2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國財政科學(xué)研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號28

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國財政科學(xué)研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

The______questioninthiscaseiswhethertheaccusedhadamotiveforthiscrimeornot.

問題1選項

A.crucial

B.forcible

C.supreme

D.valuable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項crucial“決定性的”；B選項forcible“有說服力的”；C選項supreme“最高的；極大的，極其的”；D選項valuable“有價值的；重要的”。句意：這個案子的______問題是被告是否有犯罪動機(jī)。根據(jù)語境，A選項crucial“決定性的”比較符合犯罪動機(jī)在案件中的參考作用，符合題意。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

Thenationalbankhasbeenuncommonlypowerfulincomparisontoitscounterpartsinothernations.Itretainsthispotencypartlybecauseitscontrolofthenation’sbankingsystemisunencumberedbygovernmentalinterference,andthusitsactionsremainlargely_______.

問題1選項

A.discretionary

B.bureaucratic

C.compulsory

D.lucrative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項discretionary“自由決定的”；B選項bureaucratic“官僚主義的”；C選項compulsory“義務(wù)性的”；D選項lucrative“獲利多的”。句意：與其他國家的同類銀行相比，國家銀行一直非常強(qiáng)大。它之所以保持這種效力，部分原因是它對國家銀行體系的控制沒有受到政府干預(yù)的阻礙，因此它的行動在很大程度上仍然是_______。根據(jù)語境，這里指國家銀行沒有受政府干預(yù)的阻礙，在行動上比較自由，所以discretionary“自由決定的”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

3.單選題

______isknowntoall,gasesexpandandcontractwiththeincreaseanddecreaseoftemperature.

問題1選項

A.Which

B.As

C.That

D.It

【答案】B

【解析】考查非限制性定語從句。句意：眾所周知，氣體隨著溫度的升高和降低而膨脹和收縮。C選項符合題意。B選項as關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代主句內(nèi)容；其引導(dǎo)從句比較靈活，可以放句首，也可以放句中或句末；asisknowntoall可以看作asweallknow的被動式。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Millionairescanbreatheabiteasier.WhilePresidentBarackObamasayshewantstoletincometaxcutsthatbenefitonlythewealthiestAmericansexpirein2013,severalstatesarerollingbacktaxincreasesfortopearners.

NewYork’shighesttaxratesonincomesexceeding$500,000willfallbackto7.85percent,from8.97percent,thisyear.Maryland’s6.25percenttaxonincomesabove$1millionexpiredattheendof2010,whileCalifornia’stoptaxrateforMillionaireshasdroppedto10.3percentfrom10.55percent.

Atleastsevenstatesinstitutedtemporaryso-calledmillionairetaxesduringtherecession.Thoseleviesarebecominghardertojustifynowthatstaterevenuesarerebounding.Overall,statetaxrevenuegrew12percentinAprilcomparedwithayearearlier,whichmaytrim$20billionfromestimatedstatesbudgetshortfall,accordingtoarecentGoldmanSachs(GS)report.Thesoak-the-richdrive“justpeteredout”,saysJosephHenchman,vicepresidentforlegalandstateprojectsattheTaxFoundationinWashington,agroupfocusedonloweringtaxes.“Allofthesestatesarebackingawaynow.”

Businessgroupshavebeenvocalopponentsofthetemporaryhikes.TheBusinessCouncilofNewYorkStatehasopposedeffortstomaintainthetaxincreaseonthegroundsthatsuchmeasuresareanindirecttaxonbusinessincome.MorebusinessownerswhoarepaidbypartnershipsorScorporationsreportbusinessincomeontheirindividualreturns.KennethJ.Pokalsky,theBusinessCouncil’sseniordirectorofgovernmentaffairs,says25percentofrevenuegeneratedfromthestate’staxonhigherearnerscamefrombusinessincome.InCalifornia,theSiliconValleyLeadershipGroup,whosemembersincludeBankofAmerica(BAC),Apple(AAPL),andMicrosoft(MSFT),alongwith12otherbusinessgroups,havetoldlawmakersthattaxincreasesshouldbeextendedonlyiflawmakersagreeto“structuralreform”ofthebudget.

Republicans,whotypicallyopposetaxhikes,nowholdamajorityofgovemorships-29-andmanywereelectedlastyearaftercampaigningagainsttaxincreases.NewJerseygovernorChrisChristie,aRepublican,receivednationalattentionaftervetoingabillthatwouldhaveextendedataxonmillionairesinthestate.

SomeDemocratsarealsofightingthehighertaxes.NewYorkGovernorAndrewCuomosparkedabattlewithfellowpartymembersinthelegislatureearlierthisyearbyopposinglegislationthatwouldmaintainthehigherratesonindividualsearningmorethan$1million.MarylandGovernorMartinO’Malley,aDemocrat,didn’tpushtoextendhisState’smillionairetaxlastyear.“Iwouldliketothinkit’sbecausethesearenotverygoodpolicies,”Henchmansays,“Ifyou’reaconservative,youdon’treallylikethesetaxes.Ifyou’realiberal,theseservicesshouldbesoimportantthateveryoneshouldhavetopayforthem”.

TheAmericanpublicisalmostevenlydividedonthequestionsofwhetherthewealthyshouldshoulderahighertaxburden.AGalluppollreleasedonJune2found49percentrespondentsopposedhighertaxesontherich,while47percentsupportedthem.

31.BarackObamawantsto________.

32.________isoneofthepossiblereasonswhystaterevenuesrevived?

33.WhatcanbeinferredfromJosephHenchman’swords?

34.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSiliconValleyLeadershipGroupiscorrect?

35.Whichisprobablythebesttitleforthispassage?

問題1選項

A.cutincometaxin2013

B.extendmillionairetaxto2013

C.benefitthewealthiestAmericansbycuttingincometax

D.rollbacktaxincreasesfortopearners

問題2選項

A.Initiatingtemporarymillionairetaxesduringthedepression

B.Levyingtaxonatleastsevenstatesinstitutions

C.Trimming$20billionfromstatebudget

D.Estimatingstatebudgetshortfalls

問題3選項

A.Thestatethatinstitutedmillionairetaxesaregoingtoabolishit.

B.Allofthesesatesarefocusingonthesoak-the-richdrivenow.

C.Thesoak-the-richdrivehasjuststartedout.

D.Onlyahandfulofthesestatesarefocusingonloweringtaxes.

問題4選項

A.Itwas15membersintotal.

B.Itagreestoextendtaxincrease.

C.Itproposedtomakea“structuralreform”ofthebudget.

D.Itwouldagreetheextensionoftaxincreaseprovidedthatlawmakersagreeto“structuralreform”ofthebudget.

問題5選項

A.TheWealthyAreWillingtoShoulderaHigherTaxBurden

B.ObamaIsProposinganIncomeTaxCut

C.ObamaIsProposinganIncomeTaxCutExtension

D.StatesAreRejectingMillionaireTaxes

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句WhilePresidentBarackObamasayshewantstoletincometaxcutsthatbenefitonlythewealthiestAmericansexpirein2013,severalstatesarerollingbacktaxincreasesfortopearners.（奧巴馬總統(tǒng)說，他希望讓只惠及美國富人的所得稅減免政策在2013年到期，而幾個州正在減少對高收入者的增稅。），可知D選項“減少對富人的增稅”正確。A選項“2013年削減所得稅”，B選項“延長百萬富翁的稅至2013年”和C選項“通過削減所得稅使最富有的美國人受益”不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

32.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句Atleastsevenstatesinstitutedtemporaryso-calledmillionairetaxesduringtherecession.（在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期間，至少有7個州設(shè)立臨時“百萬富翁稅”。）和第三句Overall,statetaxrevenuegrew12percentinAprilcomparedwithayearearlier,whichmaytrim$20billionfromestimatedstatesbudgetshortfall（總體而言，4月份的州政府稅收收入同比增長12%，這可能會從州預(yù)算缺口中削減200億美元。），可知A選項“在大蕭條期間開始征收臨時百萬富翁稅”促進(jìn)州的財政收入復(fù)蘇，故正確。B選項“對至少七個州的機(jī)構(gòu)征稅”錯誤，C選項“從州預(yù)算中削減200億美元”和D選項“估計國家預(yù)算赤字”不符合文章內(nèi)容。因此A選項正確。

33.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句Thesoak-the-richdrive“justpeteredout”…“Allofthesestatesarebackingawaynow.”（向富人征稅的運(yùn)動“正在逐漸消失”……“所有這些州都在后退?！保?，可知A選項“設(shè)立百萬富翁稅的州將廢除它”正確。B選項“所有這些州現(xiàn)在都在關(guān)注向富人征稅”，C選項“榨取富人的運(yùn)動剛剛開始”和D選項“這些州中只有少數(shù)集中在降低稅收上”不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

34.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句InCalifornia,theSiliconValleyLeadershipGroup,whosemembersincludeBankofAmerica(BAC),Apple(AAPL),andMicrosoft(MSFT),alongwith12otherbusinessgroups,havetoldlawmakersthattaxincreasesshouldbeextendedonlyiflawmakersagreeto“structuralreform”ofthebudget.（在加州，包括美國銀行、蘋果和微軟在內(nèi)的硅谷領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組以及其他12個商業(yè)團(tuán)體向議員們表示，只有在議員們同意對預(yù)算進(jìn)行“結(jié)構(gòu)性改革”的情況下，才應(yīng)該延長增稅。），可知D選項“如果立法者同意對預(yù)算進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，將同意延長增稅”正確。A選項“總共有15個成員”，C選項“提議對預(yù)算進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性改革”和B選項“同意延長增稅”不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

35.主旨大意題。文章第一句提出Millionairescanbreatheabiteasier.（百萬富翁們可以松一口氣了。），后面的內(nèi)容在表達(dá)各個州在減少對富人的征稅，所以D選項“各州拒絕向百萬富翁征稅”正確。A選項“富人愿意承擔(dān)更高的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)”不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。B選項“奧巴馬提議削減所得稅”和C選項“奧巴馬提議延長所得稅減免”：文章主要不是在講奧巴馬的提議，并且不符合文章內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

5.翻譯題

SectionAEnglishtoChinese(15points)

Directions:TranslatetheunderlinedpartofthefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

56.Incomparisonwithmilitary,politicalandeconomicsecurity,ecologicalsecurityhasawiderinfluenceonthecommonpeoplelivinginacountry.Onceitsecologicalenvironmentisdestroyed,thefuturesurvivalofthewholenation,especiallythepoorwillbehorriblyundermined,anditwillbeextremelydifficultforageneration,oreventensofgenerationstoreclaimtheenvironmentonceecologicaldeteriorationgoesbeyondacertainthreshold.AlthoughprotectionoftheenvironmenthaslongbeenamatterofbasicstatepolicyfortheChinesegovernment,itisaundeniablefactthat,onthewhole,effortstoimprovetheenvironmenthavelargelyfailedtomatchdestructiveforcesworkingagainstthem.

57.Thisbookderiversfromdecadesofteachinginvariousschoolsacrossthecountry.Itisbasedonthebeliefthatphilosophyisagenuinelyexcitingsubject,accessiblenotonlytospecialistsandafewgiftedundergraduatemajorsbuttoeveryone.Everyoneisaphilosopherwhetherenrolledinaphilosophicalcourseornot.Thedifferenceisthatsomeonewhohasstudiedphilosophysystematicallyhastheadvantageofhavingencounteredstrongerandmorevariedargumentsthanmighthavebeenavailableotherwise.Whatisspecialaboutthisbookisthatisoffersintroductorystudentstheotherwiseopportunityofhavingdirectcontactwithsubstantialreadingsfromsignificantbooksonphilosophy,butwithouttheunreasonabledemandthattheyconfrontthesebooksinfull,whichareoftenincomprehensible.

58.What’sstrangeaboutmanisthathehasyettolearntosettledisputesbysomemeansotherthanwar.Notonlydoeswartakeaheavytolloflives,butleadstoincreasedtension.Theuseofsophisticatedweaponsisapttobringaboutdisasterstohumanhealthalthoughthereluctancetoeliminateweaponsofmassdestructiononthepartofthebigpowerswillnotnecessarilyendupwithconflicts.Thechancesarethatmanwillhavehisowncivilizationdestroyedifthenotionofthesurvivalofthefitteststillappliestotheinternationalcommunity.Wecannothelpwonderinghowmanyyearsitwilltakefortheworldtoeliminatewaronceforall.

SectionBChinesetoEnglish(20points)

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonyourANSWERSHEET.

59.擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的長期戰(zhàn)略方針和基本立足點(diǎn)，也是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)均衡發(fā)展的根本途徑和內(nèi)在要求。(5points)

60.近年來我國收入差距不斷擴(kuò)大已成為不爭的事實(shí)，收入分配的公平問題越來越受到公眾的高度關(guān)注。(5points)

61.實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育均衡發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為社會共識，但是，我國目前財政教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入不足，教育資源分配結(jié)構(gòu)也不合理，地區(qū)教育公共服務(wù)的提供依然存在較大的差異。(6points)

62.文化是某一特定人群所有傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)俗、信仰和各種生活方式的總和。(4points)

【答案】SectionAEnglishtoChinese

56.一旦生態(tài)環(huán)境遭到破壞，整個國家，尤其是窮人將來的生存將會受到極大的損害，而且一旦生態(tài)惡化超過一定限度，那么一代人，甚至幾十代人要想重新修復(fù)環(huán)境都極為困難。盡管保護(hù)環(huán)境一直是中國政府制定的一項基本國策，然而一個不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)是，總的來說，改善環(huán)境的種種努力很大程度上未能抵抗破壞環(huán)境的力量。

57.它基于以下觀點(diǎn)：哲學(xué)的確是一門有趣的學(xué)科，不僅專家和有的具有天賦的本科生可以理解哲學(xué)，人人都可理解。不論是否上過哲學(xué)課，每個人都是哲學(xué)家。區(qū)別在于：系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)過哲學(xué)的人具有這樣的優(yōu)勢，他們遇到的論點(diǎn)要比以其他方式遇到的論點(diǎn)更有說服力、種類更多。該書的特點(diǎn)是：它使初學(xué)者有機(jī)會直接接觸選自重要哲學(xué)著作并有實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的讀物，但并不過分地要求學(xué)生必須通讀這些很難讀懂的書籍。

58.盡管大國不愿意銷毀大規(guī)模殺傷性武器的心理不一定導(dǎo)致沖突，但尖端武器的使用會給人類健康帶來災(zāi)難。如果適者生存（或優(yōu)勝劣汰）這觀念仍使用于國際社會，那么人類的文明就很可能遭到毀滅。我們不禁要問世界需要多少年才能徹底消滅戰(zhàn)爭。

SectionBChinesetoEnglish

59.Expansionofdomesticdemandisalong-termstrategicapproachinourcountry’seconomicdevelopmentandbasicstandpoint,andalsotopromotebalancedeconomicdevelopmentwithinthefundamentalapproachandtherequired.

60.Inrecentyears,thewideningofincomegaphasbecomeanindisputablefact,andthefairnessofincomedistributionhasbeenpaidmoreandmoreattentionbythepublic.

61.Ithasbecomeasocialconsensustorealizethebalanceddevelopmentofcompulsoryeducation.However,becausenationalexpenditureoneducationisinsufficient,andthedistributionstructureofeducationresourcesisunreasonable,therearestillgreatdifferencesintheprovisionofeducationalpublicservicesindifferentregions.

62.Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.

6.單選題

Weacceptanybodyregardless______nationality.

問題1選項

A.to

B.for

C.of

D.in

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。B選項regardlessfor“尊重；考慮到”；C選項regardlessof“不管，無論”；A選項regardlessto和D選項regardlessin非固定搭配。句意：我們接受任何人，______國籍。根據(jù)語境，這里指接受每個國家的人，C選項regardlessof“不管，無論”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

7.單選題

______divorceourselvesfromthemassesofthepeople.

問題1選項

A.Innotimeweshould

B.Innotimeshouldwe

C.Atnotimeweshould

D.Atnotimeshouldwe

【答案】D

【解析】考查部分倒裝和固定搭配。句意：在任何時候我們都不應(yīng)該脫離人民群眾。innotime“立刻”，atnotime“絕不”，結(jié)合語境確定用atnotime；根據(jù)選項確定考查具有否定意義的詞組放句首的部分倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為否定意義的詞組+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語+其他，所以D選項Atnotimeshouldwe符合題意。因此D選項正確。

8.單選題

InChinaalthoughpeopleinmanyregionsearnmuchlessthanthoseinprosperousregions,theyalsopaymuchlessfor______commodities,suchashousing.

問題1選項

A.disposable

B.redundant

C.equivalent

D.interchangeable

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語從句。A選項disposable“一次性的；可自由支配的”；B選項redundant“多余的”；C選項equivalent“（價值、數(shù)量、意義、重要性等）相等的，相同的”；D選項interchangeable“可交換的，可互換的”。句意：在中國，盡管許多地區(qū)的人們比富裕地區(qū)的人掙得少得多，但他們在______商品上的花費(fèi)也少得多，比如住房。根據(jù)語境，住房對于錢多和錢少的人重要性相同，C選項equivalent“（價值、數(shù)量、意義、重要性等）相等的，相同的”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

9.翻譯題

Whenacompanyunexpectedlyfindsitselflosingmarketshareandtakingabeatingatthehandsofitscompetitors,it’saclearsignalthatachangeisneeded.Foravarietyofreasons,anycompanycansuddenlylosethecompetitiveadvantagethatitpreviouslyenjoyed.(36)Themarkofastrongbusiness,however,isitsabilitytoovercomesuchsetbacksandreclaimitspositionsasthefrontrunnerinitsfield.

Oneofthegreatestvariablesintheprocess,however,istechnology,whichononehandmakesbusinessmoreefficientandthusprofitablethanpreviouslythoughtpossible,butchangesatsucharapidpacethatfewbusinessesutilizeittoitsfullpotential.Thosecompaniesthatinvestheavilyinthelatesttechnologyofthedaymayfindtheirmachinesoutdatedandobsoletethenextyear,thuslosingtheadvantagethattheyhopedtogain,andalsoasubstantialamountofinvestmentmoneyaswell.(37)Thosewhoaremorecautiousandbuylessofthelatestmachinemaylearnthattechnologychangesmoreslowly,andtheircompetitorswhoinvestedmoreheavilynowholdtheupperhand.It’sagameofhitormiss.

Becauseoftheunevenandunpredictablepaceofprogressbetweentechnologicalfields,(38)companiesaredevotingmoreandmoreresourcestonotonlyacquiringmoreofthelatestdevelopments,butresearchingthefactorsthatdeterminetheirproductionsoastopositionthemselvesbettertoadapttothenextchange.Thisstrategyhasbeenproducingpositiveresultsforthosewhoemployit,butitisamassivelyexpensiveone,limitingitsviabilitytoonlythelargestcompanies,whoarealreadyenjoyingmanyadvantagesinthemarket.

Suchdynamicsmakeitincreasinglydifficultfornewsetupcompaniestobreakintoestablishedmarkets,lackingthefundingandcashreservesnecessarytoplaythegamewayasthebigboydo.Thesametechnologythatkeepsthelargecompaniesontop,however,canstilltopplethem.(39)Newandsmallercompanieshavelesstoloseandthuscanaffordtogambleonnewtechnologiesthatlargercompaniesconsidertooriskytodevotethemselvesto.(40)Intherareoccurrenceswhentheseriskyendeavorsbearfruit,providingthemselveswiththewayoffuture,therewardstothosedaringenough,orsmallenough,toinvestinthemprovewellworththeeffort.

【答案】36.然而，一個強(qiáng)大企業(yè)的標(biāo)志是它有能力克服這些挫折，重新成為該領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)跑者。

37.那些更謹(jǐn)慎、較少購買最新產(chǎn)品的公司可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，技術(shù)進(jìn)步越緩慢，他們競爭對手投資越多現(xiàn)在越占據(jù)上風(fēng)。

38.企業(yè)投入越來越多的資源，來換取更多的最新發(fā)展和研究生產(chǎn)要素，以便更好地定位自己，從而適應(yīng)下一次變化。

39.新公司和小公司因為損失更小，所以能夠在新技術(shù)上賭一把，而大公司會認(rèn)為風(fēng)險太大而放棄投入。

40.這些冒險的努力很少會取得成果，繼而為他們指明未來的道路。而對于那些非常敢于投資或小型企業(yè)來說，回報會證明這樣的投資是值得的。

10.單選題

Notonly______muchbiggerthananyplanet,butunliketheplanets,itconsistscompletelyofgaseousmaterial.

問題1選項

A.thesunis

B.thesun,whichis

C.isthesun

D.thatthesun

【答案】C

【解析】考查定語從句。句意：太陽不僅比任何行星都要大得多，而且不同的是，它完全由氣體物質(zhì)組成。根據(jù)題目和選項確定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒裝，notonly放在句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為notonly+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語+其他，C選項isthesun選項符合題意。因此C選項正確。

11.單選題

Onceuponatime,theemblematicjazzsingerwasanAfrican-Americanwoman,serenadingasmoke-filledroom.ThinkBillieHolidayandEllaFitzgerald.Today,atalentedcropofcosmopolitanyoungsingersarecreatinganewbreedofjazzvocalist:theglobalizedchanteuse.Theycomefrommulticulturalbackgrounds,liveallovertheworld,andareinfusingthetraditionalAmericansoundwithnewenergy.Taketoday’srisingstar,26-year-oldSophieMilman.BorninRussia,shefledwithherfamilytoIsraelattheageof7,thensettledinCanadaat16.NowshesellsouttheBlueNotejazzclubinTokyo.Herrootsandherreachareglobal.Inlooksandlanguage,shecouldn’tbefurtherfromthepioneerswhocamemorethanahalfcenturybefore.

YetMilmanandotherslikeherareredefiningjazzbydrawingontheAmericansongbook.InhisbookTheJazzSingers,ScottYannowarguesthatamong21st-centuryjazzvocalists,only“afewmanagetoreinveststandardsinnewways,”whichisexactlywhatthisnewclassisdoingsowell.Milman—who’sfluentinFrench,English,Russian,andHebrew—singsColePorter’s“LoveforSale”inaclear,valiantaltothatboomsdownlowandreacheseffortlesslyuphigh.ElisabethKontomanou,whoisGreekandGuinean,insistsonknowingtheAfrican-Americanrootsofthemusicsheplays.“Jazzisinnovation,butwithallthecultureandtheunderstandingofwhathasalreadybeendone,”shesays.“Ifyoudon’tlookatthat,yougetatasteless,odorless,andcolorlessmusic.”O(jiān)nherlastCD,Brewin’theBlues,shefollowsherownrulesbyrevisitinglessfamoussongsbyjazzicons,suchasBillieHoliday’s“TellMeMoreandMore(andThenSome).”

Languagehasprovednobarriertothesewomen,allsinginEnglish.VirginieTeychenecomesfromthesouthofFrancebutlearnedEnglishwithherfather,whousedtoshowAmericanMarinestheFrenchwayoflife.“Frenchdoesn’tlenditselftojazz,”shesays.“Wordscanoftenfallflat,asitishardtosinginFrenchonrhythm.”Teychene,whowasnameda“newrevelation”atFrance’sJuan-les-Pinsjazzfestivallastyear,coverssongslike“TakeATrain”inherpure,lowvoice.BornandraisedinTurin,theItalianchanteuseRobertaGambarinirecordedSwedishfolksongsearlyinhercareerbuthaslatelyturnedtotheromanticeraofAmericanjazz.Hernewrecord,“SoinLove”,revolvesaroundsweetrenditionsoftuneslike“ThatOldBlackMagic”—asongSarahVaughanmadefamousinthe40s.“ThebulkofgoodsongsthatallowyoutoimprovisehappentolargelybepartoftheGreatAmericanSongbook,”shesays.

That’snottosaythatthesevocalistsaren’tpushingboundaries.EsperanzaSpalding,whowasborntoaWelsh-Hispanic-NativeAmericanmotherandablackfatherandraisedintheStates,singsinEnglish,Spanish,andPortuguese.Whenrecordingthe1930sstandard“BodyandSoul”,sherenamedit“CuerpoyAlma”,andpulledoffafierySpanishrendition.“Youalwayscreatesomethingnewevenwhenyouusevocabularyfromthepast.”shesays.

Ultimately,thisreturntotherootsofjazzhastodowithauthenticityandaccessibility.“Ilikewhenpeoplecometoseemeattheendofaconcert,surprisedthatthisisactuallyjazzandthattheycanenjoyitwithoutreallyknowingtheculture,”saysTeychene.Yetifaskedwherethewindingroadoffamestarts,thesesingersgiveatraditionalanswer.“IfyoulivedeepintheheartofChinaandyouwanttobeajazzmusician,youstillhavetogotoNewYorkorNewOrleansandplayjazz,”saysKontomanou.Thenyoumovetoanothercountryandshareitwiththeworld.

21.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutSophieMilman?

22.Whatdothenewjazzsingershaveincommon?

23.ItcanbeinferredthatScottYanow’sattitudetowardsthenewjazzsingersis________.

24.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatthosenewjazzsingersare“pushingboundaries”(Paragraph4)?

25.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thosepopularnewjazzsingersattributetheirsuccessto________.

問題1選項

A.Shehasmulticulturalbackgrounds.

B.Sheisanemblematicjazzsinger.

C.ShelovesthemusicofBillieHolidayandEllaFitzgerald.

D.Shecreatesthenewjazzsinger.

問題2選項

A.TheyallcomefromEurope.

B.Theyresemblethepioneersofjazzmusicinlooksandlanguage.

C.Theyallbringsomethingnewtojazzmusic.

D.Theydon’tlikesinginlanguagesotherthanEnglish.

問題3選項

A.critical

B.positive

C.neutral

D.negative

問題4選項

A.Theysometimesdon’tsticktothetraditionalrenderingofjazzmusic.

B.TheydonotalwayssinginEnglish.

C.Theyliketotrydifferentmusicalinstrumentwhenplayingjazz.

D.Theywouldprefertosingsongsallcreatedbythemselves.

問題5選項

A.earlyexposuretoAmericanjazzculture

B.goodcommandofEnglishlanguage

C.innovationandoriginality

D.travellingaroundworld

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】21.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第三、四、五句Today,atalentedcropofcosmopolitanyoungsingersarecreatinganewbreedofjazzvocalist:theglobalizedchanteuse.Theycomefrommulticulturalbackgrounds,liveallovertheworld,andareinfusingthetraditionalAmericansoundwithnewenergy.Taketoday’srisingstar,26-year-oldSophieMilman.（今天，一群才華橫溢的國際化年輕歌手正在創(chuàng)造一種新爵士歌手：國際化的女歌手。她們來自多文化背景，生活在世界各地，為傳統(tǒng)的美國音樂注入了新的活力。以今天的后起之秀，26歲的索菲?米爾曼為例。），索菲?米爾曼是全球化女歌手之一，所以A選項“她有多文化背景”正確；這一群女歌手開創(chuàng)了新爵士歌手，所以D選項“索菲?米爾曼開創(chuàng)了新爵士歌手”錯誤。B選項“她是一位具有代表性的爵士歌手”：文中沒有提到米爾曼在爵士樂的地位，故錯誤。C選項“她喜歡BillieHoliday和EllaFitzgerald的音樂”：根據(jù)第二段最后一句shefollowsherownrulesbyrevisitinglessfamoussongsbyjazzicons,suchasBillieHoliday’s“TellMeMoreandMore(andThenSome).”（她遵循自己的原則，重溫了爵士偶像們不太出名的歌曲，比如比莉?哈樂黛的《告訴我更多更多》。），翻唱不代表喜歡聽，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

22.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第三、四句newbreedofjazzvocalist:theglobalizedchanteuse.Theycomefrommulticulturalbackgrounds,liveallovertheworld,andareinfusingthetraditionalAmericansoundwithnewenergy.（新爵士歌手：國際化女歌手。她們來自多文化背景，生活在世界各地，為傳統(tǒng)的美國音樂注入了新的活力。），新爵士歌手為傳統(tǒng)美國音樂注入新的活力，所以C選項“她們都給爵士樂帶來了新的東西”正確；這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這些爵士歌手接觸世界各地的文化，米爾曼就來自俄羅斯，所以A選項“她們都來自歐洲”錯誤；B選項“她們在外觀和語言上類似于爵士音樂的先驅(qū)”：根據(jù)第一段最后一句Inlooksandlanguage,shecouldn’tbefurtherfromthepioneerswhocamemorethanahalfcenturybefore.（從外表和語言上看，她與半個多世紀(jì)前的先驅(qū)者相差無幾。），這里指的是米爾曼和爵士樂先驅(qū)者差不多，而不是這些新爵士歌手，故錯誤。D選項“她們不喜歡用英語以外的語言唱歌”：根據(jù)第三段第一句Languagehasprovednobarriertothesewomen,allsinginEnglish.（已證實(shí)語言對這些女性沒有任何障礙，她們都用英語唱歌。），這里指的是她們可以用英語唱歌，不代表不喜歡用其他語言唱歌，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

23.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段第二句ScottYannowarguesthatamong21st-centuryjazzvocalists,only“afewmanagetoreinveststandardsinnewways,”whichisexactlywhatthisnewclassisdoingsowell.（斯科特?耶諾指出，在21世紀(jì)的爵士歌手中，只有“少數(shù)人設(shè)法以新的方式重新投資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，這正是這個新階層做得如此出色的原因。），斯科特?耶諾褒獎新爵士歌手，所以B選項“肯定的”正確。A選項“批判的”，C選項“中立的”和D選項“否定的”不符合題意，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

24.語義推測題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句Youalwayscreatesomethingnewevenwhenyouusevocabularyfromthepast.（即使你使用過去的詞匯，你也總會創(chuàng)造出新的東西），可知這里的突破界限是對已有的東西再創(chuàng)造，所以A選項“她們不是一味按照爵士音樂的傳統(tǒng)方式表演”正確，B選項“她們不全用英語唱歌”不是這里的重點(diǎn)，故錯誤。C選項“她們喜歡嘗試用不同的樂器演奏爵士樂”和D選項“她們更喜歡唱自己創(chuàng)作的歌曲”：文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

25.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句Ultimately,thisreturntotherootsofjazzhastodowithauthenticityandaccessibility.（歸根結(jié)底，這種對爵士樂根源的回歸與真實(shí)性和接受性有關(guān)。），可知新爵士歌手取得成功是因為對爵士樂本身的理解，所以A選項“早期接觸美國爵士樂文化”正確。B選項“良好的英語語言能力”，C選項“創(chuàng)新和原創(chuàng)性”和D選項“周游世界”不是這里的重點(diǎn)，故錯誤。因此A選項正確。

12.單選題

Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed______.

問題1選項

A.hasproduced

B.havebeenproduced

C.wouldhaveproduced

D.hadbeenproduced

【答案】D

【解析】考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：1897年至1919年間，至少29部出現(xiàn)人造生命的電影被制作出來。根據(jù)主語motionpictures和謂語動詞produce的關(guān)系確定用被動語態(tài)，根據(jù)事件發(fā)生在過去以及wereportrayed確定用過去完成時，D選項hadbeenproduced符合題意。因此D選項正確。

13.單選題

Theheartis______intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.

問題1選項

A.notso

B.notmuch

C.nomore

D.muchmore

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞比較級。句意：心臟不比胃聰明，因為它們都由大腦控制。根據(jù)題干intelligentthan可知考查形容詞的比較級，確定有more，根據(jù)語境心臟和胃都受大腦控制確定C選項nomore符合題意。因此C選項正確。

14.單選題

EversincetheIndustrialRevolutionbroughtworkersfromsmallshopsintofactories,supervisionhasbeenrequired.Onlyduringthelasthundredyears,however,hasindustrialmanagementgrownintoahighlyorganizedsetofmodernmethodsforachievingefficiency.Thus,managementisanewhumanhistory,andithasalreadybecomevitallyimportantforthesuccessofallkindsofbusinessesandofnationaleconomies.

Efficiencymeansgettingresultswiththeleastpossiblewasteoftime,effort,andmoney.Therefore,efficiencyistheaimofallmanagement,bothpublicandprivate.Inprivatebusiness,efficiencycanbemeasuredbyprofit,thesurplusofincomeoverexpenditures.

Themanager’sajob,then,istogetpeopletodothingsefficiently.Thetopmanagermanagesothermanagers,choosesandtrainsthem,planstheiroperations,andcheckstheresults.Allmanagershavepracticalcomplexproblems,buttheyutilizemethodsbasedonagrowingbodyofknowledge.Shopmanagerscarryouttimeandmotionstudiestoimproveworkers’efficiency,andforemengiveon-the-jobtrainingtoworkers.Industrialmangersemployspecialiststokeepmachinesworkingproperlyandtoensurethesupplyofspareparts.Theflowofworkissupervisedtoavoidanyunplannedidlenessofworkersofequipment.Eachstepinmanufacturingisplannedindetail,andthecostofeachstepiscarefullycalculated.Supervisorsconsultexpertsregularlyinordertomasternewtechniques.Personnelmanagershavelearnedtoobtaingreaterefficiencyfromworkersbyprovidingrestperiodsandbyimprovingmoralethroughbetterheating,lighting,safetydevices,cafeterias,andrecreationfacilities—evenwhenthesehavenotbeendemandedbylaborunions.Theuseofmodernelectronicdeviceshadledtoincreasingautomation,inwhichmanyautomaticmachinesfunctionwithoutanyneedforhumanlabor.

Scientificmanagementmethodshavespreadtoallbranchesofindustry—notonlymanufacturing,butalsoaccounting,finance,marketing,andotherofficework.Thereareplanningsystems,organizationsystemsandcontrolsystems.Withinthesethereareothersystemsfordelegationofauthority,budgeting,informationfeedbackforcontrol,andsoon.Theessenceofallthefunctionsofmanagementiscoordination,theharmoniouscombinationofallindividualeffortsfortheachievementoftheobjectivesoftheenterprise.

26.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthat________.

27.Thetopmanager________.

28.Allmanagersemploy________.

29.Personnelmanagersproviderestperiods,safetydevices,recreationfacilities,etc.________.

30.Theessenceofallmanagementfunctionsis________.

問題1選項

A.industrialmanagementdependsonthesuccessofallkindsofbusinessesandofnationaleconomies

B.industrialmanagementisindispensabletothesuccessesofallkindsofbusinessesandofnationaleconomies

C.thesuccessofallkindsofbusinessesandofnationaleconomieshasnothingtodowithindustrialmanagement

D.industrialmanagementdidnotdevelopuntilthelastfiftyyears

問題2選項

A.isresponsibleforselectingothermanagersandhelpthemdothingseffici