2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-南京師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)94

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-南京師范大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

JosephWeizenbaum,professorofcomputerscienceatMIT,thinksthatthesenseofpoweroverthemachineultimatelycorruptsthecomputerhackerandmakeshimintoanotverydesirablesortofprogrammer.34.Thehackersaresoinvolvedwithdesigningtheirprogram,makingitmoreandmorecomplexandbendingittotheirwill,thattheydon’tbothertryingtomakeitunderstandabletootherusers.Theyrarelykeeprecordsoftheirprogramsforthebenefitofothers,andtheyrarelytaketimetounderstandwhyaproblemoccurred.

Computerscienceteacherssaytheycanusuallypickouttheprospectivehackersintheircoursesbecausethesestudentsmaketheirhomeworkassignmentsmorecomplexthantheyneedtobe.Ratherthanusingthesimplestandmostdirectmethod,theytakejoyinaddingextrastepsjusttoprovetheiringenuity.

Butperhapsthosehackersknowsomethingthatwedon'tknowabouttheshapeofthingstocome."ThathackerwhohadtobeliterallydraggedoffhischairatMITisnowamultimillionaireofthecomputerindustry,"saysMITprofessorMichaelDertouzos.“AndtwoformerhackersbecamethefoundersofthehighlysuccessfulApplehomecomputercompany.”

Whenseeninthislight,thehackerphenomenonmaynotbesostrangeafterall.If,asmanypsychiatristssay,playisreallythebasisforallhumanactivity,thenthehackergamesarereallythepreparationforfuturedevelopments.SherryTurkle,aprofessorofsociologyatMIT,hasforyearsbeenstudyingthewaycomputersfitintopeople’slives.Shepointsoutthatthecomputer,becauseitseemstoustobeso“intelligent”，so“capable”，so“human”，affectsthewaywethinkaboutourselvesandourideasaboutwhatweare.Shesaysthatcomputersandcomputertoysalreadyplayanimportantroleinchildren’seffortstodevelopanidentitybyallowingthemtotestideasaboutwhatisaliveandwhatisnot.

“Theyoungsterscanformasmanysubtlenuances（細(xì)微差距）andtexturedrelationshipswiththecomputersastheycanwithpeople.”Turklepointsout.

1.Thepassagetellsabout（）.

2.AccordingtoProf.Weizenbaum,whatledtothehackers’strangebehavioris（）.

3.InProf.Dertouzos’opinion,weknowthat（）.

4.Thephrase“todevelopanidentity”（Para.4）means（）.

5.Thepassagetriestoconveytoitsreaderstheideathat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thestrangebehaviorofthecomputerhackers

B.theultimateimportanceofbringinglipcomputerhackers

C.differentopinionsconcerningthehackerphenomenon

D.theemergenceofcomputerhackers

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theirstrongdesiretocontrolthecomputer

B.theirignoranceoftheresponsibilityofaprogrammer

C.theirincompetenceinmakingnewcomputerprograms

D.theirdeliberateattemptstomaketheirprogramscomplexandimpracticable

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.computerindustrywillcertainlymakemultimillionairesofthehackers

B.thehackersarelikelytobeverysuccessfulbusinessmen

C.thehackersprobablyhavebetterinsightintothefuturethanotherpeople

D.onlyafewhackerswillbesuccessfulintheirlaterlife

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tobecomedistinguished

B.toseekananswer

C.tobuildupacreativeability

D.toformahabit

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.perhapsthehackerphenomenonisnotbadatall

B.thoughthehackersareinfactplayingwiththecomputer,theremaybesomebenefits

C.thecomputerhackersarethehopeofthecomputerindustryoftomorrow

D.thecomputerhackerscouldbeusefulifunderproperguidance

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。全文主要講述了不同人士（Joseph，電腦老師等）對(duì)黑客的看法，故C項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。由“Whenseeninthislight,thehackerphenomenonmaynotbesostrangeafterall.從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，黑客現(xiàn)象也許并沒(méi)有那么奇怪?？芍擃}答案在第三段可以找到。由第三段Butperhapsthosehackersknowsomethingthatwedon'tknowabouttheshapeofthingstocome."ThathackerwhohadtobeliterallydraggedoffhischairatMITisnowamultimillionaireofthecomputerindustry,"saysMITprofessorMichaelDertouzos.“AndtwoformerhackersbecamethefoundersofthehighlysuccessfulApplehomecomputercompany.但也許這些黑客知道一些我們不知道的事情。麻省理工學(xué)院教授邁克爾?德圖佐斯表示:“在麻省理工學(xué)院，那個(gè)曾經(jīng)不得不被人從椅子上拽下來(lái)的黑客，如今已成為計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)的千萬(wàn)富翁?！眱晌磺昂诳统蔀榱朔浅３晒Φ奶O(píng)果家用電腦公司的創(chuàng)始人?！笨芍@些黑客都成為了計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)的頂級(jí)成功人士，他們都是想控制電腦。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第三段“Butperhapsthosehackersknowsomethingthatwedon'tknowabouttheshapeofthingstocome.但也許這些黑客知道一些我們不知道的事情?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)“這些黑客可能對(duì)于未來(lái)比其他人有更好的洞察力”正確。

4.詞義題。由第四段“Shesaysthatcomputersandcomputertoysalreadyplayanimportantroleinchildren’seffortstodevelopanidentitybyallowingthemtotestideasaboutwhatisaliveandwhatisnot.她說(shuō)，電腦和電腦玩具已經(jīng)在孩子們努力發(fā)展特性的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢宰尯⒆觽儨y(cè)試關(guān)于什么是有生命的想法。故todevelopanidentity是指孩子通過(guò)尋找答案來(lái)發(fā)展自己的特性。故B項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。作者在本文提到了黑客有著與普通人不一樣的洞察力，他們會(huì)把程序編得很復(fù)雜，目的只是為了控制電腦。并且文中提到了不少黑客已經(jīng)成為計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)的頂級(jí)成功人士。所以本文提到的黑客與大家眼中的黑客形象有出入，文中描繪的黑客形象并沒(méi)有那么惡劣。故A項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Ididn’tmakeoutwhattheprofessormeansbecausehishandwritingisso（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.eligible

B.illegible

C.Knowledgeable

D.vague

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。eligible合格的，合適的；illegible難辨認(rèn)的，字跡模糊的；knowledgeable知識(shí)淵博的；vague模糊的，含糊的。由空格前的handwriting可知能修飾字跡的只有B項(xiàng)，故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Theformerpresidentistoverifyatahumanrightscourtheatingcasesofatrocities.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.testify

B.provide

C.conform

D.supply

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。testify證明，證實(shí)；provide提供；conform使遵守，使一致；supply提供。句意：這位前總統(tǒng)將在人權(quán)法庭對(duì)暴行案件進(jìn)行核實(shí)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

His（）inEnglish,FrenchandItalianmadehimaprominentinterpreterinthecountry.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Proficiency

B.diversion

C.immersion

D.involvement

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。proficiency精通，熟練；diversion轉(zhuǎn)移，消遣；immersion沉浸，浸入；involvement參與，牽連。由后半句的prominentinterpreter著名的翻譯家可知他對(duì)這三種語(yǔ)言很熟練。故A項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Whenhefinallyemergedfromthecaveafterthirtydays,Johnwas（）pale.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enormously

B.startlingly

C.uniquely

D.dramatically

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。enormously非常地，極其，在極大程度上地；startlingly驚人地，使人驚奇地；uniquely獨(dú)特地，珍奇地；dramatically顯著地，劇烈的。前半句提到“他30天后才從洞穴里爬出來(lái)”可知出來(lái)的時(shí)候，他臉色看上去白得讓人吃驚。故B項(xiàng)最符合題意。

6.單選題

Mr.DelRiowasaskedtocondensehisreportinordertoallowhisaudiencesometimetoaskquestions.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.abbreviate

B.expand

C.continue

D.delay

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。由后半句“為了使他的聽(tīng)眾能有時(shí)間提問(wèn)”可推測(cè)condensehisreport意為濃縮或簡(jiǎn)化他的報(bào)告。abbreviate使縮短，使簡(jiǎn)化；expand擴(kuò)大；continue繼續(xù)；delay延遲。故A項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Withoutapropereducation,peoplecould（）allkindsofcrimes.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conduct

B.stoop

C.commit

D.sweat

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。conduct“組織，實(shí)施”；stoop“辱沒(méi)，墮落”；commit“犯罪”；sweat“出汗”。commitcrimes犯罪，故C項(xiàng)正確。句意：如果沒(méi)有接受合適的教育，人們可能會(huì)進(jìn)行各種犯罪活動(dòng)。

8.單選題

Healwayshasalotof（）ideasinhismind,andsometimeswedonotevenknowwhatheisthinkingabout.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.novel

B.minute

C.explicit

D.solemn

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。novel“新奇的，異常的”；minute“微小的，詳細(xì)的”；explicit“明確的，清楚的”；solemn“莊嚴(yán)的，嚴(yán)肅的”。句意：他總是有許多（）的想法，有時(shí)候我們甚至不知道他在想什么。由后半句“我們有時(shí)候不知道他在想什么”可推知他的想法是很新奇的，故A項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.翻譯題

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultowoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.

Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

【答案】雖然魅力對(duì)于男性晉升是一個(gè)積極因素，但對(duì)女性卻是不利因素。人們認(rèn)為英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且認(rèn)為他們付出的努力和自身的能力使得他們成功。有魅力的女性高管卻被認(rèn)為沒(méi)有無(wú)吸引力的高管正直，她們?nèi)〉贸晒Σ皇菤w因于能力，而是運(yùn)氣等因素。

所有無(wú)魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，盡管如此，與有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越來(lái)越多的無(wú)吸引力的女高管更多地因人際關(guān)系，較少因能力而獲得成功。

10.寫(xiě)作題

Directions:Forthissection,youareaskedtoreadthefollowingshortpassagefirstandthentowriteacompositionentitled''WhichoneDoYouThinkIsMoreImportant,PleasureorLongevity?"Youshouldnotcopyanyofthesentencesinthefollowingpassage.Youshouldwritenolessthan150words.RemembertowriteclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.（15%）（Justforyourreference）

Peoplearealmostphobic（恐懼癥）abouthavingfun.increasinglyviewingthemselvesasfragile,vulnerable,readytodevelopcancerorheartdiseaseattheslightestprovocation（刺激）.Inthenameofhealth,peoplegiveupmanyoftheirlifeenjoyments.Wehavenoquarrelwiththeevidencethatsomepleasures,likecigarettesmoking,highalcoholconsumption,addictivedrugs,drivingmuchtoofast,areunhealthyandshouldbeknockedoff.Butworryingtoomuchaboutanythingincludingcalories,salt,cancer,andcholesterol（膽固醇）---canrobyourlifeofvitality.Livingoptimistically,withpleasure,zest,andcommitmentenrichesifnotlengthenslife.

Doyouagreetotheabovepointofview?Whichonedoyouthinkismoreimportant,pleasureorlongevity（長(zhǎng)壽）?GiveyourowncommentsandwritethemdownontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】略

11.填空題

Sheisaprettygirlandloves（）（fashion）clothesandshoes.

【答案】fashionable

【解析】放在名詞前，故用形容詞形式。

12.翻譯題

我為什么寫(xiě)作？我為了我們的國(guó)家、社會(huì)、生活更加美好而寫(xiě)作。熱愛(ài)生活，我嘆息一切美好的瞬間的短促。只有文學(xué)才能使美好的瞬間與永恒連接起來(lái)。至少我有理由希望，在寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候我能夠比我自己還要好一點(diǎn)，聰明一點(diǎn)，豐富一點(diǎn)，有時(shí)候更執(zhí)著一點(diǎn)，也有時(shí)候更豁達(dá)一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲沂翘椒擦?，我是有太多的缺點(diǎn)以至于缺陷。我不滿意自己，我已經(jīng)沒(méi)有辦法再重新投胎一次，我只能在寫(xiě)作里得到一些校正與補(bǔ)償。我喜歡寫(xiě)作還因?yàn)檫@并不總是快樂(lè)的。誰(shuí)能回避那些沉重的不愉快的甚至于可怕的事情呢？然而當(dāng)這一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)都變成文學(xué)的契機(jī)的時(shí)候，人生就比較能夠忍受了。

【答案】WhydoIwrite?Iwriteforthebettermentofourcountry,societyandlife.Ilovelife,Isighthebrevityofallthebeautifulmoments.Onlyliteraturecanconnectthebeautifulmomentwiththeeternal.AtleastIhavereasontohopethatwhenIwrite,Icanbealittlebetterthanmyself,alittlesmarter,alittlericher,sometimesalittlemorepersistent,andsometimesalittlemoreopen-minded,becauseIamtooordinary,Ihavetoomanyshortcomingsandevendefects.Iamnotsatisfiedwithmyself,Ihavenowaytobebornagain,Icanonlygetsomecorrectionandcompensationfromwriting.Ialsolikewritingbecauseit'snotalwaysfun.Whocanavoidthoseheavyunpleasantandeventerriblethings?However,whenalltheseexperiencesbecometheopportunityofliterature,lifeismoretolerable.

13.翻譯題

Text1

Thetheoryofevolutionoffersanexplanationofhowthegreatvarietyofpresent-dayanimalsandplantscameintoexistence.ItsupposesthatlifeonEarthbeganinrelativelysimpleformswhichoverhundredsofmillionsofyearsgaverise,byaseriesofsmallchanges,toasuccessionoflivingorganismswhichbecamemorevariedandmorecomplex.Takentoitslogicalconclusion,theevolutionarytheorymustsupposethatlifeitselfevolvedfromnon-livingmatter.

Text2

TheOlympicGamesareaseriesofinternationalamateursportscompetitionsthatoriginatedinAncientGreece.Thegamesbeganin776BCbutwerediscontinuedattheendofthe4thcenturyA.D.TherevivalofthegamestookplaceinAthenswherethefirstmoderngameswereheldin1896.Sincethentheyhavebeenheldinfouryearintervalsindifferentcitiesaroundtheworld.Severalchangeshavetakenplacesincethemoderngameswereinaugurated（開(kāi)創(chuàng)）；in1912womenwereadmitted,in1924aseparatesetofwintergameswereestablishedandin1988professionalathleteswereallowedtocompeteinsomesports.Sincetheestablishmentofthemoderngamesjustoveracenturyago,thenumberofsports,athletesandcountrieshassteadilyincreased.

【答案】Text1

進(jìn)化論解釋了現(xiàn)代動(dòng)植物的多樣性是如何產(chǎn)生的。它假定地球上的生命以相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的形式開(kāi)始，經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)億年的時(shí)間，通過(guò)一系列微小的變化發(fā)展為一連串復(fù)雜多樣的生命有機(jī)體。根據(jù)進(jìn)化論的邏輯結(jié)論，它必須假定生命本身是從無(wú)生命的物質(zhì)進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。

Text2

奧運(yùn)會(huì)起源于古希臘，是集國(guó)際業(yè)余體育競(jìng)技活動(dòng)于一身的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。奧運(yùn)會(huì)開(kāi)始于公元前776年，但在公元4世紀(jì)末中止。奧運(yùn)會(huì)的復(fù)興在雅典舉行，并于1896年在這里舉行了第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)。從此奧運(yùn)會(huì)以四年一次輪流在世界各城市舉行。自開(kāi)辦現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)以來(lái)，奧運(yùn)會(huì)發(fā)生了許多變化；1912年允許女子參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)；1924年建立了一屆獨(dú)立的冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)；1988年允許專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加一些運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。自現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)成立一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目、運(yùn)動(dòng)員及參與國(guó)家數(shù)目穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。

14.寫(xiě)作題

Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowifeacompositionentitledHowtoS(“\'etheProblemofPollution.Youshouldwriteatleast200words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.WriteyourcompositiononAnswerSheet2.

1.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，各種原因造成的污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重

2.這些污染對(duì)我們生活的影響

3.我們應(yīng)該如何減少污染

【答案】略

15.單選題

Americansmayhaveto（）thenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublictransportationsystems.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.breakdown

B.outdown

C.getdown

D.dropdown

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。breakdown“發(fā)生故障，毀掉”；getdown“吞下，使沮喪”；dropdown“落下，順著往下移動(dòng)”。句意：美國(guó)人可能不得不降低私家車的數(shù)量。轉(zhuǎn)而依賴公共交通系統(tǒng)。只有D項(xiàng)符合，強(qiáng)調(diào)私家車數(shù)量的下降。

16.單選題

Inthe1950s,thepioneersofartificialintelligence（AI）predictedthat,bytheendofthiscentury,computerswouldbeconversingwithusatworkandrobotswouldbeperformingourhousework.Butasusefulascomputersare,they’renowhereclosetoachievinganythingremotelyresemblingtheseearlyaspirationsforhumanlikebehavior.35.Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversationsthemostpowerfulcomputersstruguletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobjectthemostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.

AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwheretheheldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI,ontheotherhand,takesacloserlookatthemoreroundaboutwayinwhichnaturecameupwithintelligence.Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.

Imitatingthebrain'sneural,networkisahugestepintherightdirection,sayscomputerscientistandbiophysicistMichaelConrad,butitstillmissesanimportantaspectofnaturalintelligence.“Peopletendtotreatthebrainasifitweremadeupofcolor-codedtransistors”,heexplains,“butit’snotsimplyaclevernetworkofswitches.Therearelotsofimportantthingsgoingoninsidethebraincellsthemselves.”Specifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.

Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.

1.Theauthorsaysthatthepowerfulcomputersoftoday（）.

2.Thenewtrendinartificialintelligenceresearchstemsfrom（）.

3.ConradandhisgroupofAIresearchershavebeenmakingenormouseffortsto（）.

4.What'stheauthor’sopinionaboutthenewAImovement?

5.Whichofthefollowingisclosetinmeaningtotheunderlinedphrase“theonlygameintown”（para.4）?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arecapableofreliablyrecognizingtheShapeofanobject

B.areclosetoexhibitinghumanlikebehavior

C.arenotverydifferentintheirperformancefromthoseofthe50’s

D.stillcannotcommunicatewithpeopleinahumanlanguage

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theshiftofthefocusofstudyontotherecognitionoftheshapesofobjects

B.thebeliefthathumanintelligencecannotbeduplicatedwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.

C.theaspirationsofscientiststoduplicatetheintelligenceofaten-month-oldchild.

D.theeffortsmadebyscientistinthestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweentransistorsandbraincells

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.findaroundaboutwaytodesignpowerfulcomputers

B.buildacomputerusingaclevernetworkofswitches

C.findouthowintelligencedevelopedinnature

D.separatethehighestandmostabstractlevelsofthought

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Ithascreatedasensationamongartificialintelligenceresearchersbutwillsoondieout.

B.It’sabreakthroughinduplicatinghumanthoughtprocesses.

C.It’smorelikeapeculiargameratherthanarealscientificeffort.

D.Itmayprovetobeintherightdirectionthoughnobodyissureofitsfutureprospects.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theonlyapproachtobuildinganartificiallyintelligentcomputer.

B.Theonlywayforthemtowinaprizeinartificialintelligenceresearch.

C.Theonlyareaworthstudyingincomputerscience.

D.Theonlygametheywouldliketoplayintown.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由第一段Nevermindsomethingascomplexasconversations,themostpowerfulcomputersstruguletoreliablyrecognizetheshapeofanobjectthemostelementaryoftasksforaten-month-oldkid.更不用說(shuō)像會(huì)話這樣復(fù)雜的事情，最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)現(xiàn)在正竭力地識(shí)別物體的形狀，這對(duì)于10個(gè)月大的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是最基本的任務(wù)?？芍狣項(xiàng)“最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)仍然不能用人類的語(yǔ)言與人類交流?！闭_。A項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別物體的形狀”與原文不符，原文提到計(jì)算機(jī)正竭力地去做這件事。B項(xiàng)文中未提及，C項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在的計(jì)算機(jī)與50年代的計(jì)算機(jī)表現(xiàn)不一樣”，文中提到50年代人們預(yù)測(cè)到20世紀(jì)末計(jì)算機(jī)能做家務(wù)，能與人交流，但如今計(jì)算機(jī)仍然離與人類交流還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走。故C項(xiàng)不正確。

2.推理判斷題。由第二段“AgrowinggroupofAIresearchersthinktheyknowwheretheheldwentwrong.Theproblem,thescientistssay,isthatAIhasbeentryingtoseparatethehighest,mostabstractlevelsofthought,likelanguageandmathematics,andtoduplicatethemwithlogical,step-by-stepprograms.AnewmovementinAI…Manyoftheseresearchersstudyevolutionandnaturaladaptationinsteadofformallogicandconventionalcomputerprograms.”越來(lái)越多的人工智能研究人員認(rèn)為，他們知道錯(cuò)誤在哪里?？茖W(xué)家們說(shuō)，問(wèn)題在于，人工智能一直在試圖分離最高、最抽象的思維層次，比如語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)，然后用邏輯的、循序漸進(jìn)的程序來(lái)復(fù)制它們。另一方面，人工智能領(lǐng)域的新動(dòng)向則更近距離地審視了自然產(chǎn)生智能的更為迂回的方式。這些研究人員中的許多人研究進(jìn)化和自然適應(yīng)，而不是形式邏輯和傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。可知人工智能的新動(dòng)向源于發(fā)現(xiàn)了以前的錯(cuò)誤，即人工智能不能用邏輯程序來(lái)復(fù)制抽象的思維。于是人工智能有了新動(dòng)向…。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由第二段“Ratherthandigitalcomputersandtransistors,somewanttoworkwithbraincellsandproteins.Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.有些人想研究腦細(xì)胞和蛋白質(zhì)，而不是數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)和晶體管。這些早期努力的結(jié)果是有希望的，因?yàn)樗麄兪仟?dú)特的，和新的自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)是緩慢的，但肯定會(huì)走向該領(lǐng)域的前沿?！币约暗谌巍癝pecifically,Conradbelievesthatmanyofthebrain’scapabilitiesstemfromthepattern-recognitionproficiencyoftheindividualmoleculesthatmakeupeachbraincell.Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.具體地說(shuō)，康拉德認(rèn)為，大腦的許多能力源于組成每個(gè)腦細(xì)胞的單個(gè)分子的模式識(shí)別能力。他聲稱，制造人工智能設(shè)備的最佳方法，是圍繞同樣的分子技術(shù)來(lái)制造?？芍道录捌銩I研究團(tuán)隊(duì)將把大腦的分子技術(shù)運(yùn)用于人工智能設(shè)備上，發(fā)起了以自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)。故C項(xiàng)“該團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)了解智力是如何在自然界中發(fā)展的作出了巨大努力?！闭_。

4.推理判斷題。由第二段“Theresultsoftheseearlyeffortsareaspromisingastheyarepeculiar,andthenewnature-basedAImovementisslowlybutsurelymovingtotheforefrontofthefield.這些早期努力的結(jié)果是有希望的，因?yàn)樗麄兪仟?dú)特的，雖然新的以自然為基礎(chǔ)的人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)是緩慢的，但肯定會(huì)走向該領(lǐng)域的前沿?？芍髡哒J(rèn)為人工智能運(yùn)動(dòng)將走向該領(lǐng)域前沿，也就意味著人工智研究的方向是正確的。故D項(xiàng)“盡管沒(méi)有人能確定它的未來(lái)前景，但它被證明是在正確的方向上?！闭_。

5.由倒數(shù)第二段Thebestwaytobuildandartificiallyintelligentdevice,heclaims,wouldbetobuilditaroundthesamesortofmolecularskills.他聲稱，制造人工智能設(shè)備的最佳方法，是圍繞同樣的分子技術(shù)來(lái)制造。和最后一段“Rightnow,thenotionthatconventionalcomputersandsoftwarearefundamentallyincapableofmatchingtheprocessesthattakeplaceinthebrainremainscontroversial.Butifitprovestrue,thentheeffortsofConradandhisfellowAIrebelscouldturnouttobetheonlygameintown.目前，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件根本無(wú)法匹配大腦中發(fā)生的過(guò)程仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。但如果這是真的，那么康拉德和他的同伴們的努力可能是唯一的游戲。聯(lián)系上下文可知，如果傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)和軟件根本無(wú)法匹配大腦過(guò)程這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的，那么康拉德和其團(tuán)隊(duì)的觀點(diǎn)，即將大腦同樣的分子技術(shù)運(yùn)用于人工智能設(shè)備的制造上是唯一可行的制造新的人工智能計(jì)算機(jī)的方法。故A項(xiàng)“這是制造人工智能計(jì)算機(jī)的唯一方法”正確。

17.單選題

Thepresident’scompassionfortheneighboringrefugeescausedhimtoadmitaverylargenumberofthemintohiscountry.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.friendship

B.pity

C.respect

D.hostility

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。由后半句的結(jié)果“許多鄰國(guó)難民都來(lái)到這個(gè)國(guó)家”可推知前面的原因應(yīng)該是總統(tǒng)對(duì)鄰國(guó)難民的同情。compassion同情，憐憫；friendship友誼；pity憐憫，同情；respect尊重；hostility敵意。故B項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Assoonasshecoulddosowithoutanappearanceofbeingrude,shepretendedto（）rose,andlefthimtherealone.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.faint

B.urge

C.yawn

D.sink

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。faint“昏倒，變得昏迷”；urge“催促，推進(jìn)”；yawn“打哈欠”；sink“下沉”。句意：只要她可以這么做而又不顯得無(wú)禮時(shí)，她假裝打了個(gè)哈欠，然后起身，留下他獨(dú)自呆在那里。只有C項(xiàng)符合句意。

19.單選題

Everyminuteofeveryday,whatecologistJamesCarltoncallsaglobal“conveyorBelt”redistributesoceanorganism.It’saplanetwidebiologicaldisruptionthatscientistshavebarelybeguntounderstand.

Dr.Canton—anoceanographer（海洋研究者）atWilliamstown.Mass.-explainsthat,atanygivenmoment,“thereareseveralthousand[marine]species[traveling]…intheballastwater（船舶壓載水）ofships.”Thesecreaturesmovefromcoastalwaterswheretheyfitintothelocalweboflifetoplaceswheresomeofthemcouldtearthatwebapart.Thisisthelargerdimensionoftheinfamousinvasionoffish-destroying,pipe-cloggingzebramussels（斑馬貝）.

Suchvoraciousinvadersatleastmaketheirpresenceknown.WhatconcernsCantonandhisfellowmarineecologistsisthelackofknowledgeaboutthehundredsofalieninvadersthatquietlyentercoastalwatersaroundtheworldeveryday.Manyofthemprobablyjustdieout.Somebenignly―orevenbeneficially—jointhelocalscene.Butsomewillmaketrouble.

Inonesense,thisisanoldstory.Organismshaveriddenshipsforcenturies.Theyhaveclungtohullsandcomealongwithcargo.What’snewisthescaleandspeedofthemigrationsmadepossiblebythemassivevolumeofship-ballastwater—takenintoprovideshipstability—continuouslymovingaroundtheworld....

Shipsloadupwithballastwateranditsinhabitantsincoastalwatersofoneportanddumptheballastinanotherportthatmaybethousandsofkilometersaway.Asingleloadcanruntohundredsofthousandsofgallon.Somelargershipstakeonasmuchas40milliongallons.Thecreaturesthatcomealongtendtobeintheirlarva（幼體）freefloatingstage.Whendischargedinalienwaterstheycanmatureintocrabs,jellyfish,slugs,andmanyotherforms.

Sincetheprobleminvolvescoastalspecies,simplybanningballastdumpsincoastalwaterswould,intheory,solveit.Coastalorganismsinballastwaterthatisflushedintomid-oceanwouldnotsurvive.SuchabanhasworkedfortheNorthAmericanInlandWaterway.Butitwouldbehardtoenforceitworldwide.Heatingballastwaterorstrainingitshouldalsohaltthespeciesspread.Butbeforeanysuchworldwideregulationswereimposed,scientistswouldneedaclearerviewofwhatisgoingon.

Thecontinuousshufflingmarineorganismshaschangedthebiologyoftheseaonaglobalscale.ItcanhavedevastatingeffectsasinthecaseoftheAmericancombjellyfishthatrecentlyinvadedtheBlackSea.Ithasdestroyedthatsea'sanchovyfisherybyeatinganchovyeggs,itmaysoonspreadtowesternandnorthernEuropeanwaters.

Themaritimenationsthatcreatedthebiological“conveyorbelt”shouldsupportacoordinatedinternationalefforttotimidoutwhatisgoingonandwhatshouldbedoneaboutit.

1.AccordingtoDr.Carlton,oceanorganismsare（）.

2.Oceanorganizersareconcernedbecause（）.

3.AccordingtoMarineecologists,transplantedmarinespecies（）.

4.Theidentifiedcauseoftheproblemis（）.

5.Thearticlesuggeststhatasolutiontotheproblem（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beingmovedtonewenvironments

B.destroyingtheplanet

C.succumbingtothezebramussel

D.developingaliencharacteristics

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theirknowledgeofthisphenomenonislimited

B.theybelievetheoceansaredying

C.theyfearaninvasionfromouter-space

D.theyhaveidentifiedthousandsofalienwebs

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.mayupsettheecosystemsofcoastalwaters

B.areallcompatiblewithoneanother

C.canonlysurviveintheirhomewaters

D.sometimesdisruptshippingtimes

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.therapiditywithwhichlarvaemature

B.acommonpracticeoftheshippingindustry

C.acenturiesoldspecies

D.theworldwidemovementofoceancurrents

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.isunlikelytobeidentified

B.mustprecedefurtherresearch

C.ishypotheticallyeasy

D.willlimitglobalshipping

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Dr.Carlton定位到第二段Thesecreaturesmovefromcoastalwaterswheretheyfitintothelocalweboflifetoplaceswheresomeofthemcouldtearthatwebapart.這些生物從適合當(dāng)?shù)厣W(wǎng)的沿海水域遷移到一些可能會(huì)將網(wǎng)絡(luò)撕裂的地方?？芍@些海洋生物從沿海水域被轉(zhuǎn)移到了其他地方。故A項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段“WhatconcernsCantonandhisfellowmarineecologistsisthelackofknowledgeaboutthehundredsofalieninvadersthatquietlyentercoastalwatersaroundtheworldeveryday.坎頓和其他海洋生態(tài)學(xué)家擔(dān)心的是，他們對(duì)每天悄悄進(jìn)入世界各地沿海水域的數(shù)百只外來(lái)入侵者缺乏了解?！笨芍Ｑ髮W(xué)家擔(dān)心的是他們對(duì)外來(lái)入侵者不了解。故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段“Thecontinuousshufflingmarineorganismshaschangedthebiologyoftheseaonaglobalscale.Itcanhavedevastatingeffects…不斷移動(dòng)的海洋生物已經(jīng)在全球范圍內(nèi)改變了海洋生物。它會(huì)產(chǎn)生毀滅性的影響…可知外來(lái)海洋生物的入侵會(huì)擾亂水域的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，造成嚴(yán)重影響。故A項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。由第五段“Shipsloadupwithballastwateranditsinhabitantsincoastalwatersofoneportanddumptheballastinanotherportthatmaybethousandsofkilometersaway船舶將壓艙水及其居民裝載在一個(gè)港口的沿海水域，并將壓艙水傾倒在數(shù)千公里以外的另一個(gè)港口?！笨芍斐赏鈦?lái)海洋生物入侵的原因是船舶為了保持平衡要洗手大量的壓艙水，到另一個(gè)港口后，要將這些壓艙水倒出來(lái)，所以船舶的運(yùn)輸為海洋生物入侵提供了機(jī)會(huì)，B項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。由最后一段Themaritimenationsthatcreatedthebiological“conveyorbelt”shouldsupportacoordinatedinternationalefforttotimidoutwhatisgoingonandwhatshouldbedoneaboutit.那些創(chuàng)造了生物“傳送帶”的海洋國(guó)家應(yīng)該協(xié)調(diào)國(guó)際力量，小心翼翼地弄清楚正在發(fā)生的事情以及應(yīng)該做些什么?？芍狟項(xiàng)“必須進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究”正確。

20.單選題

Itismoreimportantto（）thewayforchildren’sdesiretoknowthantoputthemonadiet（）offactstheyarenotreadytoassimilate.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tackle

B.submit

C.shield

D.pave

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。tackle“應(yīng)付，處理”；submit“使服從，主張”；shield“遮蔽，包庇”；pave“鋪砌，鋪路”。pavethewayfor…為…做好準(zhǔn)備，為…鋪平道路。句意：對(duì)于孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)，更重要的為他們想要了解的東西鋪平道路，而不是讓他們?nèi)ソ邮苣切┧麄冞€沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好去吸收的事實(shí)。

21.單選題

Acloseanalogytostudydesignistheroughsketchmadebyanartistbeforebecommitshisvisiontocanvas.Thebroadoutlinesaredrawn,theproperperspectiveachieved,andthetotalimpactofthepicture-to-becanbepartiallyappreciatedinadvance.Soitiswiththedesignofresearch;itspecifiesinadvancethekindsofstatementsthatcanbemadeonthebasisofitsfindingsandfixtheperspectivesagainstwhichthesefindingsaretobeevaluated.

Onemajorpurposeofthisstudywastodemonstratewhetherornotthenewersocialresearchtechniquescouldhelpinbroadeninganddeepeningknowledgeconcerningjuveniledelinquency.Constructionofthedesignwasguidedbythisgoalofexploringnewmethodsintheanalysisofjuveniledelinquency.However,researchtechniquedevelopedinonecontentcannotbemechanicallytransferredtoanother.Anewapplicationofaresearchtechniquerequiressubstantialchangesanditistheseinnovativemodificationsthatthisstudyoffersasitscontribution.

Juveniledelinquencyhasbeenthesubjectofmanypreviousstudiesusingavarietyofresearchtechniques.Thisstudymakesanadditionalcontributionbyusingadesignspeciallyplannedtopermitacomparisonofseveralapproaches.Thedrawingupofthestudydesignprofite