake co

26、nsidered his works as elegant formalism while Byron thought highly of him.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)喬納森斯威夫特His lifeThe most powerful satirist of the age (his pamphlets)Have no equal at pamphlet writingsatirist strist His LifeHe was born in Dublin in 1667. His father died before he was born, and his

27、mother was poor, and his relatives helped him, but grudgingly. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, but he detested the routine curriculum, reading only thing appealing to his nature. He was often at war with authorities.Between 1689 and 1699 he worked as a private secretary to a distant kinsman S

28、ir William Temple.While the nobleman feared the lash of his pen, the common folk felt the warmth of his kindness.Remembering how he had suffered in his youth, he tried to help every young man of talent who seemed deserving.He was afflicted by a brain illness from his early youth and he did not marry

29、. His disease ended in madness and he died in 1745 in great misery.In his will, he bequeathed all his property to a mad-house in Dublin. It is now still there, called “Dr. Swifts Madhouse”.His main worksA tale of a Tub (1704): in the form of a parable（寓言）. A satire upon all religious sects of Christ

30、ianity. 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books （1704): unfinished. An attack on pedantry（迂腐，假學(xué)者） in the literary world of the time by the story of the Bee and the Spider. 書籍的戰(zhàn)斗 書戰(zhàn)Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔夫歷書almanac :lmnkn.歷書；年鑒Gullivers Travels (1726) 格列佛游記A Modest proposal (1729) 一個(gè)溫和的建議The Drapiers Letters (1

31、724-1725) 德拉皮爾的信Gullivers Travels Gullivers Travels relates the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, （Gulliver liv ）an English surgeon, who, in the first quarter of the 18th century, embarks on four voyages to unknown parts of the world. In each case, events beyond his control interrupt his progress: a st

32、orm at sea, the cowardice of his shipmates, the cruelty of pirates, and the treachery of his own sailors. He is stranded in Lilliput, a land of very small people; in Brobdingnag, a land of giants; in Laputa, Balninarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan, lands of scientific speculation and magic; an

33、d finally in the land of the Houyhnhnms, where degenerate humans serve as beasts of burden for a master race of horses. Gullivers Travel Four Parts: The 1st part: Gullivers travels in Lilliput (Swift satirized the Tories and the Whigs by the use of high and low heels. Religious disputes were laughed

34、 at by the problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should the egg be broken at the big end or the little end?”) The 2nd part: the voyage to Brobdingnag. ( Gulliver laughed at the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies) The 3rd part: the Flying Island-the Island of Sorcerors. A satire on p

35、hilosophers and projectors, who lived in the air. The 4th part: the bitterest satire. In the country of horses, where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of man, were brute beasts with vices. He praised the life and virtues of the hors

36、es while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in English society. Introduction Swifts greatest satire work, Gullivers Travels, is written in 1726, the book has not lost its significance to the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novel of wo

37、rld literature.Plot and Major Characters Written in the form of a travel journal, Gullivers Travels is the fictional account of four extraordinary voyages made by Lemuel Gulliver, a physician who signs on to serve as a ships surgeon when he is unable to provide his family with a sufficient income in

38、 London. Gulliver makes our deep-sea voyages, which are described in the four parts of the book. Lilliput 利立浦特(小人國(guó)）Laputa（飛島國(guó)） Brobdingnag布羅丁奈格（大人國(guó)）Houyhnhnms 慧馬國(guó)First voyage-Lilliput（利立普特） On the very first voyage, Gulliver is shipwrecked. Of all the ships crew he alone survives. He swims to the sh

39、ore of a strange land, inhabited by Lilliputians, the tallest of whom is six inches high. When bending my eyes downward as much as I could, I perceived a human not six inches high! The king of lilliputLittle by little he gets used to their life and even takes part in the war with the neighbouring st

40、ate of Blefuseu.Treason叛國(guó)罪Major themesThe first voyage has been interpreted as an allegorical(諷喻的) satire of the political events of the early eighteenth century, a commentary on the moral state of England.The war with the tiny neighboring island represents Englands rivalry（對(duì)抗） between Whigs and Tor

41、ies.water-towerSecond voyage-Brobdingnag（布羅丁奈格） Gulliver finally escapes Lilliput and returns briefly to England before a second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag. While on shore, Gulliver is captured by giants, each of whom is the size of a . On the whole, the Brobdingnagians are good-natured creatur

42、es, and they treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his tiny size and looked upon him as a plaything. Gulliver Compare with Lilliput, the Brobdingnagians have an enlightened monarch（開明的君主）. She often interrogates（詢問(wèn)） Gulliver on European affairs. Gulliver abruptly departs Brobdingnag when

43、a giant eagle flies off with him and drops him in the ocean. （2 years）Third voyage-Laputa （勒普它島） He soon embarks on his third voyage to the flying island of Laputa Laputa is a mysterious land inhabited by scientists, magicians, and sorcerers（男巫） who engage in ridiculous experiment. The intellectuals

44、 of Laputa were far too busy having great thoughts to be burdening with the chores of farming. So they just flying over lands, collecting Brain Taxes（人頭稅） from the villages below. Then buckets would be lowered to be filled with food and drink and whatever else they want . The voyage to Laputa is a s

45、cathing（尖刻的） attack upon science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and reveals Swifts contempt and disdain for abstract theory and ideology（思想） that is not of practical service to human.Major themesFinal voyage-Houyhnhnm慧馬國(guó)Houyhnhnm huihnmHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritable replicas of human raced

46、ebased humanityRational and virtuousIn Houyhnhnms language There is no evil, no lie, no illness, no power, no war, no government, no law, no punishment and thousands of other things that exists in the society.Houyhnhnms are a superior race of intelligent horses.Anything bad is about YahoosYahoos, a

47、vile(極壞的) and depraved（墮落的） race of ape-like creatures. Gulliver is eventually exiled from Houyhnhnm society when the horses gently insist that Gulliver must return to live among his own kind. After this fourth and final voyage, he returns to England, where he has great difficulty adjusting to every

48、day life. All people everywhere remind him of the Yahoos. The final voyage reveals Swifts ultimate satiric objectmans inability to come to terms with his true nature. The Yahoos as a satiric representation of debased(品質(zhì)惡劣的) humanity, while taking the Houyhnhnms as representatives of Swifts ideals of

49、 rationality and order. Major themesGullivers Travels 格列佛游記斯威夫特最著名的寓言小說(shuō)。以里塞繆爾格列佛船長(zhǎng)的口氣敘述周游四國(guó)的情景。格列佛船長(zhǎng)到達(dá)的第一個(gè)國(guó)家是小人國(guó)，居民身高僅6英寸。君主和大臣貪婪殘暴，黨派之間傾軋爭(zhēng)奪，國(guó)家之間戰(zhàn)禍連綿不斷，都為映射時(shí)政而發(fā)。格列佛然后來(lái)到了大人國(guó)，居民身高有如鐵塔。格列佛在與大人國(guó)國(guó)王談話時(shí)竭力宣揚(yáng)英國(guó)政體之完善，軍威之無(wú)敵，武器之高超，但都受到國(guó)王的譴責(zé)。隨后格列佛來(lái)到飛島國(guó)。飛島國(guó)有一塊屬地，如果居民稍有不順，飛島就飛臨上空斷其陽(yáng)光，或降落在國(guó)土之上，把屬地居民壓成粉末。這是對(duì)英國(guó)剝削愛爾蘭的

50、殖民主義政策的尖銳抨擊。最后格列佛來(lái)到賢馬國(guó)，統(tǒng)治者是具有高度理性的賢馬，另外有人形動(dòng)物，他們貪婪忌妒兇殘心毒，從外表到內(nèi)心都令人憎惡，可以說(shuō)是罪惡的化身。斯威夫特借此表明，如果人類讓貪欲戰(zhàn)勝理智，人類就可能墮落成為人形動(dòng)物。這是對(duì)資本主義社會(huì)的猛烈抨擊。Masterpiece: Gullivers TravelsIt contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures.The four places he visits are: Lil

51、liput, Brobdingnag, the Flying Land and the Houyhnhnm land, where he meets the Yahoos, hairy, wild, low and despicable brutes, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in almost every other way.As a whole, the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then E

52、nglish and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Gullivers Travels In the first part Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the u

53、niverse, but such a belief appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England. Part 1: to LilliputIn the second part, the voyage to

54、 Brobdingnag. Gulliver found himself a dwarf among men 60 feet in height. The King, who regarded Europe as if it were an anthill, said, “I cannot but conclude the bulk of your (Gullivers) natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surfa

55、ce of the earth.” And Gulliver, after living among such a race giants, could not but feel tempted to laugh at the strutting趾高氣揚(yáng) and bowing of English lords and ladies as much as the King of Brobdingnag laughed at him.Part 2: to Brobdingnag Theme: accused the English corrupt politics and jingoism (侵略

56、主義) through the kings words in Brobdingnag.The third part is a satire on philosophers like the inhabitants of the Flying Island. Gulliver was able to call up famous men of ancient times and question them. Then he found the world to have been misled by prostitute 墮落的 writers who ascribe the greatest

57、exploits 業(yè)績(jī) in war to cowards, the wisest counsels to fools, and sincerity to flatterers. Part 3: to Laputa (flying island)The theme:satirized the ivory-towered (脫離實(shí)際的) research work of English philosophers and projectors through description of the projects (e.g. extracting sunbeam out of cucumbers,

58、 turning ice into gunpowder, and making cloth from cobweb 蜘蛛網(wǎng)) in the flying island.In the last part, the satire is of the bitterest. Gulliver was now in a country where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of men, were brutes with such

59、 vices as stealing and lying. In endeavoring to persuade the horses that he was not a Yahoo, Gulliver was made to show how little a man was removed from the brute. He praised the life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in

60、English society to such a degree that he shuddered at the prospect of returning to England. So when Gulliver returned home, it was said that his family filled him with such disgust that he swooned 昏厥 when his wife kissed him.Part 4: to the country of the Houyhnhnms Yahoo the appellation of human bei