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[全套]初中英語中考復(fù)習(xí)資料(超全語法、詞組、句型、作文及知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全)_1★清華大學(xué)★英語系測(cè)試:為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站:/清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供一名詞(一)知識(shí)概要名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法,但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類:專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義,專有名詞是指:個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱,如,theGreatWall,America…它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞,如pen,worker…它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物;集體名詞,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體;物質(zhì)名詞,如:water,paper…它表示的是一種物質(zhì),原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞,如:work,time…它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見、摸不到,但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。名詞一覽表種類專有名詞London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina普通名詞類名詞nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集體名詞class,family,army,police,team,people物質(zhì)名詞water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名詞happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主語MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.表語Hisfatherisascientist.賓語Weloveourgreatmotherland.賓語補(bǔ)足語HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.定語Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.狀語Thecarcosthim1000dollars.同位語MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù),即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算,所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞,所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種??蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是:1.一般情況加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s],在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz]。4.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,要將y變?yōu)閕再加es,讀作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。5.以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞,縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos6.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。7.不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的,它沒有規(guī)律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice8.單復(fù)同形的名詞有:fish,sheep,deer…9.單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化,其主格可作主語,賓格可作賓語。還有所有格,用來表示人或物的所有,以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s',如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's,如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,Children'sDay.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's,如:atwentyminutes'walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu),如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers(二)正誤辨析[誤]Pleasegivemeapaper.[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.[析]不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞,這種原因是對(duì)英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了,所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤,因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類,是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí),要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá),如:twopiecesofpaper.[誤]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.[析]paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞,而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.[誤]Myglassesisbroken.[正]Myglassesarebroken.[誤]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.[析]英語中g(shù)lasses—眼鏡,shoes—鞋,trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用apairofglasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.[誤]MayIborrowtworadioes?[正]MayIborrowtworadios?[析]以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式,但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.[誤]ThisisaMary'sdictionary.[正]ThisisMary'sdictionary.[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this,that,thesethose,及其他修飾詞our,some,every,which,或所有格時(shí),則不要再加冠詞。[誤]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.[析]可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many,few,afew,alotof來修飾,而people是可數(shù)名詞,而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.[誤]Iwantafewwater.[正]Iwantalittlewater.[析]不可數(shù)名詞前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some來修飾,但不可用many,few來修飾。[誤]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.[誤]Tom'sandMary'sfamilyarewaitingforus.[正]Tom'sandMary'sfamiliesarewaitingforus.[誤]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamiliesarewaitingforme.[正]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamilyarewaitingforme.[析]集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體,則應(yīng)視為單數(shù),如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,Tom'sfamilywerewatchingTV.即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有:familyclass,team等。[誤]Don'teattoomuchmeats.[正]Don'teattoomuchmeat.[誤]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[析]物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,在使用中不可以加s,即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如:Idon'tlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.[誤]Pleasegivemetwowaters.[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.[析]物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí),一定要加量詞,如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,abowlofrice,abottleoforange,abagofearth例:I'lltellyouapieceofgoodnews.但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代manycupsofcoffee.[誤]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?[正]Canyougivemetoday'snewspaper?[析]加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如:Mary'shair,但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如:afiveminutes'walk.[誤]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的,如:room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為“請(qǐng)給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。”這樣的詞還有:glass玻璃glasses眼鏡stone石頭astone一塊石頭time時(shí)間twotimes兩次wood木頭woods樹林[誤]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.[析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外,還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞,這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式,如:shoefactory(鞋廠),postoffice(郵局),eveningpaper(晚報(bào)),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校長),alawschool(法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(貨車),sportsmeeting(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。[誤]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.[析]英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中國人),means(方法)。所以應(yīng)講onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果講Therearefivefishesinthepool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。[誤]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.[析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes為衣服,而cloth則是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙灘。[誤]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式,但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shakehands.[誤]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.[析]英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen,而German則要加s,因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組合詞。[誤]TherearetwoAsinthisword.[正]TherearetwoA'sinthisword.[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s,但如字母是A、I時(shí),為了防止與As和Is相混,則要用's即A's,I's[誤]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.[正]Therearethree6'sandtwo3'sinmytelephonenumber.[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)法中要用's[誤]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如:halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(兒媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司機(jī))womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—?jiǎng)t變?yōu)閎oystudents[誤]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.[析]雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有:科學(xué),學(xué)科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戲名稱:bowls專有名稱:NiagaraFalls(尼亞加拉瀑布)其他名詞:news(消息,新聞)[誤]Thereisapeopleintheroom.[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.[正]Thereisamanintheroom.[析]people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,不可用作單數(shù),如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用aperson,aman,awoman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。[誤]Whereismyshoe?[正]Wherearemyshoes?[析]常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers,pants,shorts(短褲),socks(襪子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明,這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:Where'smyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)[誤]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.[析]英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。[誤]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.[析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但是用來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞,這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。[誤]Thereisanewcar.ItisJone'sandMary's.[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMary's.[析]有生命名詞的所有格,如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如:Mary'scar.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如:teachers'offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾,則只加’s,如:children'spalace組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如:girlfriend—girlfriend'ssomeoneelse—someoneelse'saweekorthree—aweekorthree's如名詞后有同位語時(shí),則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Mary'scar.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí),如表示歸兩人共同所有,則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's,如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's,如:ThisisMaryandJone'shome.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而TheseareMary'sandJone'shomes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone的家。[誤]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNature'swork.[析]無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞:表示時(shí)間的詞:today'snewspaper,atwentyminutes'walk,anhour's,rest表示長度的詞:threemetres'distance,aboat'slength,twentymiles'journey表示重量的名詞:twopounds'weight價(jià)格名詞:twodollars'worth擬人化的名詞:Nature'swork,nature'slesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞:theuniversity'slibrary[誤]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather's.[析]這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如:ThispenisTom's.[誤]Myfatherisagoodcooker.[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.[析]一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(開車)—driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推,比如cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講,而cooker則為廚具,餐具,即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。[誤]Theyoungisdancingthere.[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.[析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如:therich富人,thepoor(窮人),thewise聰明人,但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。[誤]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories,所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。[誤]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionary.[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionaries.[析]oneof意為“……之一”,of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。[誤]Let'sgotouncleWangforsupper.[正]Let'sgotouncleWang'sforsupper.[析]uncleWang's意為“王叔叔家”,doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。[誤]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.[析]makefriends為習(xí)慣用法,即交朋友。[誤]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.[析]news為不可數(shù)名詞,但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞,因量詞是可數(shù)名詞,或可以說Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可數(shù)名詞前,也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.[誤]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.[析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語,這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。[誤]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedthem.[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedit.[析]information為不可數(shù)名詞,而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.[誤]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.[析]manya加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,但其意為許多學(xué)生。[誤]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞:cloth是物質(zhì)名詞,意為“布”,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而clothing是指衣物的總稱,也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服,但沒有單數(shù)形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚禮服。[誤]IliketostudytheEnglish.[正]IliketostudyEnglish.[析]作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞,而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.[誤]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.[析]定冠詞加姓加s,則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為:Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。(三)例題解析1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.A.amB.isC.areD.be[答案]C.[析]由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動(dòng)詞。2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?AroadBwayCstreetDaddress[答案]B.[析]這是考察同意詞辨析,road是指較寬闊的大道,意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”,而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高,可視為街道之意,而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑,還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNational3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]A.[析]因time作為時(shí)間講為不可數(shù)名詞,所以不可用few,afew來修飾。另外,英文的表達(dá)法與中文不同,中文講,快點(diǎn),時(shí)間不多了,而英文要講,快點(diǎn),沒時(shí)間了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato[答案]B.[析]用Howmany提問時(shí),其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,而tomato的復(fù)數(shù)要加es.5.—___isthemeat.Please?—Tenyuanakilo.AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong[答案]A.[析]由對(duì)話的答語可看出其問句問的是價(jià)格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價(jià)格講時(shí),不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞,要用howmuch提問。6Theboy'snameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green[答案]A.[析]英文的習(xí)慣與中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文則是姓在最后,其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的,中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可稱作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.AcityBcity'sCcitysDcities[答案]D.[析]復(fù)音字母以y結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。oneof加名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?AtwopaperBtwopapersCtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers[答案]C.[析]paper是不可數(shù)名詞,如講一張、兩張紙時(shí),要用量詞piece.9September10this___Day.ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.AabitBabitofClittleDfew[答案]B.11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“I'dliketwo___.”AglassofmilkBglassesofmilkCglassofmilksDglassesofmilks[答案]B.12Thereisn't___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any[答案]A.[析]any用于否定句與疑問句,但如果要表達(dá)說話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí),問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.13June1stis___.AChildren'sdayBchildren'sDayCChildren'sDayDchildren'sday[答案]C.14Theseforeignfriendsare___.AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans[答案]D.15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student是可數(shù)名詞,而few用于可數(shù)名詞,意為:幾乎沒有學(xué)生去電影院。16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheepCdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps[答案]C.[析]deer與sheep均是單復(fù)同形的名詞。17Whoseroomisthis?It's___.AmyBKike'sandJohn'sCourDKikeandJohn's[答案]D.[析]因?yàn)閞oom為單數(shù),所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間,應(yīng)為二者共用的一間房子。二、冠詞(一)知識(shí)概要冠詞在英語中只有3個(gè)詞,分為兩類:不定冠詞a與an,定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前,an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個(gè)或某些事物,可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析[誤]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前,而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前,而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個(gè)音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是錯(cuò)句,應(yīng)為:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個(gè)音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個(gè)字母h不發(fā)音,所以應(yīng)該用anhour。例如:Ineedanhourtofinishthework.Itisausefuldictionary.ItisaEuropeancountry.Iboughtausedcar.[誤]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[析]因umbrella的第一個(gè)音素是元音,所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。[誤]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,I'minhurry.”[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.I'minahurry.”[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下:1.用來表示一類人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個(gè),如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.相當(dāng)于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.5.其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中:如:haveawalk/arest/alook又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙makeaface作鬼臉dosomebodyafavour幫某人忙anumberof=many又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)haveacold(感冒)haveaheadache(頭痛)haveabreak=havearest[誤]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時(shí)用不定冠詞,而第二次提到時(shí)用定冠詞。[誤]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指,也應(yīng)用定冠詞。[誤]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.[析]世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.[誤]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.[析]在序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.[誤]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.[析]在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二,而其意在于再學(xué)一個(gè),再來一個(gè)時(shí),應(yīng)用a,本句的意思應(yīng)為:這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。[誤]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[析]在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞,如:theYellowRiver(黃河)。[誤]Look,thereareAlp.[誤]Look,therearetheAlp.[正]Look,therearetheAlps.[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞,如:MountainTai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后,其山名要加s,來表示山脈。theAlps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.[誤]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[析]報(bào)刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。[誤]Richarenotalwayshappy.[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人,而在姓的前面加定冠詞,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.[誤]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[析]物質(zhì)名詞特指時(shí)也應(yīng)加定冠詞。[誤]Thesunrisesineast.[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.[析]在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture[誤]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞,如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峽thePanamaCanal巴拿馬運(yùn)河theSuezCanal蘇伊士運(yùn)河[誤]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper[析]泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。[誤]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.[誤]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時(shí)不加冠詞,如:gotoschool上學(xué),leaveschool(輟學(xué)),afterschool(放學(xué)),但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時(shí)應(yīng)加冠詞,如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué),而是看望孩子,則要加定冠詞。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。[誤]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.[析]在慣用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。[誤]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.[析]這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處,也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動(dòng)詞,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(擊),hold(握),pull(拉)…動(dòng)詞后應(yīng)加人,再加介詞on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠詞,再加人體的某一部位。這時(shí)的定冠詞千萬不要換作his,her,their,等詞。[誤]Hewaspaidbyhour.[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.[析]by和計(jì)量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為:他的工資是按小時(shí)計(jì)算的。[誤]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.[析]by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具,而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如:bycar(坐小汽車)bytaxi(坐出租車)bybike(騎自行車)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飛機(jī))bysea(乘船)[誤]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.[析]在樂器前要加定冠詞,而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他們空閑時(shí)愛打橋牌)[誤]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.[析]英語中雖有一些名詞與goto連用時(shí)不加定冠詞,以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵,如:gotoschool(上學(xué)),gotobed(睡覺)等,但去看電影則例外,要用gotothecinema.這也是語言的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。[誤]Iliveat105theLakestreet.[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.[析]街道名稱前不用冠詞。[誤]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.[析]country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時(shí),一定要加定冠詞,而且只有單數(shù)形式,作國家講時(shí)則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.[誤]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.[析]atadistance意為“離開一定距離”。而inthedistance為“遠(yuǎn)方,遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有:asarule(照例)inahurry(匆忙)inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)inthesun(在陽光下)intherain(雨中)inthesameway(同樣)intheshade(在陰涼處)inthedaytime(白天)intheend(最終)ontheotherhand(換句話說)onthecontrary(相反)[誤]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.[析]這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法,如:bitbybit(逐漸)dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)dayandnight(日日夜夜)facetoface(面對(duì)面)fromAtoZ(自始至終)fromtimetotime(再三)handinhand(手拉手)shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)(三)例題解析1MrLiis___oldworker.AaBanCsomeD/[答案]B.[析]an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the[答案]B.[析]因useful的第一個(gè)音素是[j],它是輔音音素。3What___interestingbookitis?AaBanCtheD/[答案]B.[析]這是感嘆句,因?yàn)橐频皆话憔淝懊娴膹?qiáng)調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應(yīng)加冠詞,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4Hewillbebackin___h(yuǎn)our.A/BtheCaDan[答案]D.[析]因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A[答案]C.[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物時(shí)用不定冠詞,而第二次再提到該物或人時(shí)應(yīng)用定冠詞。6Lookat___picture!There's___h(yuǎn)ouseinit.Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a[答案]D.[析]雖然是第一次提到,但在句中的語言是讓對(duì)方看某一特定的圖畫,所以應(yīng)選擇D。7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個(gè)個(gè)的桔子。8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.AtheBanC/Da[答案]A.[析]capital之后有of結(jié)構(gòu)則要用定冠詞。9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,you'llget___“A”inthetest.AanB/CtheDa[答案]A.[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]onfoot意為走路上學(xué),是習(xí)慣用法。三、代詞(一)知識(shí)概要英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請(qǐng)看下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們主格iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請(qǐng)看下表人稱我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代詞可見下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代詞主要有this,that,these,those疑問代詞有:who,whomwhose,what,which,還有疑問副詞when,how,where,why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some,any,many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正誤辨析[誤]Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.[正]Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.[析]形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語,也就是講它可以作形容詞,如:mybook,而這句話的意思是:湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對(duì)象是mymother,也就是mine。[誤]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.[正]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.[析]在應(yīng)用代詞時(shí),要注意人稱,格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework,所以應(yīng)用it。[誤]Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[正]Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[析]這主要是英語習(xí)慣上的用法。當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí)其排列順序一般為you,he,she,I,而復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)為we,you,they:如男女并列時(shí),應(yīng)先男后女,如:Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí),單數(shù)時(shí)用,I,he,she,you,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用They,you,we,如:TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.[誤]Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.[正]Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.[析]由either…or,neither…nor,or連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),如果兩主語是單數(shù)時(shí),用單數(shù)代詞,如兩主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),用復(fù)數(shù)代詞,如:Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一單一復(fù)兩名詞時(shí),一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前,復(fù)數(shù)名詞放在后,要用復(fù)數(shù)代詞,如:Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.[誤]Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.[正]Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.[析]than是連詞,其后應(yīng)視為省略句,thanheis.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.[正]Ilikeyouasmuchasher.[析]as…as其后也應(yīng)看作是省略句。應(yīng)為asIlikeher.所以應(yīng)用賓格。而第一句應(yīng)譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對(duì)的但含義不同。[誤]Myselfdidityesterday.[正]Imyselfdidityesterday.[正]Ididitmyselfyesterday.[析]反身代詞不可作主語,但可以用作主語的同位語。[誤]Takecareofourselves.[正]Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)[析]祈始句的主語應(yīng)看作第二人稱you.[誤]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.[正]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.[析]反身代詞不能作介詞賓語,除非是由不及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的動(dòng)詞短語,如:Theoldwomanspoketoherself.[誤]Makeyourselfhome.[正]Makeyourselfathome.[析]這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法,意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有:enjoyoneself玩得開心makeyourselfathome像在家中一樣helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣[誤]—Who'sthisspeaking.—That'sMary.[正]—Who'sthatspeaking.—ThisisMary.[析]在電話用語中,this指講話人自己,而that指對(duì)方。[誤]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.[正]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.[析]在比較句中往往為了避免重復(fù),可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物,如是單數(shù)時(shí)用that,復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those,如:TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.[誤]Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.[析]在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句,也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只用such,如:ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little這4個(gè)詞前僅能用so,如:Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時(shí),則不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.[誤]Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.[正]Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.[析]same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有allthesame(仍然)。[誤]—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Idon'thopeso.[正]—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Ihopenot.[析]在作肯定回答時(shí),Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答時(shí)為:Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.[誤]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.[正]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.[誤]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.[正]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.[析]在對(duì)話中如果某一動(dòng)作同時(shí)適用于兩個(gè)主語,這時(shí)在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句,即studiedhard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對(duì)前句的重復(fù),即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時(shí)則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為:英語難學(xué)。答語為:是的,難學(xué)。這時(shí)縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。[誤]Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.[正]Everyoneshoulddohisbest.[析]one作代詞時(shí),它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代詞為oneself.如果講Oneshoulddoone'sbest.則是對(duì)句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞,如:someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone則要用his/her,來作其所有格形式。[誤]—Whowonthegame?—None.[正]—Whowonthegame?—Noone.[析]由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是noone,而由Howmany提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如:Howmanybooksarethere?None.[誤]Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.[析]either作代詞時(shí)由兩個(gè)含意,其一是兩者中隨便哪一個(gè),如:Youcantakeeither.其二是兩者中的每一個(gè)。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞,如果作主語則謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。[誤]EitheryouorIareright.[正]EitheryouorIamright.[析]在either…or,或neither…nor連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要與和其相近的那個(gè)主語相配。[誤]Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.[正]Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.[析]neither用于兩者中無一是,而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。[誤]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.[正]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.[析]either作為“也”講時(shí),要用于否定句中,而too則用于肯定句中。[誤]Welikeboththislittleboy.[正]Webothlikethislittleboy.[析]both作同位語時(shí),它在句中的位置有:在be動(dòng)詞之后,如:Wearebothstudents.在實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前,如:Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助動(dòng)詞之后,如:WehavebothreadtheseEnglishnovels.使用時(shí)要注意以下句子的實(shí)際含意:Bothofusarenotright.應(yīng)譯為:我們倆不都對(duì)。Neitherofusisright.才應(yīng)譯為:我倆都不對(duì)。又如:Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意為:兩本書我不能全給你,而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才為:兩本書我全不能給你。[誤]Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.[正]Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.[析]each作句子主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式,如:EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell,但each作同位語時(shí),則應(yīng)以原名詞的數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。[誤]Everyofushastopasstheexam.[正]Eachofushastopasstheexam.[析]every只可作形容詞,不可作代詞,而each既可作形容詞,又可作代詞,在作形容詞時(shí)each側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,而every則側(cè)重于全體。[誤]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[正]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[析]everyone不可與of結(jié)構(gòu)相連接使用,而everyone則可以這樣用。[誤]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[正]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[析]要注意的是everyday是“每天”,而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如:everydayEnglish日常英語,everydaylife日常生活。[誤]Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.[正]Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一個(gè),而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個(gè)。因?yàn)榻值乐挥袃蓚?cè),所以只能用each而不能用every.[誤]Allmyparentsareengineers.[正]Bothmyparentsareengineers.[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部,而both則用于兩者的全部。[誤]Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[析]非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用allof結(jié)構(gòu),也就是講
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