綜合實驗-停留時間分布綜合實驗報告

1、第 第 頁停留時間分分布綜合合實驗報報告停留時間分分布綜合合實驗一、實驗目目的 11.掌握握用脈沖沖示蹤法法測定停停留時間間分布及及數(shù)據(jù)處處理方法法； 22.了解解和掌握握停留時時間分布布函數(shù)的的基本原原理； 33.了解解停留時時間分布布與模型型參數(shù)的的關系；了解多級混混本實驗驗通過單單釜、多多釜及管管式反應應器中停停留時間間分布的的測定，將數(shù)據(jù)計算算結果用用多釜串串聯(lián)模型型來定量量返混程程度，從從而認識識限制返返混的措措施和釜、管式式反應器器特性； 55.了解解和掌握握模型參參數(shù)N的的物理意意義及計計算方法法。二、實驗原原理 在在連續(xù)流流動反應應器中，由由于反應應物料的的返混以以及在反反應器

2、內內出現(xiàn)的的層流，死死角，短短路等現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，使使得反應應物料在在反應器器中的停停留時間間有長有有短，即即形成停停留時間間分布，影影響反應應進程和和最終結結果。測測定物料料的停留留時間分分布是描描述物料料在反應應器內的的流動特特性和進進行反應應器設計計計算的的內容之之一。 停停留時間間分布可可以用停停留時間間分布密密度函數(shù)數(shù) E(t)和和停留時時間分布布函數(shù) F(tt)來表表示，這這兩種概概率分布布之間存存在著對對應關系系，本實實驗只是是用沖脈脈示蹤法法來測定定 E(t)，利利用其對對應關系系也可以以求出 F(tt)來。函函數(shù) EE(t)的定義義是：在在某一瞬瞬間加入入系統(tǒng)一一定量示示蹤物料料，該

3、物物料中各各流體粒粒子將經經過不同同的停留留時間后后依次流流出，而而停留時時間在t，tt+dtt間的的物料占占全部示示蹤物料料的分率率為 EE(t)dt。根根據(jù)定義義E(tt)有歸歸一化性性質： (11)E(t)可可以用其其他量表表示為 (2) 其其中：QQ0主流流體體積積流量，MM為示蹤蹤物量，cc(t)為t時時刻流出出的示蹤蹤劑濃度度。 對對停留時時間分布布密度函函數(shù)E(t)有有兩個重重要概念念，數(shù)學學期望和和方差，它它們分別別定義為為E(tt)對原原點的一一次矩和和二次矩矩。 當實驗驗數(shù)據(jù)的的數(shù)量大大，且所所獲樣品品是瞬間間樣品，即即相應于于某時刻刻t下的的樣品，則則： (3) (4)式

4、中tii是兩次次取樣時時間，若若等時間間間隔取取樣， (5)對恒容穩(wěn)定定流動系系統(tǒng)有： (6)為了使用方方便，常常用對比比時間來來代換tt，經這這樣變換換后，有有以下關關系： (7) (8)對全混流，對對活塞流流，對一一般情況況。用無因次來來評價反反應器內內的流動動狀態(tài)比比較方便便，一般般可將實實際反應應器當做做多級串串聯(lián)釜式式反應器器加以描描述，并并認為每每級為全全混流反反應釜，各各級存料料量相等等，級間間無返混混。對多多級全混混釜有（NN為串聯(lián)聯(lián)全混釜釜的個數(shù)數(shù)）： (99)三、實驗儀儀器、設設備和試試劑實驗儀器與與設備：釜式反反應器(兩個)、管式式反應器器（一個個）、水水泵（一一個）、轉

5、轉子流量量計，閥閥門，管管線若干干，電導導率儀三三臺，分分析天平平；實驗試劑：飽和KKCl溶溶液。四、實驗裝裝置原理理圖1-水1-水槽；2磁力泵；3調節(jié)閥；4三通閥；5注射器；6、10、11、16球閥；7、8反應釜；9、12、13電導率儀；14轉子流量計；15廢液槽五、實驗安安排5.1實驗驗內容1、安裝實實驗裝置置。2、測定不不同濃度度下KCCl電導導率的標標準曲線線（最大大值為22mS）。計計算對示示蹤劑注注入量，并并根據(jù)反反應器體體積計算算KCll溶液的的濃度范范圍是否否在可測測量范圍圍。3、選擇合合適的流流量，將將平均停停留時間間保持在在1020mmin，注注入適量量的示蹤蹤劑，測測定單

6、釜釜不同時時間的電電導率值值，繪制制單釜停停留時間間與電導導關系曲曲線，計計算停留留時間分分布函數(shù)數(shù)及停留留時間分分布密度度函數(shù)。4、選擇合合適流量量，將平平均停留留時間保保持在110220miin，注注入適量量的示蹤蹤劑，測測定兩釜釜并聯(lián)條條件下的的電導率率值，計計算并繪繪制單釜釜及兩釜釜并聯(lián)的的停留時時間與電電導關系系曲線，計計算停留留時間分分布函數(shù)數(shù)及停留留時間分分布密度度函數(shù)。5、按4進進行兩釜釜串聯(lián)實實驗。6、測定釜釜式、管管式反應應器串聯(lián)聯(lián)的停留留時間分分布曲線線，并計計算停留留時間分分布函數(shù)數(shù)及密度度分布函函數(shù)。7、大型智智能儀器器的操作作使用，用用其測量量釜式反反應器串串聯(lián)的停

7、停留時間間分布曲曲線，并并計算停停留時間間分布函函數(shù)及密密度分布布函數(shù)。5.2實驗驗安排時間實驗內容2015.11.2上午指導老師講講解實驗驗原理，安安排實驗驗時間，自自行組裝裝實驗裝裝置；單釜不轉，水水流量QQ=4LL/h,平均停停留時間間保持在在20-40mmin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml，記記錄單釜釜不同時時間的電電導率值值；下午單釜中轉，水水流量QQ=4、66L/hh,平均均停留時時間保持持在200-400minn，注入入飽和KKCl溶溶液示蹤蹤劑2.0mll，分別別記錄單單釜不同同時間的的電導率率值；2013.11.3上午休息下午單釜、中轉轉，水流流量Q=8L/

8、h,平平均停留留時間保保持在220-440miin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml,記記錄單釜釜在不同同時間的的電導率率值；雙釜串聯(lián)、雙雙釜都不不轉，水水流量QQ=4LL/h平平均停留留時間保保持在220-440miin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml,記記錄雙釜釜串聯(lián)在在不同時時間的電電導率值值；2013.11.4上午兩釜串聯(lián)、一一釜中轉轉，一釜釜大轉，水水流量QQ=2、44、6LL/h，平平均停留留時間保保持在220-440miin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml,記記錄雙釜釜串聯(lián)在在不同時時間的電電導率值值；下午兩釜并聯(lián)、一一釜中轉轉，一釜

9、釜大轉，水水流量QQ=2、44、6LL/h，和和兩釜不不轉，水水流量QQ=4LL/h平平均停留留時間保保持在220-440miin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml,記記錄雙釜釜并聯(lián)在在不同時時間的電電導率值值；2015.11.5上午休息下午管釜串聯(lián)，釜釜式反應應器轉速速中等。選選定水的的流量QQ=4和和6L/h。將將平均停停留時間間保持在在20-40mmin，注注入飽和和KCll溶液示示蹤劑22.0mml,記記錄管釜釜串聯(lián)在在不同時時間的電電導率值值2015.11.6上午真實設備測測量電導導率確定定停留時時間下午處理實驗報報告六、數(shù)據(jù)處處理6.1KCCl電導導率的標標準曲線線電

10、導率(uuS/ccm)14.94473.9147717.88141327676668129000濃度(mool/LL)0.000010.000050.00110.00550.010.020.050.1由origgin作作圖，可可得到如如下：經過線性模模擬，我我們得到到其電導導率和濃濃度之間間是線性性關系，其其相關的的數(shù)值如如下表：從上表中，我我們不難難發(fā)現(xiàn)，電電導率和和濃度之之間的關關系的線線性關系系很強，得得到：6.2單釜釜、不轉轉、流量量Q=44L/hh時間(s)電導率(S/ccm)濃度(mool/LL)tc(t)s(moll/L)tc(tt)ss(mool/LL)02700.001152

11、0071440052700.0011520071440.0077603356990.03880188102700.0011520071440.0155207713770.15220711153680.0022279906880.0344186602110.51227900204060.0022573312440.0511462247771.02992500253970.0022503347990.0622586697771.56446744303830.0022395514330.0711854428222.15556288354130.0022627729220.0911955522113.

12、21884333404410.0022843396550.1133758858884.55003444454450.0022874491880.1299371130885.82117099504450.0022874491880.1433745589887.18772955554670.0033045516110.1677483384229.21116111604610.0022998873110.17999233855510.79954331654630.0033014420880.19559233489912.73350227704800.0033145575990.22002033116

13、615.41142118754880.0033207766550.24005744896618.04431117804790.0033138802000.25110411639920.08833331854680.0033052289990.25994966422222.05571996904650.0033029968440.27226711574424.54404442954760.0033114480660.29559066528828.111112201004700.0033068837660.30668377570030.688375571054690.0033060063770.3

14、2113666926633.744352271104630.0033014420880.33115622828836.477191111154660.0033037742220.34993033583340.166991121204590.0022983325440.35779900515542.955886621254600.0022990099330.37338744075546.733425591304540.0022944456330.38227933156649.766311101354640.0033021194660.40779622688855.077496631404630.

15、0033014420880.42119899054459.077846681454650.0033029968440.43993044202263.699910091504740.0033099932990.46448999341169.733490011554890.0033215540440.49883877556677.255007711604830.0033168897440.50770355797781.122572271654720.0033083385220.50888355633383.955787791704840.0033176671220.54000411047791.8

16、00697781754770.0033122254440.54664455177795.622790061804630.0033014420880.54225577355597.666032241854820.0033161123550.584482885533108.119322821904790.0033138802000.596622338933113.228255401954700.0033068837660.598833332622116.667499862004660.0033037742220.607748444922121.449688982054620.00330066469

17、90.616632661900126.334688692104550.0022952230110.619998332211130.119644762154690.0033060063770.658803770399141.447799632204640.0033021194660.664482880855146.226211792254720.0033083385220.693386667722156.112000242304820.0033161123550.727708441477167.222933542354730.0033091159110.726652337988170.77330

18、0932404620.0033006646990.721155226133173.117266272454690.0033060063770.749985661611183.771477592504710.0033076611440.769902885033192.225711262554670.0033045516110.776651559966198.001155792604810.0033153349770.819990992499213.117644052654670.0033045516110.806696776044213.884644152704630.0033014420880

19、.813383660333219.773577292754580.0022975551660.818826668955225.002333962804530.0022936682440.822231008400230.224700352854600.0022990099330.852243228911242.994333742904610.0022998873110.869963119644252.119322702954550.0022952230110.870092888100256.992399993004580.0022975551660.892265447944267.7796443

20、83054530.0022936682440.895573114511273.119800933104540.0022944456330.912281444499282.997244793154560.0022960003990.932241223988293.770999053204670.0033045516110.974445114466311.882444633254690.0033060063770.994470771522323.227988243304560.0022960003990.976681229899322.334822863354510.0022921134880.9

21、78865115166327.884822583404580.0022975551661.011167554333343.996966473454500.0022913361001.005519552788346.779233713504510.0022921134881.022247117344357.886511073554530.0022936682441.042257226733370.111322993604530.0022936682441.057725667955380.661244463654470.0022890039551.054499440188385.007288173

22、704400.0022836622661.049940337688388.227933943754370.0022813301111.054487993011395.557977383804420.0022851170331.083364771488411.778599163854480.0022898813331.115578111599429.557577463904460.0022882265661.124423559411438.445200173954340.0022789979771.101196996333435.227800054004350.0022797753551.119

23、901339400447.660555764054400.0022836622661.148867116922465.221200354104310.0022766658221.134429884600465.006233694154370.0022813301111.167739997600484.447099004204390.0022828848881.187796449988498.994522994254320.0022774432001.179908559666501.111155364304360.0022805527331.206626774599518.66950007435

24、4300.0022758884331.200009668366522.004211234404280.0022743336771.207708113399531.111577894454290.0022751110551.224424117211544.778755664504250.0022720015221.224406882888550.883077294554290.0022751110551.251175227700569.554755114604280.0022743336771.261194886733580.449633894654360.0022805527331.30444

25、5220199606.557011894704290.0022751110551.293301993455607.771900924754260.0022727789001.295574777799615.448011954804270.0022735562881.313310116188630.228877764854230.0022704467551.311176774388636.220722074904220.0022696693771.321149990422647.553455304954260.0022727789001.350030555800668.4401226250041

26、40.0022635503001.317751551700658.775755855104080.0022588860001.320018662455673.229499855204130.0022627729221.366619118566710.441977655304100.0022604407771.380016008633731.448522575404150.0022642276991.427709550711770.663133385504020.0022542217111.398819338411769.000666135604030.0022549990991.4277949

27、90011799.665144405703990.0022518895661.435580447433818.440877045803970.0022503347991.452201778611842.117033595903980.0022511121771.481161882544874.115477706003990.0022518895661.511137334144906.882400486103950.0022488800221.517768114955925.778577126204000.0022526669441.566655002800971.226111746303910

28、.0022457704991.547794110022975.220288316403850.0022410061991.542279663844987.338966866503900.0022449931111.5922052208551034.833385556603870.0022426609661.6011223334001056.807740556703810.0022379966661.5944376629441068.232211776803770.0022348871331.5977124475221086.044483116903760.0022340097551.61552

29、72244661114.537798887003760.0022340097551.6388682219221147.077753447203710.0022302228331.6577643376771193.503351227403680.0022279906881.6866510037991248.017768117603640.0022248811551.7088567727881298.511113227803640.0022248811551.7533529957551367.753306998003570.0022193394771.7555157733661404.125586

30、998203570.0022193394771.7999036626991475.209974118403520.0022155525551.8100414430111520.748801338603480.0022124430221.8266899961771571.133367008803490.0022132204001.8766195536771651.051192339003450.0022101108771.8900978825551701.880043009203440.0022093334991.9255880074991771.810028999403400.00220622

31、39551.9388651167661822.332257559603380.0022046691991.9655042202991886.440034889803350.0022023370441.9833229977331943.5655178810003320.0022000048992.0000488892002000.4888920010203300.0011985501222.0244712254662065.2066797710403320.0022000048992.0800508847772163.7288816610603330.0022008822772.12887200

32、86442256.4444116610803260.0011954405992.1100383378552279.2144488811003240.0011938858222.1322440068442345.6844752211203240.0011938858222.1711212233332431.7577813311403230.0011930084442.2011162230882509.3255031111703210.0011915536882.2400979998772621.9466584412003190.0011899989112.2799869906882735.842

33、2882212303180.0011892215332.3277347767332862.6377638812603160.0011876667662.3644611171002979.4100754412903110.0011837798442.3700999988993058.5899857713203110.0011837798442.4266139942113202.5044036613503070.0011807703112.4399492208003293.3144307713803070.0011807703112.4933703301553441.310016001410304

34、0.0011783381662.5155180089883546.4055067714403020.0011768834002.5466409905333666.8299036614703010.0011760060112.5888083392663804.4833371115003000.0011752286332.6299294450003943.9411750015602980.0011737738662.7100322275334228.1033494416202960.0011721191002.7899493381114518.9799974416802920.0011690095

35、772.8400806695444772.5555682217402900.0011675548002.9155335502665072.6822945518002890.0011667774223.0011934486225403.4822752218602870.0011652226553.0733212284445716.1755890019202850.0011636678883.1422633363226033.8566573319802850.0011636678883.2400840093336416.86550477由origgin作作圖得到到，時間間與濃度度之間的的關系如如下

36、圖：由上表中的的數(shù)據(jù)，用用oriiginn作圖并并模擬積積分得：6.3單釜釜、中轉轉、流量量Q=44L/hh時間/s電導率SS/cmm濃度(mool/LL)tc(t)s(moll/L)tc(tt)ss(mool/LL)02840.001162990500 0 0 53820.002238774044 0.011193770222 0.05996855 109000.006639558499 0.063395884900 0.63995855 159820.007703003900 0.105545558566 1.58118388 209980.007715442033 0.143308440

37、688 2.86116811 25990.000019774633 0.004493665677 0.12334144 30940.000015887711 0.004476331344 0.14228944 359860.007706113444 0.247714770288 8.65001466 409810.007702226522 0.280090660844 11.23362443 459740.006696884844 0.313358117777 14.11111880 509660.006690665777 0.345532888733 17.26664444 559560.0

38、06682991944 0.375560556900 20.65583113 609500.006678227655 0.406696558700 24.41179552 659420.006672008588 0.436685557711 28.39956225 709330.006665112133 0.465558449266 32.59909445 759250.006658993077 0.494419880066 37.06648550 809170.006652774000 0.522219220222 41.77753662 859090.006646554944 0.5499

39、56669722 46.71131993 909000.006639558499 0.575562664100 51.80063777 958910.006632662044 0.600098994000 57.09939993 1008840.006627220366 0.627720336044 62.72203660 1058750.006620223911 0.651125110811 68.38813664 1108670.006614004855 0.675545333255 74.29998666 1158590.006607885788 0.699903665033 80.38

40、891998 1208510.006601666722 0.722200006177 86.64400774 1258420.005594770277 0.743337883788 92.92222997 1308340.005588551211 0.765506556700 99.45585337 1358270.005583009522 0.787717885700 106.22691107 1408190.005576990466 0.807766664255 113.00732299 1458110.005570771399 0.827753552144 119.99926606 15

41、08050.005566007100 0.849910664333 127.33659965 1557970.005559888033 0.867781444766 134.55112244 1607880.005552991588 0.884466553255 141.55464452 1657810.005547449900 0.903337333688 149.00566606 1707750.005542885600 0.922285552433 156.88853391 1757670.005536666544 0.939916444100 164.33537772 1807610.

42、005532002244 0.957764003044 172.33752255 1907480.005521996266 0.991172889177 188.44284494 2007340.005511112900 1.022225779088 204.44515582 2107210.005501006922 1.052224552177 220.99714496 2207100.004492555700 1.083362554222 238.33975593 2306970.004482449722 1.109974335766 255.22410023 2406870.004474

43、775899 1.139942113533 273.44611125 2506760.004466224688 1.165561668900 291.44042223 2606660.004458550844 1.192212119600 309.99517709 2706550.004449999633 1.214499000244 328.00473306 2806450.004442225800 1.238832223866 346.77302268 2906340.004433774599 1.257786229777 364.77802263 3006260.004427555522

44、 1.282266556188 384.77996685 3106160.004419881699 1.301143223788 403.44440037 3206060.004412007866 1.318865114755 421.99684472 3305970.004405111411 1.336687665533 441.11692263 3405880.003398114966 1.353370887355 460.22609970 3505800.003391995900 1.371185664300 480.11497751 3605720.003385776833 1.388

45、876559955 499.99557758 3805570.003374116099 1.421181112955 540.22882292 4005420.003362555344 1.450021336088 580.00854443 4205280.003351771988 1.477722330266 620.44336671 4405150.003341666000 1.503330338466 661.44536692 4605020.003331660022 1.525536007455 701.66659943 4804910.003323008800 1.550082225

46、011 744.33948800 5004800.003314557599 1.572287994000 786.44397700 5204690.003306006377 1.591153114433 827.55963350 5404590.002298332544 1.610095773177 869.99169951 5604490.002290558711 1.627728778666 911.22812205 5804410.002284339655 1.649949995322 956.77097728 6004330.002278220588 1.669923449388 10

47、01.54009633 6304210.002268991999 1.694419550611 1067.34228899 6604110.002261118155 1.723379881711 1137.70667933 6904010.002253444322 1.748875882944 1206.64332233 7203910.002245770499 1.769907554311 1273.73443100 7503830.002239551433 1.796635770488 1347.26777866 7803750.002233332366 1.819992442755 14

48、19.54009355 8103680.002227990688 1.846604551455 1495.29665677 8403610.002222449000 1.868891559244 1569.88993766 9003510.002214775177 1.932276551299 1739.48886166 9603420.002207778722 1.994475771399 1914.96668544 10203340.002201559666 2.056628448511 2097.41005488 10803280.001196995366 2.127709885344

49、2297.26664177 11403220.001192331066 2.192234006355 2499.26883244 12003170.001188444144 2.261129771244 2713.55665499 13203100.001183002466 2.415592448522 3189.02008055 14403030.001177660788 2.557755222199 3682.87551966 15602990.001174551255 2.722239445166 4246.93554466 16802960.001172119100 2.8922808

50、83977 4859.91881077 18002930.001169886955 3.057765006944 5503.77112499 19202910.001168332188 3.231177889633 6205.01556099 20402890.001166777422 3.402219228444 6940.47334011 21602890.001166777422 3.602232118344 7781.01551622 22802890.001166777422 3.802245008255 8669.58778811 24002890.001166777422 4.0

51、02257998166 9606.19115588 由origgin作作圖得到到，時間間與濃度度之間的的關系如如下圖：6.4單釜釜、中轉轉、流量量Q=66L/hh時間/s電導率SS/cmm濃度(mool/LL)tc(t)s(moll/L)tc(tt)ss(mool/LL)03070.001180770311 0 0 518170.013349118799 0.067745993966 0.33772977 1017720.013314336555 0.131143665533 1.31443666 1517330.012284118611 0.192262779188 2.88994199 2

52、016920.012252445911 0.250049118100 5.00998366 2516380.012210667222 0.302266880455 7.56667011 3016030.011183558811 0.355507664288 10.65522993 3515600.011150331344 0.402260996766 14.09913339 4015200.011119336011 0.447774440488 17.90097662 4514770.010086008544 0.488873884244 21.99932229 5014370.0100551

53、13211 0.527756660744 26.37783004 5514020.010028004811 0.565542664344 31.09984554 6013700.010003228555 0.601197112822 36.11182777 6513330.009974665377 0.633352449200 41.17791220 7013000.009949111733 0.664438221100 46.50067448 7512710.009926667622 0.695500771511 52.12255336 8012420.009904223511 0.7233

54、38880822 57.87710447 8512020.008873228199 0.742228995833 63.09946115 9011720.008850006699 0.765506002399 68.85554221 9511480.008831449500 0.789992002399 75.04424223 10011240.008812992300 0.812292330444 81.29923004 10510930.007788993433 0.828838009977 86.98800005 11010780.007777332688 0.855505995000

55、94.05565445 11510470.007753333811 0.866633887666 99.62289558 12010220.007733999233 0.880079007388 105.66948889 1259910.007710000355 0.887750444011 110.99380050 1309790.007700771755 0.910093228144 118.44212266 1359540.006681337188 0.919985118955 124.11800006 1409360.006667444288 0.934441999422 130.88

56、187792 1459150.006651119244 0.944422889299 136.99131195 1509030.006641990644 0.962285995900 144.44289938 1558830.006626442988 0.970096661488 150.44997753 1608710.006617114388 0.987743000822 157.99888813 1658600.006608663177 1.004424222399 165.66999969 1708550.006604776255 1.028809662599 174.77763364

57、 1758320.005586996444 1.027718776866 179.77578845 1808210.005578445233 1.041121440522 187.44185529 1908020.005563774955 1.071112339788 203.55135556 2007800.005546772522 1.093345003600 218.66900072 2107640.005534334399 1.122212221566 235.66456653 2207460.005520441499 1.144491228377 251.88808824 23072

58、20.005501884300 1.154423888599 265.44749937 2407020.004486336644 1.167727992699 280.11470025 2506920.004478662811 1.196657001300 299.11425533 2606490.004445335333 1.157791886299 301.00588844 2706380.004436884122 1.179947111811 318.44572219 2806230.004425223377 1.190065443966 333.33832231 2906100.004

59、415117399 1.204400443399 349.11612258 3005980.004405888799 1.217766338144 365.22991144 3105840.003395005433 1.224466883422 379.66471186 3205720.003385776833 1.234445886622 395.00267772 3305600.003376448244 1.242239117888 409.99892290 3405490.003367997022 1.251109887455 425.33735573 3505380.003359445

60、811 1.258810332733 440.33361146 3605270.003350994599 1.263340553733 454.88259934 3705160.003342443388 1.267700550455 468.77918867 3805080.003336224311 1.277772339622 485.55351106 3905050.003333992177 1.302229444555 507.88948837 4004950.003326118333 1.304473333800 521.88933352 4104870.003319999277 1.