2022年考研考博-考博英語-云南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號62

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-云南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thedevelopmentoftoothpastebeganaslongagoas3000/5000BCintheancientcountiesofChinaand304.AccordingtoChinesehistory,Huang-Ticlaimeddifferenttypesofpairfeltinthemouthcouldbecuredbystickinggoldandsilverneedlesintodifferentpartsofthejawandgum.Itwastheoriessuchasthesethatledtothedevelopmentofdentalcream.Duringtheyears3000/5000BC,Egyptiansmadetoothpasteusingarecipeofpowderedashesofhoovesofoxen,myrrh,powderedandburnedeggshellsandpumice.ItisassumedthattheancientEgyptiansusedtheirfingerstorubthemixtureontoteeth.

Thetooshtick,theforerunnerofthetoothbrushhadnot,asfarasisknown,beendiscoveredatthistime.FromtherecordsoftheancientcountriesofIndiaChinaandEgypt,itwastheGreeksandRomanswhodevelopedandimprovedtoothpasteanddevelopedaleadeninstrumentfortheextractionofteeth.Theywerealsothefirsttobindlooseteethtogetherandtosupportartificialteethbymeansofgoldwire.During1000AD,thePersians,gaveadviceonthedangersofusinghardtoothpowderandrecommendationsweremadetomaketoothpowderfromburnthart-shorn,theburntshellsofsnailsandoystersandburnedgypsum.

OtherPersianrecipesincludeddriedanimalparts,herbs,honeyandminerals.Oneformulaforstrengtheningteethincludedgreenlead,verdigris,incense,honeyandpowderedflint-stone.

Toothpowderordentifrice,wasfirstavailableinBritaininthelate18thcentury.Itcameinaceramicpotandwasavailableeitherasapowderorpaste.Therichapplieditwithbrushesandthepoorwiththeirfingers.Thepowdersweredevelopedbydoctors,dentistsandchemistsandoftencontainedingredientsthatwerehighlyabrasiveandharmfultotheteeth,suchasbrickdust,china,earthenwareorcuttlefish,andtomakethemmorepalatable,theycontainedglycerin.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,theingredientstrontiumwasintroduced,tostrengthenteethandreducesensitivity,butitonlyreallyconcentratedonthegums.Inthelate18century,boraxwasintroducedintheU.S.andin,1896,DentalCreamwasfirstpackagedinpowderwasusedtogetthefoamingeffect.In1873,anaromatictoothpasteinajar:collapsibletubes.BeforetheSecondWorldWar,themajorityoftoothpasteonthemarketusedsoapasanemulsifyingagent,eventhoughitwasknownthatsoaphadcertaininherentdefects.

1.Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage?

2.Theword"extraction"inline11refersto（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthattheGreeksandRomans（

）.

4.TheauthormentionsthatthePersiansusedtoothpowdersforwhichpurposeotherthancleaningteeth?

5.Accordingtothepassage,strontiumwasmostusefulfor（

）.

問題1選項

A.methodsofcleaningteeth

B.methodsofcaringforteeth

C.developmentoftoothpaste

D.dentalhistory

問題2選項

A.cleaning

B.removal

C.replacement

D.brushing

問題3選項

A.alsodevelopedthetoothbrush

B.hadmoredentalproblemsthanotherculture

C.werethefirsttosupportartificialteeth

D.didnotkeeprecordsoftheirdentalpractices

問題4選項

A.strengthening

B.beautifying

C.coloring

D.extracting

問題5選項

A.concentratingonthegums

B.gettingafoamingeffect

C.reducingsensitivity

D.emulsifyingagent.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段主要介紹了牙膏出現(xiàn)的理論基礎(chǔ)以及古代牙膏的組成成分；第二段主要介紹了古代其他國家對牙膏的改進(jìn)；第三段簡要介紹了古代牙膏的配方；最后一段主要介紹了18世紀(jì)到19時間牙膏的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展，因此C選項“牙膏的發(fā)展”符合題意。

2.詞義題。A選項“清潔”；B選項“移動”；C選項“代替”；D選項“（用刷子）刷”根據(jù)題干信息“extraction”定位至文章第二段中，由itwastheGreeksandRomanswhodevelopedandimprovedtoothpasteanddevelopedaleadeninstrumentfortheextractionofteeth.（正是希臘人和羅馬人發(fā)明并改進(jìn)了牙膏，并研制出一種用于……牙的鉛儀器）可知B選項更符合語境，指拔牙的儀器。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息“GreeksandRomans”定位至文章第二段中，由Theywerealsothefirsttobindlooseteethtogetherandtosupportartificialteethbymeansofgoldwire.（他們也是第一個把松動的牙齒綁在一起，用金絲支撐人造牙齒的人）可知希臘人和羅馬人是第一個制作人造牙齒的人，因此選C。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Oneformulaforstrengtheningteethincludedgreenlead,verdigris,incense,honeyandpowderedflint-stone.（強化牙齒的配方包括綠鉛、紫草、熏香、蜂蜜和粉狀火石）可知波斯人的牙粉具有強化牙齒的作用，因此選A。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干信息“strontium”定位至文章最后一段中，由Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,theingredientstrontiumwasintroduced,tostrengthenteethandreducesensitivity,butitonlyreallyconcentratedonthegums.（在十九世紀(jì)初，，引入了鍶成分，以加強牙齒并降低敏感度，但它真正只集中在牙齦上）可知鍶有加強牙齒和降低敏感度的作用，因此選C。

2.單選題

Alcoholismanddrugaddictionhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsinthe21stCentury.Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety:forexamplethatpoorpeoplefrompoorneighborhoodsandethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeaddictedtoalcoholanddrugs.Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground.Anotherfactisthatdrugandalcoholrelatedcrimesareincreasingallovertheworld.

Therearemanyreasonswhyapersonmightfirsttrydrugs.Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.Peopletakedrugsandalcoholbecauseoftheelevatingorrelaxingeffectstheyhaveonthebodyotherwisepeoplewouldn’ttaketheminthefirstplace.

Butasthepersondevelopsahabit,thechemistryofthebrainstartstochangeandadapt,demandingmoreandmoreofthedrugasitresiststhediscomfortofwithdrawal.Thepersonbecomesanaddictandtheinitialmasonsfortakingthedrugsoonpaleinsignificanceastheneedfordrugsandoralcoholbeginstodominateeveryaspectoftheaddict’slife.Addictionsarelifelongillnessesthatareveryhardtotreat.Thedisturbingfactisthat1/3rdofpatientswhodoreceivetreatmentusuallyrelapsewithinoneyear.

Manyscientistsbelievethataddictionisrelatedtoourmostbasicinstinct,survival.Sincethebeginningoftimeourbrainhasevolvedtoensurethesurvivalofourspecies.Thebraincontrolsbehaviorbyrewardingactionsthatwillensuresurvivalofthespecies.Forexample,theintakeofnutrientssuchassugarsandfatsactivatetastereceptorsthatinturnactivatebrainrewardmechanisms.Theactivationofthesemechanismsproducescertainchangesintheindividualrangingfrombeinginamuchbettermoodtointensepleasureandeuphoria.Wearefarmorelikelytocontinuetoseekoutandeatthesenutrientsbecausethebrainrewardsusfortakingthenutrientsintothebodybyreleasingchemicalsthatmakeusfeelgood.

Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.

Butotherfarmoreharmfuldrugssuchasheroine,crackandcocainearebetteratactivatingbrainrewardsystems,producingafarmorepowerfuleffectcomparedtoafeelingofcalmnessorrelaxationaftereatingagoodnutritiousmeal.Theactivationismuchmoreintensecausingtheindividualtocravethedrugandtofocustheiractivitiesaroundtakingthedrug.Theabilityofaddictivedrugstostronglyactivatebrainrewardmechanismsandtheirabilitytochemicallyalterthenormalfunctioningofthesesystemscanproduceanaddiction.Howeversomepeoplebecomeaddictedwhileothersdonot.

Manypeopledrinkalcoholorsmokecannabisorevencocaineandotherillegaldrugsbutthisdoesnotnecessarilymakethemaddictsandnotalladdictshavethesameintensityofaddiction.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately10%ofanypopulationofanycountrywilltendtohaveanaddictivenatureandbecomeaddictsofsomekind.Itistruethatthoughthatsomeraces,notablyNativeAmericanIndiansandEskimos,dotendtohavehigherratesofaddictionthanothersforreasonsthatarenotfullyunderstood.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhobecomeaddictsmaybehighlyintelligentandbeextremelymotivatedbutareunabletocontroltheiraddiction.Addictionisbynomeansdependentonintelligence.Someofthemostskilledandintelligentpeoplemightbecomeaddictseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedetrimentalnatureofcontinuingtotakedrugsoralcohol.

Thefactisthatstillwedonotknowwhysomepeoplebecomeaddictsandothersdonotalthoughtherearemanytheoriesthatreasonthatsomepeoplesimplyhavean“addictivepersonalitytype”—beingfarmoresusceptibletotherewardmechanismthatproducesaddiction—whileothersstillbelievethatitistheaddicts’lackofwillpowertorefrainfromtakingdrugsoralcohol.Thebiggestkillerthoughisaperson’sdenialofhisorhercondition,thattheybelievethattheydonothaveaproblem,donotseekhelpbutinsteadcontinuetheabuseuntiltheyhaveeitherlosteverythingordieasthebodycannotcopeandeventuallyshutsdown.

1.Inparagraph1,thewordmisconceptionsisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismostlikelytobecomeaddictedtodrugsand/oralcohol?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,mostpeoplefirsttrydrugs,andalcoholbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whymighttherebeaprobleminthebrain’snaturalrewardsystem?

5.Inparagraph7,thewordintensityisclosestinmeaningto（）.

問題1選項

A.unprovedstatistics

B.wrongideas

C.truth

D.apprehension

問題2選項

A.Onlypeoplewhohavethefinancialmeanstobuydrugsandalcohol.

B.Usuallyonlycriminals.

C.Addictiondoesnothaveapreference.

D.Anyonewhotriesdrugsandalcoholisimmediatelyaddicted.

問題3選項

A.thereisnorealreason,itjusthappens

B.theyneedtoforgetaboutstress

C.everyonedoesit

D.peoplehavedifferentreasons

問題4選項

A.Becausecaffeineisdangerousandstimulatesourmetabolism.

B.Peoplewillbecomeinstantlyaddictedtonicotine.

C.Someharmfulsubstancescanfoolthebrainintothinkingtheyaregood.

D.Somepeoplearenaturallymoreaddictivetodrugsalcoholthanothers.

問題5選項

A.euphoria

B.level

C.result

D.desire

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.語義推測題。定位到文章第一段，Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety（關(guān)于成癮最大的誤解之一是，它只影響社會中的某些群體），wrongideas（錯誤的想法）與misconception（誤解）意思最為接近，unprovedstatistics未經(jīng)證實的統(tǒng)計，真相事實，apprehension贊賞，因此選項B正確。

2.判斷推理題。定位到文章第一段Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground（然而，事實是，上癮是無視種族，膚色和社會經(jīng)濟背景的），意思就是上癮和經(jīng)濟、犯罪等是沒有直接關(guān)系的，而Addictiondoesnothaveapreference（上癮是沒有偏好的）與原文表達(dá)意義相近，因此C選項符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。定位到文章第二段，Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.（其中一些可能包括來自朋友的同輩壓力，壓力和個性特征）表明每個人都是有不同原因的，因此選項D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。定位到文章第五段，Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.（問題在于，這些獎勵系統(tǒng)不僅獎勵攝入無害的物質(zhì)，如糖和脂肪。一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)直接激活大腦的獎勵系統(tǒng)，繞過調(diào)節(jié)自然獎勵的感覺感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大腦的獎勵機制）表明人類的大腦獎勵系統(tǒng)不能夠準(zhǔn)確地識別攝入物質(zhì)是否有害，因此選項C符合題意。

5.定位到文章第七段，…h(huán)avethesameintensityofaddiction…有相同上癮的程度，intensity意為程度，與level意義最為相近，因此選項B符合題意。

3.單選題

WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.

A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:“Europeaneconomicgovernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.

1.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat（）.

2.ThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers（）.

3.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat（）.

4.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat（）.

5.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel（）.

問題1選項

A.ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

B.evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

C.someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

D.itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

問題2選項

A.arecompetingfortheleadingposition

B.arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises

C.failtoreachanagreementonharmonization

D.disagreeonthestepstowardsharmonization

問題3選項

A.EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased

B.stricterregulationsbeimposed

C.onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination

D.votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed

問題4選項

A.poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

B.strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries

C.loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries

D.richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds

問題5選項

A.pessimistic

B.desperate

C.conceited

D.hopeful

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。定位到文章第一段“Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga‘Bermudatriangle’ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.”現(xiàn)在，即使是該計劃最偉大的鼓吹者也在談?wù)摎W洲大陸面臨著債務(wù)、人口下降和低增長的“百慕大三角”。由此可知歐盟的問題已經(jīng)使得一些支持者都開始注意了，因此選項B正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。定位到文章第三段“YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.”。然而，關(guān)于如何使歐洲單一貨幣免于解體的辯論卻陷入了僵局。它之所以陷入困境，是因為歐元區(qū)的主導(dǎo)力量法國和德國一致認(rèn)為有必要在歐元區(qū)內(nèi)部加強協(xié)調(diào)，但在協(xié)調(diào)哪些方面存在分歧。由此可知C選項未能就協(xié)調(diào)問題達(dá)成一致正確，因此選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。定位到文章第四段“Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.”德國認(rèn)為必須通過對借貸支出和競爭力的嚴(yán)格規(guī)定來拯救歐元，對不遵守規(guī)定的政府實行準(zhǔn)自動制裁。由此可知選項B實行更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。定位到文章第五段“Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.”換句話說，這意味著政客們干預(yù)貨幣政策，以及一個從較富裕成員國向較貧窮成員國進(jìn)行再分配的體系，途徑是政府通過發(fā)行共同歐元債券或完全的財政轉(zhuǎn)移，以較低成本借入資金。因此選項D正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。定位到文章最后一段“ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.”現(xiàn)在把歐盟一筆勾銷還為時過早。它仍然是世界上最大的貿(mào)易集團。最好的情況下，歐洲計劃是非常自由的：建立在一個由27個富國和窮國組成的單一市場上，其內(nèi)部邊界對商品、資本和勞動力的開放程度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過任何類似的貿(mào)易區(qū)。由此可知作者對于歐盟的態(tài)度還是積極的，因此選項D正確。

4.單選題

（）thelivestheystole,ourenemiesfailedtostopusfromachievingasingleoneofourstrategicobjectivesinIraq.

問題1選項

A.Butfor

B.Forall

C.Asfor

D.Whatfor

【答案】B

【解析】考查語義關(guān)系。A選項butfor“要不是、如果沒有”；B選項forall“盡管、雖然”；C選項asfor“至于、關(guān)于”；D選項whatfor“為什么、為何目的”，句意為：盡管敵人奪走了我們的生命，但他們沒能阻止我們實現(xiàn)在伊拉克的任何一個戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。因此選項B符合題意。

5.寫作題

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.China’sOpportunitiesandChallengeswiththeComingofGlobalization.

2.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingdamagedbyhuman,activity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

【答案】略

6.單選題

Atthissinglepointintheinterior,therehasbeeninsomefardistantage,agreatsuddenvolcanic（）.

問題1選項

A.uprising

B.uplifting

C.upheaval

D.upbringing

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。uprising“升起的”；uplifting“令人振奮的”；upheaval“劇變”；upbringing“教養(yǎng)，撫育”。本句意為“內(nèi)陸的這個地方，在遙遠(yuǎn)的年代曾發(fā)生過巨大的火山劇變”，upheaval符合題意。因此C正確。

7.單選題

Withthissensitivemachine,wecanfindthe（

）ofamilligramofaspirininanOlympic-sizeswimmingpool.

問題1選項

A.counterpart

B.equivalent

C.average

D.installation

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。A選項counterpart“對應(yīng)的事物，副本”;B選項equivalent“（價值、數(shù)量、意義、重要性等）相等的”；C選項average“平均數(shù)，平均水平”；D選項installation“安裝，就職”。題目強調(diào)的是與游泳池中的一毫克的阿司匹林相等重量的物質(zhì)，所以B選項。

8.單選題

Obviously,theemployer’sreplyborelittle（）toemployees’requirements.

問題1選項

A.relationship

B.concern

C.interest

D.relevance

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。relationship“關(guān)系”；concern“關(guān)心”；interest“興趣”；relevance“要求”。本句意為“很明顯的，雇主的答復(fù)與雇員的要求無關(guān)”。因此D選項正確。

9.單選題

Eatingdisordershavebeenmostcommonlyassociatedwithwomenandthereforemoststudiesonanorexianervosahavebeenconcentratedwithinthefemalepopulation.Suchgenderbiashowevermakesitlesslikelythatadoctorwilldiagnoseamaleashavinganeatingdisorderoranorexianervosaeventhoughthesymptomsmightbeidentical.

Menarefarlesslikelytodiscussaneatingdisorderwithothermenorwithwomen.Theirdoctorsaremorelikelytodiagnosethemashavingaboutofdepressionduetostressorsomekindofupsetratherthansufferingfromaneatingdisorderbecausesuchdisordershavebeenlargelylabeledfemalediseases.Thisismostlyduetoculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.

Discussionsaboutbeauty,newdietsandbodyweightareseenasthefemalearenaofdiscussionthatmalesseldomenter.Also,traditionallymen’sbeautyisdisplayedinbodymass,buildingmuscle,andbodybuildingandthereforetodiscussissuessurroundingweightlossisnotseenasparticularlymasculinebecausemen“Don’thavepsychologicalproblems”and“Don’ttalkabouttheirfeelings”eventhoughmendosufferfromanorexia.

ThediseaseisfarmorecommonintheWesternworldthananywhereelseandthereismuchcauseforconcernasrecentresearchsuggeststhatthediseaseisontheincrease.Thediseasemostlymanifestsitselfduringadolescencewhenthesignsofobviousweightlossbecomeapparent.Peoplewhosufferfromthediseasehaveagenuineandconstantterrifyingfearofgainingweight,evenwhentheirweightismuchlessthanpeopleoftheirsameheightandstature.

Doctorshavebeenabletocharacterizethediseasebecausethesufferer’sbodyweightisabout15%belowaveragefortheirheight.Suffersalsotendtoavoidfattyfoods,uselaxatives,diureticsorengageinexcessiveexercise.Becausepeopleliveinaworldobsessedwithimageandafashionandcosmeticsindustrythatforcesanimageoftheidealbody,itcansometimesbedifficulttodistinguishbetweenanorexicsandthosewhohaveahigherinterestintheirphysicalappearancethanmostpeople.Anorexicscanbedistinguishedfromnon-anorexicsbecauseweightlossiscompletelyself-inducedvomitinguntileventuallythesituationfastgetsoutofcontrol.

Sufferersarealsocompletelypreoccupiedwiththeirbodiesandactuallybelievethemselvestobefatwheninrealitytheyaremalnourishedandstarklythinnerthantheirpeers.Theyalsobegintoloseinterestinactivitiestheirpeersareinvolvedinsuchassocializingandveryoftenbecomewithdrawn.Thesearecommonsymptomsinmanyadolescentsbutcoupledwiththeobviousanddrasticweightlossandlackofconcentrationitiseasiertodiagnoseanadolescentwiththebeginningstagesofanorexia.

Theactualcauseofthediseaseisunknownbutscientistsbelievethatbiologicalandsocialfactorsplayaroleandsometimesthediseasecanbetriggeredbytraumaticeventssuchasadeathinthefamily,stressortheonsetofpuberty.

Whileitistruethatmostsufferersofthediseasearefemale,some10%aremale.Studiesshowthattherearedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleanorexics.Femalesuffererstendtoviewthemselvesasfatter,moreoverweightthanmaleswiththesamecondition.Malestendtoengageinlessself-inducedvomiting,takefewerlaxativesanddiuretics,aremoremotivationbuthavemorephysicalcomplaints.Ithasalsobeensuggestedthatthereisalinkbetweenhomosexualityandmalesafflictedbythedisease.Theactualfigureisunknownanditisimportanttounderstandthatsuchalinkdoesnotindicatethatallmalesufferersofanorexianervosaoreatingdisorderarehomosexual.Alsotheretendstobeahigherrateinsuicideattemptsinmalesufferers.Thebiggestproblem,however,isdiagnosingmaleanorexiaoreatingdisorderbecauseofthecommonbeliefthatsuchdiseasesareessentiallyfemalealthoughthemedicalprofessionismoreawareofmaleanorexiathaneverbefore.

Suffererscangomanyyearswithouttreatmentbuteventuallysuffererslosemorebodyweight,asmuchas25%-30%,whichleadstochronicillnessandevendeath.Themortalityrateisashighas5%.Othersareluckybecausesometimestheonsetofthediseasecantemporarilycompleterecovery.

Thereistreatmentforsufferersofthisterribledisease.Insomecasessufferersaretreatedbymedication,usuallywhenthediseaseisaccompaniedbyseveredepression.Usuallythough,sufferersarereferredtoapsychologistoratherapistandareencouragedtojoinself-helpgroupsandarecounseledbypeoplewhohavefirst-handexperienceofthediseasethemselves.

1.Whymightadoctorwronglydiagnoseaneatingdisorderinmalesasstressrelated?

2.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthorinferthatmalebeautyisdifferentfromfemalebeauty?

3.Inparagraph5,whydoestheauthorsaythatit’ssometimesdifficulttodistinguishnon-anorexicsfromgenuinesufferers?

4.Inparagraph5,whichofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelyreflectstheauthor’sopinionaboutthefashionandcosmeticsindustry?

5.Inparagraph6,whydoestheauthorstatethatinrealitysufferersaremalnourishedandstarklythinnerthantheirpeers?

問題1選項

A.Mensufferfromstressmuchmorethanwomen.

B.Womenaremuchmorelikelytobeconcernedabouttheirappearance.

C.Thestatisticsarefarhigherinwomen.

D.Somediseasesarethoughttoaffectwomenmorethanmen.

問題2選項

A.Womenthinkmake-upisnecessarytomakethemlookbeautiful.

B.It’snotconsideredverymanlytodiscussfashionandone’sappearance.

C.Menthinkwomenfindmusclesattractive.

D.Malebeautyfocusesonthephysicalaspectsofthebody.

問題3選項

A.Oursocietieshavebecomepreoccupiedwithappearance.

B.Mostpeoplethesedaysavoideatingfattyfoods.

C.Exercisehasbecomearecognizedhealthhazard.

D.Mostyoungwanttohavetheidealbodyweight.

問題4選項

A.Itisresponsibleforalotofsufferingamongyoungadults.

B.Itistherootofalleatingdisordersbecausepeoplewanttobethin.

C.Itprojectsanunattainableimageofperfection.

D.Ithasproducedasocietythatjudgespeoplebyappearance.

問題5選項

A.Toexplainthatthediseaseiscausedbytheweightlossproblem.

B.Toarguethatpeerpressurecancausestresstosomepeople.

C.Topointoutthatobsessionwiththeirbodiesresultedintheproblems.

D.Topersuadethatsufferershaveseriouspsychologicalproblems.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.語義推測題。定位到文章第一段，Eatingdisordershavebeenmostcommonlyassociatedwithwomenandthereforemoststudiesonanorexianervosahavebeenconcentratedwithinthefemalepopulation.（飲食失調(diào)通常與女性有關(guān)，因此大多數(shù)關(guān)于神經(jīng)性厭食癥的研究都集中在女性人群中）表明這項調(diào)查對女性的研究統(tǒng)計更多，因此選項C符合題意。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到文章三段，Also,traditionallymen’sbeautyisdisplayedinbodymass,buildingmuscle，andbodybuilding…（此外，傳統(tǒng)上，男性的美體現(xiàn)在體重、肌肉和健美上……）這句話表明男性更多關(guān)注身體在物理方面的養(yǎng)成，因此選項D符合題意。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。定位到文章第五段，Becausepeopleliveinaworldobsessedwithimageandafashionandcosmeticsindustrythatforcesanimageoftheidealbody…（因為人們生活在一個被形象所困擾的世界，時尚和化妝品行業(yè)迫使人們樹立理想身材的形象）表明醫(yī)生難以區(qū)分厭食癥患者和那些比大多數(shù)人更關(guān)注自己外表的人是由于大多數(shù)人都想有理想身材，因此選項D符合題意。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。定位到文章第五段，…fashionandcosmeticsindustrythatforcesanimageoftheidealbody（……時尚和化妝品行業(yè)迫使人們樹立理想身材的形象）表明作者認(rèn)為時尚和化妝品行業(yè)是促使人們保持身材的源頭，因此選項B符合題意。

5.作者意圖題。定位到文章第六段，Sufferersarealsocompletelypreoccupiedwiththeirbodiesandactuallybelievethemselvestobefatwheninrealitytheyaremalnourishedandstarklythinnerthantheirpeers.Theyalsobegintoloseinterestinactivitiestheirpeers…（患者還完全專注于自己的身體，實際上認(rèn)為自己很胖，而實際上他們營養(yǎng)不良，比同齡人瘦得多。他們也開始對同齡人參與的活動失去興趣，比如社交活動，而且常常變得孤僻……）表明作者在強調(diào)患者已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)一系列心理問題，而患者卻不自知，選項D符合作者想要強調(diào)的內(nèi)容，因此選項D符合題意。

10.單選題

Thestormsweepingoverthisarenowissuretocause（）ofvegetablesinthecomingdays.

問題1選項

A.scarcity

B.rarity

C.variety

D.invalidity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項scarcity“短缺、稀缺”；B選項rarity“罕見、珍品”；C選項variety“多樣、種類”；D選項invalidity“無效、無價值”，句意為：在未來幾天席卷這里的風(fēng)暴肯定會造成蔬菜短缺。scarcity“短缺、稀缺”符合題意，因此選項A正確。

11.單選題

Healwaysincludedsomethingabovetheunderstandingofhishearersinordertopreventthemfrombecoming（

）andtostimulatetheirdesiretolearnmore.

問題1選項

A.pessimistic

B.complacent

C.perplexed

D.complicated

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。pessimistic“悲觀的”；complacent“自滿的；得意的”；perplexed“困惑的”；complicated“難懂的”。句意：他總是在聽眾理解力之外加上一些東西，來防止他們變得自滿，并且激發(fā)他們學(xué)習(xí)更多東西。選項B符合題意。

12.單選題

Anetworkofminiaturetoxindetectorshasbeen（

）in30Americancitiesforthesakeofbio-security.

問題1選項

A.deployed

B.committed

C.indulged

D.immersed

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。A選項deploy“部署，有效利用”；B選項commit“犯罪，保證”;C選項indulge“沉溺”；D選項immerse“沉浸，陷入”；根據(jù)主語‘Anetworko