2022年考研考博-考博英語-陜西師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號16

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-陜西師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Failureisprobablythemostfatiguingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoreexhaustingthannotsucceeding,beingblocked,notmovingahead.Itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.

Weexperiencethistirednessintwomainways,asstart-upfatigueandperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.Andthelongerwepostponeit,themoretiredwefeel.

Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evennotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones,Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:willpowerexercise.ThemomentIfindmyselfturningawayfromajob,orputtingitunderapileofthingsIhavetodo,Iclearmydeskofeverythingelseandattachtheobjectionableitemfirst.Topreventstart-upfatigue,alwaystreatthemostdifficultjobfirst.

Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan'tseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappeartobeinsurmountableandhoweverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcan,thenlettheunconscioustakeover.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbecalledanevilcircle?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whenkeepingputtingoffatask,wecanexperience（）.

3.Toovercomestart-upfatigue,weneed（）.

4.Theword“insurmountable”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

問題1選項

A.Success-zeal-success-zeal

B.Failure-tiredness-failure-tiredness

C.Failure-zeal-failure-tiredness

D.Success-exhaustion-success-exhaustion

問題2選項

A.tiredness

B.performancefatigue

C.start-upfatigue

D.unconsciousness

問題3選項

A.toughness

B.prevention

C.muscles

D.strongwillpower

問題4選項

A.thatcannotbesolved

B.thatcannotbeunderstood

C.thatcannotbeimagined

D.thatcannotbeobjected

問題5選項

A.Itiseasiertoovercomestart-upfatigue

B.Performancefatigueoccurswhenthejobwearewillingtotakegetsblocked

C.Onewillfinallysucceedafterexperiencingtheevilcircle

D.Fatigueoftenaccompaniesfatigue

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一段Thereisnothingmoreexhaustingthannotsucceedingbeingblocked,notmovingahead.Itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.可知失敗會導(dǎo)致疲憊，而疲憊會使你更難工作，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致疲憊加重，于是進(jìn)入惡性循環(huán)，受阻不前，影響進(jìn)度。因此，B項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.可知，我們會因為任務(wù)過于乏味或太難而推遲完成任務(wù)，這種情況就是start-upfatigue。因此，C項正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第三段Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:willpowerexercise.可知，解決辦法就是需要我們加強意志力的鍛煉。因此，本題選擇D項正確。

4.詞匯題。題干詞匯insurmountable意思是不能克服的，難以解決超越的。A選項“不能被解決”，B選項“不能被理解的”，C選項“不能被想象的”，D選項“不能被否決的”。因此，A選項正確。

5.推理判斷題。由文章第二段可知可以通過鍛煉意志力來克服start-upfatigue可知A項正確。B選項可通過原文Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan’tseemtodothejobright.推斷得出。C選項在原文中沒有明確說明，過于絕對。根據(jù)原文最后一段Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.可知D選項正確。故本題正確答案為C選項。

2.單選題

Theoldladyhasdevelopeda_______coughwhichcannotbecuredcompletelyinashorttime.

問題1選項

A.perpetual

B.permanent

C.chronic

D.sustainable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項perpetual“永久的”；B選項permanent“永恒的，持續(xù)的，長久的”；C選項chronic“(尤指疾病)長期的，慢性的，難以治愈的”；D選項sustainable“可持續(xù)的”。根據(jù)cannotbecuredcompletelyinashorttime可知這位老太太患的是慢性咳嗽，因此選C。句意：老太太患了慢性咳嗽，短時間內(nèi)不能完全治愈。

3.單選題

ProfessorKlineconcludesthatcompetitionwithresearchintheuniversitiesissodetrimentaltoteachingthatherecommendsthatthetwofunctionsbephysicallyandfinanciallyseparatedbysettingupresearchinstitutes.Isuggestedthatthedevelopmentofasoundprogramofeducationalresearchwouldbemuchmorebeneficialtoteaching.Suchaprogramwouldnotonlyimproveteachingtheoryandtechnique,itwouldmakeclearwhatcompetenciesarerequiredofagoodteacherandhelpprofessorsattainthem.Educationalresearchshouldberequiredtomeetthesamestandardsasscientificresearch,butitcannotberaisedtothosestandardswithoutcomparablesupportandcommitment.Competenteducationalresearchisnomoreapart-timeactivitythancompetentscientificresearch.Therelativelytrivialeducationalresearchsocommonintheuniversitiesisaninevitableconsequenceoftrivialcommitmentbytheuniversities.Ratherthanbelittlesuchresearch,theprofessorshaveanobligationtoseethatitisupgraded.Letnoonethinkthateducationalresearchiseasy:itisconcernedwithnolessthanunravelingthecomplexitiesofthehumanmind.Thereisnoreasontobelievethataneffectivetheoryandtechnologyofinstructionisanyeasiertoachievethancontrollednuclearfusion.Itiscertainlyeverybitasworthy.

1.ProfessorKlinebelievesthatcompetitionwithresearchintheuniversities（）.

2.Theauthorwantstoimprove（）.

3.Theauthorbelievesthatscientificresearch（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthoreducationalresearch（）.

5.Educationalresearchinmostuniversitiestoday（）.

問題1選項

A.leadstotheestablishmentofseparateresearchinstitutes

B.isharmfultoteaching

C.functionswellintheuniversities

D.isfinanciallyunsound

問題2選項

A.researchinstitutes

B.developmentprograms

C.educationalresearch

D.part-timeactivity

問題3選項

A.isnotnecessarilyeasierthaneducationalresearch

B.hasstandardsthateducationalresearchcannotattain

C.witheducationalresearch

D.mustberelegatedtoapart-timeactivity

問題4選項

A.isrelativelyeasy

B.isquitecomplex

C.isoftentrivial

D.shouldhavelowerstandards

問題5選項

A.receivesadequatesupport

B.isnolongerapart-tomeactivity

C.iseasytoachieve

D.needsmorecommitment

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由原文第一段ProfessorKlineconcludesthatcompetitionwithresearchintheuniversitiesissodetrimentaltoteachingthatthetwofunctionsbephysicallyandfinanciallyseparatedbysettingupresearchinstitutes.，可知，ProfessorKline認(rèn)為研究成果的競爭會對教育產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的影響，從而降低教學(xué)質(zhì)量，即對教學(xué)有不利影響。因此，B項為正確答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由原文…thedevelopmentofasoundprogramofeducationalresearchwouldbemuchmorebeneficialtoteaching.以及Educationalresearchshouldberequiredtomeetthesamestandardsasscientificresearch…可知，作者認(rèn)為必須提高educationalresearch的地位，要把educationalresearch和scientificresearch放在同等重要的位置共謀發(fā)展。A選項researchinstitutes一直就是學(xué)校比較重視的方面；B選項并未在文中單獨說明；D選項也不是側(cè)重點。因此，C項符合原文，為正確答案。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文Educationalresearchshouldberequiredtomeetthesamestandardsasscientificresearch,butitcannotberaisedtothosestandardswithoutcomparablesupportandcommitment.可知，作者認(rèn)為教育研究應(yīng)該與科學(xué)研究有一樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是如果沒有同等的投入和支持，無法實現(xiàn)這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，B項認(rèn)為“科學(xué)研究的有些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，教育研究無法實現(xiàn)”是正確答案。故本題選擇B項。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文Letnoonethinkthateducationalresearchiseasy:itisconcernedwithnolessthanunravelingthecomplexitiesofthehumanmind.可知，作者認(rèn)為教育研究并不簡單，難度不亞于解開人類思維的復(fù)雜性。故本題正確答案為B項。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。通過原文Therelativelytrivialeducationalresearchsocommonintheuniversitiesisaninevitableconsequenceoftrivialcommitmentbytheuniversities.Ratherthanbelittlesuchresearch,theprofessorshaveanobligationtoseethatitisupgraded.可知，如今在大學(xué)中，教育研究需要更多的承諾，教授們有責(zé)任促進(jìn)教學(xué)科研水平的提高，而不是減少這類研究。因此，D項是正確答案。

4.單選題

Abudgetoffivedollarsadayistotally______foratriproundEurope.

問題1選項

A.inadequate

B.incapable

C.incompatible

D.invalid

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項inadequate“不足夠的，不充分的”；B選項incapable“無能力的，不能的”；C選項incompatible“不相容的”；D選項invalid“無效的”。根據(jù)四個選項及題干的意思可知A選項符合語義。句意：一天五美元的預(yù)算完全不足以作一次歐洲之旅。

5.單選題

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:saltisbadforyouregardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard."Thereisadirectrelationship,"UScongressmanNealSmithnoted,"betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath."

Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn'tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.”Dustan'smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureexperiencednochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.

“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation,”notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.”

Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Fortheaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwogramsofthissatallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.

Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“l(fā)owsalt”exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jradmitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension.”Infact,thereisgrowingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);geneticpredisposition;stress.

“Itisnotyourenemy,”saysDr.Laragh.“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon'tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.”

1.Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumed（）.

2.FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthat（）.

3.Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.Laraghimpliesthat（）.

4.Thephrase“vocal...exponent”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto（）.

5.Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?

問題1選項

A.exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth

B.curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders

C.correlateshighlywithsomediseases

D.isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease

問題2選項

A.alow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople

B.theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure

C.thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient

D.anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone

問題3選項

A.peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt

B.doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt

C.anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease

D.excessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation

問題4選項

A.eloquentdoctor

B.articulateopponent

C.loudspeaker

D.strongadvocate

問題5選項

A.Thesaltscareisnotjustified.

B.Thecauseofhypertensionisnowunderstood.

C.Themoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.

D.Saltconsumptionistobepromoted.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thereisadirectrelationship,”UScongressmanNealSmithnoted,“betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath.”可知：一些醫(yī)生和政客認(rèn)為鈉的攝入量和身體健康有直接關(guān)系，并會引發(fā)多種疾病，甚至早逝。說明他們認(rèn)為食鹽的攝入量與某些疾病的發(fā)生息息相關(guān)，因此，C項正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段Dustan'smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureexperiencednochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensalt,wasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.可知：在Dustan研究中，當(dāng)攝取極低的少鹽飲食或者恢復(fù)食用食鹽時，血壓正常的人不會有什么改變。然而，在高血壓人群中，少鹽飲食中一半的人確實出現(xiàn)血壓下降，而再次恢復(fù)食鹽的攝入時，血壓會返回到之前的水平。因此，A項“低鹽飲食可能適合某些人”表述正確。B項和D項錯誤。文章并沒有談及“減少食鹽攝入量可能治愈高血壓”，故C項錯誤。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense?”可知：醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該建議人們不吃鹽，因此，B選項符合題意，為正確答案。

4.詞匯題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段buteventheveryvocal“l(fā)owsalt”exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Dr.admitsthat...可知：就連“低鹽論”最主要的支持者，Arthur博士都承認(rèn)鹽的攝入量是否與髙血壓有關(guān)。所以最恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫鈶?yīng)該是強烈支持者。因此，D項為正確答案。

5.主旨大意題。本文主要討論了食鹽攝入量與人體健康的關(guān)系。通過人們對于鹽的恐慌引出相關(guān)話題，最后表明“除非醫(yī)生告知你有與攝取鹽分相關(guān)的健康問題，否則，沒有理由不攝取食鹽”。由此可知，食鹽恐慌是不合理的，A項為正確答案。

6.單選題

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschoolCognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparkscreativityingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNeward.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,lienotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward（）.

2.Whatistheresponseofmanyeducatorstoexternalrewardsfortheirstudents?

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbestraisestudents'creativityaccordingtoRoberEisenberger?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve（）.

5.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Line1，Para5)probablyrefersto（）.

問題1選項

A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragement

B.theamountofmonetaryrewardsforstudent'screativity

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences

D.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudentsperformance

問題2選項

A.Theyhavenodoubtsaboutthem

B.Theyhavedoubtsaboutthem

C.Theyapproveofthem

D.Theyavoidtalkingaboutthem

問題3選項

A.Assigningthemtaskstheyhavenotdealtwithbefore

B.Assigningthemtaskswhichrequireinventiveness

C.Givingthemrewardstheyreallydeserve.

D.Givingthemrewardstheyanticipate.

問題4選項

A.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents

B.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudent’santicipationforeasyrewardsisamatterofurgency

問題5選項

A.waystodevelopeconomy

B.systemsofrewardingstudents

C.approachestosolvingproblems

D.methodsofimprovingperformance

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第一句話“Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,aflectmotivationandcreativity”可知，心理學(xué)家對于外部獎勵（不論是精神鼓勵還是物質(zhì)獎勵）如何影響動機和創(chuàng)造力持對立觀點。因此，心理學(xué)家因“外部獎勵對學(xué)生行為的影響持不同態(tài)度”而分成兩派。本題正確答案為D項。

2.推理判斷題。文章第一段介紹了Behaviorists和Cognitiveresearchers的兩種不同觀點。而由文章第二段第一句話Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.可知，后者的觀點，也就是Cognitiveresearchers獲得了很多的支持，尤其是在教育工作者中。他們認(rèn)為獎賞會摧毀創(chuàng)造力。因此，大多數(shù)教育工作者對給予學(xué)生的外部獎勵持否定態(tài)度。正確答案為B項。

3.推理判斷題。在文章第三段中，theUniversityofDelaware的RobertEisenberger表述了自己對于獎勵機制的觀點。他認(rèn)為如果孩子們知道是為得到獎勵而學(xué)習(xí)，并能專注完成相對有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)，他們就會表現(xiàn)出最大的創(chuàng)造性。但如果對表現(xiàn)不好的孩子也給予獎勵，或者讓他們對獎勵有過分的期待，那么就很容易扼殺他們的創(chuàng)造力。因此，只有獎勵該得獎勵的孩子，才能發(fā)揮其創(chuàng)造性，正確答案為C項。

4.推理判斷題。題干：大學(xué)正試圖嚴(yán)格評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是因為他們認(rèn)為什么？由文章第四段Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.可知，重點大學(xué)加強分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是因為“thelatterpoint”，也就是第三段中提及的it’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards這一觀點，因此A項符合題意。

5.考查詞匯題。分析tokeneconomies后的定語從句inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity.可知，在這種機制下，學(xué)生能解決富有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù)并且獲得獎勵，這將有望提高學(xué)生的努力度和創(chuàng)造性。因此，本題正確答案為B項“獎勵學(xué)生的機制”。

7.單選題

Diamondshavelittle______valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.

問題1選項

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項extinct“滅絕的”；B選項permanent“永恒的，不變的”；C選項surplus“過剩的”；D選項intrinsic“固有的，內(nèi)在的，本質(zhì)的”。根據(jù)theirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity可知D選項符合語義。句意：鉆石幾乎沒有內(nèi)在價值，其價格幾乎完全取決于其稀缺性。

8.單選題

Hispositionwascontrarytothatoftheteacher's.

問題1選項

A.similar

B.opposite

C.foreseeable

D.contentious

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語辨析。題目中becontraryto表示“與……相反”；A選項besimilarto表示“與……類似的，相似的”；B選項beoppositeto表示“與……相反的，對立的”；C選項為“可預(yù)見的，可預(yù)知的”；D選項為“有異議的，有爭論的”。由句意可知，他的位置與老師相反。因此，正確答案是B項。

9.單選題

Inthepasttenyearsskyscrapershavedeveloped______inChicagoandNewYorkCity.

問題1選項

A.homogeneously

B.simultaneously

C.spontaneously

D.harmoniously

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項homogeneously“同質(zhì)地，同類地”；B選項simultaneously“同時地”；C選項spontaneously“自發(fā)地，自然地”；D選項harmoniously“和諧地”。根據(jù)ChicagoandNewYorkCity可推測在過去的十年時間里，高樓大廈應(yīng)是同時在這兩個城市聳立，因此選B。句意：在過去的十年里，芝加哥和紐約的高樓大樓同時聳立起來。

10.單選題

Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful,theutmosteffortmustbemadebynationstolimitlocal______.

問題1選項

A.collisions

B.combats

C.contradictions

D.conflicts

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項collision“沖突，碰撞”，指物理上的碰撞；B選項combat“格斗，搏斗”；C選項contradiction“矛盾，沖突”，指觀點上的沖突；D選項conflict“(武裝)斗爭，沖突”。根據(jù)Iftheworldistoremainpeaceful可知D選項符合語義。句意：如果世界要保持和平，各國必須盡最大努力限制地方?jīng)_突。

11.單選題

Whenhetriedtomakea_______,hefoundthatthehotelthathewantedwascompletelyfilledbecauseofaconvention.

問題1選項

A.complaint

B.claim

C.reservation

D.lodging

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項complaint“抱怨，控訴”；B選項claim“宣稱，聲稱”；C選項reservation“預(yù)約，預(yù)訂”；D選項lodging“寄宿，借宿”。根據(jù)thehotelwascompletelyfilled（酒店客滿了）可知C選項符合語義，makeareservation表示“預(yù)訂”。句意：當(dāng)他試圖預(yù)訂時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他想要的旅館因為一個會議而客滿。

12.單選題

Millionsoffarmers,drawnbytheofemployment,cameintothecity,whichmadetheproblemsoftransportationandhousingevenmoreserious.

問題1選項

A.prosperity

B.prospect

C.expectation

D.withrespectto

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項prosperityn.繁榮，成功；B選項prospectn.前途，預(yù)期；C選項expectationn.期待，預(yù)期，指望；D選項anticipationn.預(yù)料，希望，預(yù)感。根據(jù)句意可知，數(shù)百萬的農(nóng)民，滿懷找工作的希望涌入城市，使得城市里的交通和住房問題變得更加嚴(yán)重。因此，正確答案為C項。

13.單選題

Heisnotaverycrediblelecturer.

問題1選項

A.well-known

B.religious

C.ordinary

D.believable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。credible表示“可靠的；可信的”；A選項為“著名的；眾所周知的”；B選項為“宗教的，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)摹?；C選項為“普通的；一般的”；D選項為“可信的”。根據(jù)句意可知，他不是一個可信的演講者。因此，D項為正確答案。

14.單選題

Americansarepeopleobsessedwithchild-rearing.Intheirbooks,magazines,talkshows,parenttrainingcourses,WhiteHouseconferences,andchatsoverthebackfence,theyendlesslydebatethebestwaystoraisechildren.Moreover,Americansdomorethandebatetheirtheories;theytranslatethemintoaction.Theyerectplaygroundsfortheyoungster’spleasure,equiplargeschoolsfortheireducation,andtrainskilledspecialistsfortheirwelfare.WholeindustriesinAmericaaredevotedtomakingchildrenhappy,healthyandwise.

Butthisinterestinchildhoodisrelativelynew.Infact,untilveryrecentlypeopleconsideredchildhoodjustabrief,unimportantpreludetoadulthoodandtherealbusinessofliving.Byandlarge,theyeitherignoredchildren,beatthem,orfondledthemcarelessly,muchaswewouldamuseourselveswithalotofpuppies.Whentheygaveseriousthoughttochildrenatall,peopleeitherconceivedofthemasminiatureadultsoraspeculiar,unformedanimals.

Downthroughtheagestheexperiencesofchildhoodhavebeenasvariedasitsduration.Actionsthatwouldhaveprovokedabeatinginoneeraelicitextralovingcareinanother.Babieswhohavebeennurturedexclusivelybytheirmothersinoneepochareleftwithday-careworkersinanother.Insomeplaceschildrenhavebeentrainedtostraddleunsteadycanoes,negotiatetreacherousmountainpasses,andcarryheavybundlesontheirheads.Inotherplacestheyhavebeentaughtcomplicatedpianoconcertiandlongmultiplicationtables.

Butdiverseasithasbeen,childhoodhasonecommonexperienceatitscoreandthatisthesocialaspectofnurture.Allchildrenneedadultstobringthemup.Becausehumanyoungtakesolongtobecomeindependent,wethinkthatcivilizationmayhavegrownuparoundtheneedtofeedandprotectthem.Certainly,fromtheearliestdaysofman,adultshavemadeprovisionforthechildrenintheirmidst.

1.ThepresentdayAmericanobsessionwithchild-rearinghas（）.

2.Childreninthepastwereill-treatedorpettedbecausetheywere（）.

3.Howhavechildhoodexperiencesvaried?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,children（）.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetodevelopmentsintheperceptionofchildhood?

問題1選項

A.resultedinineffectualaction

B.initiatedpointlessdiscussions

C.hadwide-rangingresults

D.producedendlesstheories

問題2選項

A.ignorantofadultlife

B.seenasuninteresting

C.consideredofnoimportance

D.conceivedofashavinganimalnatures

問題3選項

A.Childrenhavebeenalternatelybeatenandlovedthroughtheages.

B.Therehavebeendifferencesinchildrearingindifferentepochs.

C.Parentshaveincreasinglytakencontroloftheirchildren’snurturing.

D.Insomeplacesphysicaltraininghasgivenwaytoencouragingcreativity.

問題4選項

A.needintensiveadultnurturing

B.aretheinstigatorsofcivilization

C.remainphysicallydependentuntiladulthood

D.havecommonsocialexperiences

問題5選項

A.Cynical

B.Indifferent

C.Positive

D.Neutral

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.考查細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段介紹了美國人對于幼兒教育的態(tài)度，根據(jù)原文“Moreover,Americansdomorethandebatetheirtheories;theytranslatethemintoaction.”可知，美國人不僅僅辯論他們的理論，而且也采取行動。因此，C項hadwide-rangingresults“有廣泛的結(jié)果”符合題意，故本題選C。

2.考查細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Infact,untilveryrecentlypeopleconsideredchildhoodjustabrief,unimportantpreludetoadulthoodandtherealbusinessofliving.可知，事實上，不久前人們只把兒童時期看作是一個簡短且不重要的人生階段。直到現(xiàn)在，幼兒教育才開始引起重視。因此，C項為正確答案。

3.考查細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第三段Downthroughtheagestheexperiencesofchildhoodhavebeenasvariedasitsduration.Actionsthatwouldhaveprovokedabeatinginoneeraelicitextralovingcareinanother可知，不同時期的大人們在撫養(yǎng)兒童上的態(tài)度和方法上也會不同。因此，B項為正確答案。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中Becausehumanyoungtakesolongtobecomeindependent,wethinkthatcivilizationmayhavegrownuparoundtheneedtofeedandprotectthem可知，文化的進(jìn)步源于對孩子的培養(yǎng)和保護，所以，孩子在一定程度上推動了文化的進(jìn)步。因此，B項為正確答案。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。文章主要講述了美國人對孩子的教育由從以前的不重視轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的非常重視，并且采取了一系列的相關(guān)措施。因此，作者對這一轉(zhuǎn)變持有積極的態(tài)度。A項為諷刺的，B項為漠視的，C項為積極的，D項為中立的。因此，C項為正確答案。

15.單選題

Superconductorsloseelectricalresistanceonly______subjectedtointensecold.

問題1選項

A.through

B.when

C.as

D.by

【答案】B

【解析】考查狀語從句的省略。在表示時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步等從句中，當(dāng)從句中的主語和主句的主語相同，謂語含有動詞be時，從句中的主語和謂語可以省略。從句可以還原為whensuperconductorsaresubjectedtointensecold，因此選D。句意：超導(dǎo)體只有在嚴(yán)寒下才會失去電阻。

16.單選題

Thewayinwhichpeopleusesocialspacereflectstheirsocialrelationshipsandtheirethnicidentity.EarlyimmigrantstoAmericafromEuropebroughtwiththemacollectivestyleofliving,whichtheyretaineduntillateinthe18thcentury.Historicalrecordsdocumentagroup-orientedexistence,inwhichoneroomwasusedforeating,entertainingguests,andsleeping.Peopleatesoupsfromacommunalpot,shareddrinkingcups,andusedacommonpittoilet.Withthedevelopmentofideasaboutindividualism,peoplesoonbegantoshifttotheuseofindividualcupsandplates;theeatingofmealsthatincludedmeat,bread,andvegetablesservedonseparateplates;andtheuseofprivatetoilets.Theybegantobuildtheirhouseswithseparateroomstoentertainguests-livingrooms,separatebedroomsforsleeping,separateworkareas—kitchen,laundryroom,andseparatebathrooms.

InMexico,themeaningandorganizationofdomesticspaceisstrikinglydifferent.Housesareorganizedaroundapatio,orcourtyard.Roomsopenontothepatio,whereallkindsofdomesticactivitiestakeplace.Individualsdonothaveseparatebedrooms.Childrenoftensleepwithparents,andbrothersorsistersshareabed,emphasizingfamilialinterdependence.RoomsinMexicanhousesarelocationsformultipleactivitiesthat,incontrast,arerigidlyseparatedintheUnitedStates.

1.Changesinlivingstylesamongearlyimmigrantswereinitiallybroughtaboutby______.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.risinglivingstandards

B.newconcepts

C.newcustoms

D.newdesignsofhouses

問題2選項

A.Theirconceptsofdomesticspace

B.Theirsocialrelationships.

C.Thefunctionsoftheirrooms.

D.Thelayoutoftheirhouses.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

【解析】1.考查細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章一段中的Withthedevelopmentofideasaboutindividualism,peoplesoonbegantoshifttotheuseofindividualcupsandplates（隨著個人主義思想的發(fā)展，人們很快開始轉(zhuǎn)向使用單獨的杯子和盤子）可知“個人主義思想”是一種新的觀念，改變了人們的生活方式，因此選B。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段中的Thewayinwhichpeopleusesocialspacereflectstheirsocialrelationshipsandtheirethnicidentity.（人們使用社會空間的方式反映了他們的社會關(guān)系和民族認(rèn)同）與B選項對應(yīng)，inwhichoneroomwasusedforeating,entertainingguests,andsleeping（其中一個房間用來吃飯、招待客人和睡覺）與C選項對應(yīng)，Theybegantobuildtheirhouseswithseparateroomstoentertainguests-livingrooms,separatebedroomsforsleeping,separateworkareas—kitchen,laundryroom,andseparatebathrooms（他們開始建造自己的房子，有單獨的房間來招待客、睡覺和工作——廚房、洗衣房和浴室）與D選項對應(yīng)。通過排除法排除B、C、D選項，因此選A。

17.單選題

Youwillhavetochangeyouroflifenowthatyouhavegotababy.

問題1選項

A.mode

B.mound

C.mood

D.form

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項moden.模式，方式，風(fēng)格；B選項moundn.高地；土堆；土丘；C選項moodn.語氣，情緒，心境；D選項formn.形式，形態(tài)，模式，表格。根據(jù)句意，現(xiàn)在有了孩子就應(yīng)該改變自己的生活方式。因此正確答案為A選項。

18.單選題

Accordingtoaseniorofficialtherehasbeennoaboutthemeasures.Thereiscompleteconsensusamong.

問題1選項

A.contrary

B.contradicting

C.controversy

D.contradictor

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項contrary