2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)25

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Despitehisdisappointingrecordthisyear,I（）feelheisthebestmaninourteam.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.however

B.therefore

C.nonetheless

D.otherwise

【答案】C

【解析】Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

考查副詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)however表示“然而，可是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折，后面必須用逗號(hào)隔開；B選項(xiàng)therefore表示“所以，因此”；C選項(xiàng)nonetheless表示“盡管如此，但是”；D選項(xiàng)otherwise表示“否則”。由Despite“盡管”可知，空缺處應(yīng)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此只有C符合句意。A項(xiàng)however雖然也表示轉(zhuǎn)折，但后面必須用逗號(hào)隔開；【句意】雖然他今年的成績(jī)差強(qiáng)人意，但我仍然覺得他是我們隊(duì)最好的球員。

2.單選題

Thecrowdcheeredin（

）whentheplayerscaughttheball.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.recognition

B.appreciation

C.interaction

D.participation

【答案】B

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。recognition“識(shí)別；承認(rèn)，認(rèn)出；”;appreciation“欣賞，鑒別;感謝”;interaction“相互作用”；participation“參與;分享;參股”。根據(jù)cheer與caughttheball可知觀眾是因?yàn)榍虮唤幼g呼，對(duì)球員表示贊賞，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。句意：當(dāng)球員接住球時(shí)，觀眾歡呼表示贊賞。

3.單選題

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B選項(xiàng)becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C選項(xiàng)beconvincedof表示“確信；認(rèn)識(shí)到”；D選項(xiàng)beconfrontedwith表示“面臨，面對(duì)”。根據(jù)youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，雖然致力于工作是好的，但你不應(yīng)該讓工作占據(jù)所有的休閑時(shí)間。因此，B選項(xiàng)最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B。

4.單選題

Hewas（

）totellthetrutheventohisclosedfriend.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.toomuchofacoward

B.toomuchthecoward

C.acowardenough

D.enoughofacoward

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。句意：他太膽怯，甚至都不敢把真相告訴他的好朋友。toomuchofa...todosth.是英語(yǔ)中的固定用法，是too...to...句式與muchofa...句式的混合用法，表示“太…而不能…”，只有A項(xiàng)符合，因此答案選A。

5.單選題

Petroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,kerosene,homeheatingoil,residualfueloilandlubricatingoils,comefromonesource—crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth’ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior.Sometimescrudeoilissecuredbydrillingaholethroughtheearth,butmoredryholesaredrilledthanthoseproducingoil.Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.

Crudeoilwellsflowatvaryingrates,fromtentothousandsofbarrelsperhour.Petroleumproductsarealwaysmeasuredin42-gallonbarrels.

Petroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance:thin,thick,transparentoropaque,buttheirchemicalcompositionismadeupofonlytwoelements:carbonandhydrogen,whichformcompoundscalledhydrocarbons.Otherchemicalelementsfoundinunionwiththehydrocarbonsarefewandareclassifiedasimpurities.Traceelementsarealsofound,butthoseareofsuchminutequantitiesthattheyaredisregarded.Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule.

Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors.Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil.Theresidueremainingafterthelightoilsaredistilledisknownasheavyorresiduefueloilandisusedmostlyforburningunderboilers.Additionalcomplicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructureofthehydrocarbonstoproduceotherproducts,someofwhichareusedtoupgradeandincreasetheoctaneratingofvarioustypesofgasoline.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Manythousandsofhydrocarboncompoundsarepossiblebecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

4.Howiscrudeoilbroughttothesurface?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasalightoil?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Crudeoilisfoundbelowlandandwater.

B.Crudeoilisalwaysfoundafewhundredfeetbelowthesurface.

C.Pumpingandpressureforcecrudeoiltothesurface.

D.Avarietyofpetroleumproductsisobtainedfromcrudeoil.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thepetroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance

B.complicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructure

C.thetwoatomsinthemoleculeassumemanypositions

D.thepressureneededtoforceittothesurfacecausesmoleculartransformation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thevariouspetroleumproductsareproducedbyfiltration.

B.Heatingandcondensationproducethevariousproducts.

C.Chemicalseparationisusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

D.Mechanicalmeanssuchasthecentrifugeareusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Expansionofthehydrocarbons.

B.Pressureandpumping.

C.Vacuumcreatedinthedrillingpipe.

D.Expansionandcontractionoftheearth’ssurface.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Distillateoil.

B.Gasoline.

C.Lubricationoil

D.Kerosene.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:原油在陸地和水下被發(fā)現(xiàn),B:原油經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面下幾百英尺,第一段指出:crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth'ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior(被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面和廣泛水域下的原油，從地球表面下幾百英尺到深入地球內(nèi)部2.5萬(wàn)英尺),因此A項(xiàng)符合原意,B項(xiàng)過于絕對(duì)。由第一段中“Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.栗源壓力迫使原油滲出表面?！敝狢項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。D:各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中被獲取,由最后一段“Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來(lái))”可知D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule(碳和氫的結(jié)合構(gòu)成了數(shù)千計(jì)的化合物，而這種構(gòu)成的可能是因?yàn)檫@兩種原子在烷烴分子中的不同位置和結(jié)合方式),由此可知C項(xiàng)“這兩種原子可以在分子中處于多種位置”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。最后一段指出:Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來(lái)),由此可知B項(xiàng)“加熱和冷凝產(chǎn)生了各種產(chǎn)品”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface(泵源壓力迫使原油滲出表面),故選B項(xiàng)“壓力和泵送”。

5.判斷推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞lightoil定位至第三段:Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil(這些產(chǎn)品就被稱之為輕油，例如汽油、煤油和餾出油)。故選C。

6.單選題

Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.

Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagricultureliaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrients（營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分）capturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.

Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）Iossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.

What'smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050,yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.

Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe‘‘zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.

Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方而)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.

Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.

1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?

2.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfanningpractices?

4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury?

5.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Byitsproductivity

B.Byitssustainability

C.Byitsimpactontheenvironment

D.Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Localizedpollution

B.theshrinkingoffarmland

C.competitionfromoverseas

D.thedecreaseofbiodiversity

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturies.

B.Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth.

C.Theyarenotnecessarilysustainable.

D.Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itwillgothroughradicalchanges

B.Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts

C.Itwillabandontraditionalfanningpractices

D.Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment.

B.Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction.

C.Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress.

D.Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞measureprogressinagriculture定位至第一段:Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives(這一點(diǎn)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)得尤為突出，在該領(lǐng)域中，人們常常在未從歷史、文化的角度予以適當(dāng)考慮的情況下，認(rèn)為可持續(xù)發(fā)展史衡量農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步的唯一方法),因此B項(xiàng)“可持續(xù)性”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Specialization和increaseyields定位至第三段:Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields(來(lái)自海外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力使得農(nóng)民們不得不進(jìn)行專門的研究來(lái)增加作物的產(chǎn)量),該段還指出:However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity(但是，這些變化也導(dǎo)致棲息地的損失和生物多樣性的不斷減少),故選D“生物多樣性的減少”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞traditionalfanningpractices定位至第五段:Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones(比如，我們?nèi)粢饤夁@樣的想法:傳統(tǒng)的做法必然會(huì)比新的做法更能夠促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展)。因此C項(xiàng)“這些做法不一定是可持續(xù)性的”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞inthe21stcentury定位至第五段:Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th(所有這一切意味著，21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)將會(huì)與20世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)截然不同)。故選A“將會(huì)經(jīng)歷巨變”。

5.主旨大意題。最后一段點(diǎn)明主題:Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction(關(guān)鍵是我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)并不只是糧食生產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性)。因此D項(xiàng)“催促人們重新思考什么是可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)”正確。

7.單選題

ThefamousmovieTitanic（）itsaudience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thoughtintermswith

B.touchedachordin

C.hadconfidencein

D.hadatastefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)thinkintermswith表示“結(jié)合……思考”；B選項(xiàng)touchachordin表示“觸動(dòng)……的心弦”；C選項(xiàng)haveconfidencein表示“對(duì)……有信心”；D選項(xiàng)haveatastefor表示“對(duì)……感興趣；愛好……”。根據(jù)“Titanic”（《泰坦尼克號(hào)》）可知，這部電影應(yīng)當(dāng)是觸動(dòng)了觀眾的心弦，故B項(xiàng)最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

Asadevelopingcountry,wemustkeep（）withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pace

B.move

C.step

D.speed

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組的固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)pace表示“步速，步伐，速度”；B選項(xiàng)move表示“行動(dòng)，舉措，改變”；C選項(xiàng)step表示“腳步，步驟，步伐”；D選項(xiàng)speed表示“速度，進(jìn)展”。詞組keeppacewith是一個(gè)固定搭配，表示“與并駕齊驅(qū)，保持一致”。因此本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

（）thatnight.theuniongovernmentwouldhavebeenoverthrown.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ifhewereassassinated

B.Wereheassassinated

C.Hehadbeenassassinated

D.Hadhebeenassassinated

【答案】D

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在if虛擬條件句中，如果是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬，則條件從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)，主句用would/could/should+have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞形式。如果虛擬條件句中有were，had或should，則可以將if省略，將這幾個(gè)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。句意：如果他那天晚上被暗殺，那么聯(lián)邦政府可能就已經(jīng)被推翻了。故本題正確答案為D。

10.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Theairwebreatheissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetwithoutitwecouldnotsurvivemorethanafewminutes.Forthemostpart,thesameairisavailabletoeveryone,andeveryoneneedsit.Somepeopleusetheairtosustainthemwhiletheysitaroundandfeelsorryforthemselves.Othersbreatheintheairandusetheenergyitprovidestomakeamagnificentlifeforthemselves.

Opportunityisthesameway.Itiseverywhere.Opportunityissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetopportunityaloneisnotenoughtocreatesuccess.Opportunitymustbeseizedandacteduponinordertohavevalue.Somanypeoplearesoanxiousto“getin”ona“groundflooropportunity’’,asiftheopportunitywilldoallthework.That’simpossible.Justasyouneedairtobreathe,youneedopportunitytosucceed.Ittakesmorethanjustbreathinginthefreshairofopportunity,however.Youmustmakeuseofthatopportunity.That’snotuptotheopportunity.That’suptoyou.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat“floor”theopportunityison.Whatmattersiswhatyoudowithit.

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

如果失敗了你會(huì)怎么做？很多人可能會(huì)選擇放棄。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是堅(jiān)持你的方向和目標(biāo)。在通往成功的路上，你必須堅(jiān)持你的方向。它就像一盞燈，在黑暗中為你指路，幫助你度過難關(guān)。否則，你很容易就會(huì)迷失方向或猶豫不前。方向意味著目標(biāo)，人生如果沒有目標(biāo)，將一事無(wú)成。你可以試著把你的目標(biāo)寫在紙上，并制定實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的計(jì)劃。這樣，你就會(huì)懂得如何合理安排時(shí)間，如何正確地支配時(shí)間。而且你還要有這樣的信念：只要你一直堅(jiān)持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。

【答案】A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【參考譯文】

我們所呼吸的空氣觸手可及，以至于我們將其視為理所當(dāng)然。然而，倘若沒有空氣，我們只能存活幾分鐘。大多數(shù)情況下，每個(gè)人都能呼吸到同樣的空氣，也都需要空氣。有的人一邊坐著自怨自艾，一邊又呼吸空氣來(lái)維持生命。另一些人卻呼吸空氣，并利用空氣提供的能量為自己創(chuàng)造美好的生活。

機(jī)遇也是如此。它無(wú)處不在。機(jī)遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我們將其當(dāng)作理所當(dāng)然。然而，只有機(jī)遇不足以創(chuàng)造成功。為了讓機(jī)遇有價(jià)值，必須抓住機(jī)遇并采取行動(dòng)。很多人都急于抓住“先機(jī)”，好像抓住機(jī)遇就會(huì)一勞永逸，這是不可能的。正如你需要空氣來(lái)呼吸一樣，你也需要獲得成功的機(jī)遇。然而，成功不僅僅是呼吸到機(jī)遇的新鮮空氣。你必須利用所獲得的機(jī)遇。對(duì)機(jī)遇的利用不取決于機(jī)遇，而取決于你。機(jī)遇處于什么“階段”不重要，最重要的是你如何利用它。

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

【參考譯文】

Whatwouldyoudoifyoufailed?Manypeoplemaychoosetogiveup.However,thereliablewaytosuccessistoadheretoyourdirectionandgoal.Onthewaytosuccess,youmustkeepyourdirection.Itisjustlikealamp,guidingyouindarknessandhelpingyoupullthough.Otherwise,youwilleasilygetlostorhangback.Directionmeansgoals.Nothingcanbedonewithoutagoalinyourlife.Youcantrytowritedownyourgoalsandmakesomeplanstoachievethem.Inthisway,youwillknowhowtoarrangeanduseyourtimeproperly.Furthermore,youshouldhaveabeliefthatyouaresuretosucceedaslongasyoukeepyourdirectionallthetime.

11.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

AccordingtothetraditionalChineselunarcalendar,we’llofficiallywelcometheYearoftheHorsefollowingthearrivalofSpringFestival.

Thehorsehasplayedanimportantrotethroughouthumanhistoryallovertheworld.Horseswereusedforthousandsofyearsasameansoftransport,aweaponofwarandaplougheroffields,butthehorsewasmorethanjustavehicle—ithadmorecharacterthanacar,atankoratractor.IntheMiddleAgesinWesternsocieties,thehorsewasasymbolofchivalry（騎士精神）andnobility.Infact,theword‘‘chivalry’，coinesfrom“cheval”inOldFrench,whichmeanthorse.Theideaofchivalryhelpedtofashionthe19th-centuryconceptofthe“gentleman”，whichwasrelatedtocourtesy,courageandloyaltytofriends.Nowadays,becauseofeconomicdevelopment,peopleinModemsocietiesarelesslikelytoseeorridehorses.Peoplelivingincities,inparticular,hardlyeverexperiencehorsesexceptthroughmovies,paintingsorbooks.

Besidestheirphysicalstrengths,horseshavepowerfulbrains.Maybethat’swhytheChineseidiomsays:“Anoldhorsenevergetslost”.Sincethehorseishonoredasasymbolofvigor,loyalty,persistenceandintelligence,peoplebomintheYearoftheHorsearesaidtosharesuchgoodqualities.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.

中國(guó)作為文明古國(guó)，同樣有著輝煌的城市發(fā)展史。中國(guó)的城市也具有自身特色。改革開放30多年來(lái)，中國(guó)工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化(urbanization)步伐明顯加快，城鎮(zhèn)居民從1.7億人增加到近7億人，形成了一批有重要影響與發(fā)展活力的城市群，促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步。城市化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化都有巨大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。面向未來(lái)，中國(guó)致力于推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展，加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，把城鎮(zhèn)化作為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重大戰(zhàn)略。

【答案】A.

按照中國(guó)農(nóng)歷，隨著春節(jié)的到來(lái)，我們將正式迎來(lái)馬年。

在世界各國(guó)，馬在人類歷史上都扮演著舉足輕重的角色。數(shù)千年來(lái)，馬被用作運(yùn)輸工具、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)武器以及犁地農(nóng)具。但其實(shí)，馬不僅僅是一種交通工具，其地位要遠(yuǎn)超汽車、坦克和拖拉機(jī)。在中世紀(jì)的西方社會(huì)，馬是騎士精神和貴族的象征。實(shí)際上，騎士精神chivalry—詞來(lái)源于古法語(yǔ)中的“馬(cheval)”。在騎士精祌的推動(dòng)下，19世紀(jì)代表禮貌、勇氣和真誠(chéng)的“紳士粘祌”成為一種風(fēng)尚。如今，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的人很少看到馬或騎馬。尤其是城市中的人們，除了通過電影、繪畫和書籍，幾乎沒有接觸過馬。

馬除了健壯的體魄外，還擁有強(qiáng)大的頭腦，這或許就是成語(yǔ)“老馬識(shí)途”的由來(lái)吧。馬是活力、忠誠(chéng)、毅力和智慧的象征，因此傳說(shuō)屬馬之人也具備這些優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。

B.

China,acountrywithanancientcivilization,alsohasaproudhistoryofurbandevelopment.Chinesecitiesarealsouniqueintheirownways.Sincethelaunchingofreformandopening-upprogramover30yearsago,Chinahasquickenedthepaceofindustrializationandurbanization,withurbanpopulationincreasingfrom170milliontosome700million.Theemergenceofanumberofcityclusterswithstronginfluenceanddynamismfordevelopmenthasboostedeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.Urbanizationhasatremendousandprofoundimpactoneconomy,societyandculture.Goingforward,Chinawillpursuedevelopmentinascientificway,accelerateshiftofthegrowthmodelandtakeurbanizationasanimportantstrategyforpromotingmodernization.

12.單選題

Mutualismisatypeofsymbiosisthatoccurswhentwounlikeorganismslivetogetherinastatethatismutuallybeneficial.Itcanexistbetweentwoanimals,betweentwoplants,orbetweenaplantandananimal.Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes,whileinmutualismbothpartnersliveonagive-and-takebasis.

IntheAfricanwilds,thezebraandtheostrichenjoyasymbioticrelationshipthatenhancestheabilityoftheselargelandanimalstosurvive.Bothserveaspreyforthelion,andneitherhasthecapabilityalonetowithstandanattackfromthisfiercehunter.However,whenthezebraandtheostrichcollaborateintheirdefensebyalertingeachothertopossibledangerfromanapproachingpredator,thelionisrarelyabletocapturemorethantheoldestorfeeblestoftheherd.Thecomplementaryphysicalstrengthsandweaknessesoftheostrichandthezebraallowthemtoworkincoordinationtoavoidsuccumbingtothelion.Theostrich,thelargestflightlessbirdintheworld,possessesgreatspeedandkeeneyesight,whichenableittospotlargepredatoryanimalslongbeforetheyareabletopositionthemselvestoattack.Thezebra,witharunningspeedequaltothatoftheostrich,hasexcellenthearingandagoodsenseofsmellbutlacksthesharpeyesightoftheostrich.Whenostrichesandzebraintermixforgrazing,eachanimalbenefitsfromtheabilityoftheothertodetectapproachingdanger.Ifeitheranimalsensesdanger,bothanimalsarealertedandtakeoff.Withtherunningspeedthatbothoftheseanimalspossess,theyareabletooutrunanypredatorexceptthecheetah.

1.Choosethedrawingthatdescribesacommensaliststate.

2.Thedifferencebetweenmutualismandcommensalismisthat（）.

3.Inparagraph2,theWord"that"refersto（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingdrawingdescribeswhathappenswhenalionapproachesazebraandanostrich?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.

B.

C.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.commensalismisatwo-sidedstate.

B.thepartnersliveonagive-and-takebasisinmutualism.

C.thehostgiveswhiletheguesttakesinmutualism.

D.mutualismoccursbetweentwosimilarorganisms;however,commensalism,twounlikeorganisms.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.runningspeed

B.strength

C.weakness

D.eyesight

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.

B.

C.

D.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thezebraoftenoffersmorehelpthantheostrichtodetecttheattackofthelion.

B.thezebraandtheostricharecomplementaryintheirabilitiesofavoidingbeingattackedby

C.boththezebraandtheostrichpossessgreatspeedandkeeneyesight.

D.withgreatspeed,thezebraandtheostrichrunfasterthananypredator.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes…”可知，互利共生與偏利共生的共生狀態(tài)并不相同，因?yàn)槠采且环N單向狀態(tài)，即宿主給予，寄生物索取。由此可知B項(xiàng)“宿主→寄生物”表述正確，故本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問哪一項(xiàng)符合互利共生和偏利共生的區(qū)別。根據(jù)原文第一段“Mutualismisatypeofsymbiosisthatoccurswhentwounlikeorganismslivetogetherinastatethatismutuallybeneficial.”可知，互利共生是一種共生關(guān)系，當(dāng)兩個(gè)不同的有機(jī)體生活在一種互惠的狀態(tài)時(shí)就會(huì)發(fā)生。根據(jù)后文敘述的“Mutualismisunlikethesymbioticstateofcommensalisminthatcommensalismisaone-sidedstateinwhichahostgivesandaguesttakes...”可知，互利共生與偏利共生的共生狀態(tài)是不同的，偏利共生是一種單向的狀態(tài)，即宿主給予而寄生物索取。由此可知A項(xiàng)“偏利共生是一種雙向狀態(tài)”表述錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“靠彼此相互給予和索取合伙共生”表述正確；C項(xiàng)“在互利共生中，宿主給予而寄生物索取”表述錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“互利共生發(fā)生在兩種類似的生物之間，而偏利共生卻發(fā)生于兩種不同的生物之間”與原文不符。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Thezebra,witharunningspeedequaltothatoftheostrich,hasexcellenthearingandagoodsenseofsmellbutlacksthesharpeyesightoftheostrich.”可知，斑馬的奔跑速度與鴕鳥相當(dāng)，聽覺和嗅覺都很好，但缺乏鴕鳥敏銳的視力。由此可知這里的that指代“runningspeed（奔跑速度）”，故A項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)strength表示“力量”；C項(xiàng)weakness表示“弱點(diǎn)”；D項(xiàng)eyesight表示“視力”。

4.理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Ifeitheranimalsensesdanger,bothanimalsarealertedandtakeoff.Withtherunningspeedthatbothoftheseanimalspossess,theyareabletooutrunanypredatorexceptthecheetah.”可知，如果兩者（即斑馬和鴕鳥）中任一種動(dòng)物覺察到危險(xiǎn)，那么兩種動(dòng)物都會(huì)警覺起來(lái)并迅速奔跑。憑借這兩種動(dòng)物的奔跑速度，它們能夠超越獵豹以外的任何捕食者。因此，本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段可知，斑馬和鴕鳥屬于互利共生的關(guān)系，它們都是獅子的獵物，都沒有能力獨(dú)自抵抗獅子的攻擊，所以它們要進(jìn)行協(xié)同防御，提醒對(duì)方可能有危險(xiǎn)。如果兩者中任一種動(dòng)物覺察到危險(xiǎn)，那么這兩種動(dòng)物都會(huì)警覺起來(lái)并迅速奔跑。憑借這兩種動(dòng)物的奔跑速度，它們能夠超越獵豹以外的任何捕食者。由此可以判斷，B項(xiàng)“斑馬和鴕鳥在躲避攻擊的能力上是互補(bǔ)的”表述正確。而A項(xiàng)“在發(fā)現(xiàn)獅子的攻擊時(shí)，斑馬往往比鴕鳥提供更多的幫助”；C項(xiàng)“斑馬和鴕鳥都有極快的速度和敏銳的視力”以及D項(xiàng)“由于有非?？斓乃俣?，斑馬和鴕鳥跑得比任何食肉動(dòng)物都快”均與原文不符，可排除。

13.單選題

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。expose“揭發(fā)，揭露，顯示”;exhaust“用完，花光，使筋疲力盡”;exhibit“展覽，顯示”；exploit“運(yùn)用，利用”。句意：他們嘗試著通過利用工廠排出的廢物來(lái)創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)。根據(jù)句意可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意，因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

14.單選題

It’sgoodtoknowthatquiteafewpopularEnglishexpressionsactually（）fromtheBible.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.acquire

B.result

C.obtain

D.derive

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)acquire表示“獲得，取得”；B選項(xiàng)result表示“結(jié)果，導(dǎo)致”；C選項(xiàng)obtain表示“獲得，取得”；D選項(xiàng)derive表示“源于，得自”。根據(jù)句意可知，很多流行的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)實(shí)際上來(lái)自圣經(jīng)。因此，本題選擇D項(xiàng)最符合句意。

15.單選題

Thepuzzleofleft-handednessseemstobeamodestgrowthareaincurrentresearch.Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms,althoughitisnotclearwhethertheoverproductionofhormonecausesthedefensedefect,orissimplyonesymptomofageneralimbalance.Couldthisexplainwhy13percentofmalechildren,butonly10percentoffemales,areleft-handed?

Today,veryroughly10percentofthepopulationisleft-handed.Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory.Fromwrittenrecords,andevenpainting,researcherscangetaguidetotheincidenceofleft-handednessamongourrecentancestors

Lookingfurtherback,someexpertsclaimtobeabletotellfromtheshapingofflint(打火石)toolswhetherourStoneAgeforebearswereleft-orright-handedwhilethehabitofcavepaintersofleavinghandprints(as“signatures”)onwallsatleasttellsuswhichhandanindividualusedformarkingwalls.Theevidencesuggeststhat10percentofthepopulationwasleft-handed.

Thisisacommonevolutionarypatternwheretherearevariationsthateachprovidessomeadvantagefortheindividualthatcarriesthem,butnotanoverwhelmingadvantage,sothatallthevariationsexistsomewhereinthepopulation.

Abalanceisstruckinwhichtheproportionsofthepopulationinwhicheachversionisexpressedstayroughlythesameformgenerationtogeneration-asinthecaseofbloodgroups,forexample.Theremustbesomeadvantage,inDarwinianterms,inbeingaleft-handeramongapopulationofpredominantlyright-handedpeople.Butthisisverydifferentfromthepatternseeninmostanimals.

Ournearrelatives,thechimpanzees,alsoshowindividualpreferenceforonehandortheother,buthalfthechimppopulationisleft-handed.Evenratsshowthesamesplit-50percentleft-pawedand50percentright-pawed.Manmaynotquitebeuniqueamongmammals;therehavebeenclaimsthatpolarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfewexperimentshavebeendonewithpolarbearsunderlaboratoryconditions.Butbycomparisonwithourcousinapes,itlooksasifresearchintoleft-handednessinpeoplemaybeaskingthewrongquestion.

Therealpuzzleisnotwhy10percentofpeopleareleft-handed,butwhy90percentareright-handed.Whathashappenedtothehumanspecies,inevolutionaryterms,totiltthebalanceawayfromleft-handersinfavorofright-handers?Whyismantheright-handedape?Nobodyhasasatisfactoryanswer.Butitisoneofthecuriositiesofscientificresearchthatstudiesofsomethingseeminglysomundaneasleft-handednessinpeoplecouldactuallyshednewlightonhumanevolution.

1.Thearticlesuggeststhatleft-handednessmightbedueto（）

2.Itappearsfromthearticlethat（）

3.Whatdowelearnaboutpolarbears?

4.Whatadvantageisshowninbeingaleft-hander?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanguesstheword“mundane”inthelastparagraphmeans（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ashortageofmalehormone

B.veryweakdefensemechanisms

C.anexcessofmalehormone

D.therebeingmoremalethanfemalechildren

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thereweremoreleft-handedpeopleinancienttimes

B.thepercentageofleft-handershasn'tchanged

C.therewerefewerleft-handedpeopleinancienttime

D.thenumberofleft-handershasn'treallychanged

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisimpossibletodolaboratoryexperimentswiththem.

B.Therearemoreright-handedthanleft-handedones.

C.Theyareprobablynotallleft-handed.

D.Therearemoreleft-handedthanright-handedones.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Noclearadvantageisshown.

B.Youalwaysbelongto,thesamebloodgroup.

C.Youbelongtoanimportantminority.

D.Youarefreetomakeachoice.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.strange

B.ordinary

C.confusing

D.interesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第一段“Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms...”可知，最新一項(xiàng)研究表明左撇子可能與雄激素產(chǎn)生過剩以及人體自動(dòng)防御機(jī)制缺陷有關(guān)，故A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)正確。原文指的是自動(dòng)防御機(jī)制缺陷而非薄弱，故B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與題目無(wú)關(guān)。因此，本題選擇C選項(xiàng)最符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。本題詢問古今左撇子人數(shù)變化趨勢(shì)。根據(jù)原文第二段第二句“Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory”可知，雖然隨著人類發(fā)展，人口數(shù)目發(fā)生了變化，但是左撇子所占的比例幾乎維持不變。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問北極熊的相關(guān)情況。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段“polarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfe