2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)45

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

This（）tothestudyofdiseasesistechnicallyreferredtoasepidemiological.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.method

B.solution

C.means

D.approach

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。由句意可知，tothestudyofdiseases修飾空缺處的名詞，A、C、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以表示“方法，方式”，但是只有approach可以與to搭配表示“.…..的方法”，method和means后不接to。solution表示“解決方案”，與句意不符，可排除。因此，本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)?！揪湟狻窟@種疾病研究方法在技術(shù)上稱之為流行病學(xué)法。

2.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問(wèn)：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的初識(shí)源于歷史和社會(huì)的研究，尤其是從反思性實(shí)踐者的思想而來(lái)，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時(shí)代就來(lái)源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的目的，是想表明他們對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力理論的貢獻(xiàn)。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問(wèn)：作者認(rèn)為，人們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認(rèn)為人們對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的觀點(diǎn)是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學(xué)術(shù)分析為我們提供了350多種領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的定義。僅在過(guò)去的75年里，人們就對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者進(jìn)行了成千上萬(wàn)的實(shí)證研究，但對(duì)于如何區(qū)分領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和無(wú)效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，以及有效的組織和無(wú)效的組織，卻沒(méi)有明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的本質(zhì)還沒(méi)有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長(zhǎng)串史前動(dòng)物的遺骸，這些動(dòng)物前來(lái)調(diào)查，但從未離開(kāi)過(guò)這個(gè)地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問(wèn)問(wèn)題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來(lái)，我們對(duì)什么是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)以及誰(shuí)能行使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的認(rèn)識(shí)有了更進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)，但是這樣的研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠；最后兩段講了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時(shí)的，經(jīng)不住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對(duì)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

Petroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,kerosene,homeheatingoil,residualfueloilandlubricatingoils,comefromonesource—crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth’ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior.Sometimescrudeoilissecuredbydrillingaholethroughtheearth,butmoredryholesaredrilledthanthoseproducingoil.Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.

Crudeoilwellsflowatvaryingrates,fromtentothousandsofbarrelsperhour.Petroleumproductsarealwaysmeasuredin42-gallonbarrels.

Petroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance:thin,thick,transparentoropaque,buttheirchemicalcompositionismadeupofonlytwoelements:carbonandhydrogen,whichformcompoundscalledhydrocarbons.Otherchemicalelementsfoundinunionwiththehydrocarbonsarefewandareclassifiedasimpurities.Traceelementsarealsofound,butthoseareofsuchminutequantitiesthattheyaredisregarded.Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule.

Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors.Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil.Theresidueremainingafterthelightoilsaredistilledisknownasheavyorresiduefueloilandisusedmostlyforburningunderboilers.Additionalcomplicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructureofthehydrocarbonstoproduceotherproducts,someofwhichareusedtoupgradeandincreasetheoctaneratingofvarioustypesofgasoline.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.Manythousandsofhydrocarboncompoundsarepossiblebecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

4.Howiscrudeoilbroughttothesurface?

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTlistedasalightoil?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Crudeoilisfoundbelowlandandwater.

B.Crudeoilisalwaysfoundafewhundredfeetbelowthesurface.

C.Pumpingandpressureforcecrudeoiltothesurface.

D.Avarietyofpetroleumproductsisobtainedfromcrudeoil.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thepetroleumproductsvarygreatlyinphysicalappearance

B.complicatedrefiningprocessesrearrangethechemicalstructure

C.thetwoatomsinthemoleculeassumemanypositions

D.thepressureneededtoforceittothesurfacecausesmoleculartransformation

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thevariouspetroleumproductsareproducedbyfiltration.

B.Heatingandcondensationproducethevariousproducts.

C.Chemicalseparationisusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

D.Mechanicalmeanssuchasthecentrifugeareusedtoproducethevariousproducts.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Expansionofthehydrocarbons.

B.Pressureandpumping.

C.Vacuumcreatedinthedrillingpipe.

D.Expansionandcontractionoftheearth’ssurface.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Distillateoil.

B.Gasoline.

C.Lubricationoil

D.Kerosene.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:原油在陸地和水下被發(fā)現(xiàn),B:原油經(jīng)常被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面下幾百英尺,第一段指出:crudeoilfoundbelowtheearth'ssurfaceaswellasunderlargebodiesofwater,fromafewhundredfeetbelowtheearth’ssurfacetoasdeepas25,000feetintotheearth’sinterior(被發(fā)現(xiàn)于地球表面和廣泛水域下的原油，從地球表面下幾百英尺到深入地球內(nèi)部2.5萬(wàn)英尺),因此A項(xiàng)符合原意,B項(xiàng)過(guò)于絕對(duì)。由第一段中“Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface.栗源壓力迫使原油滲出表面?！敝狢項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。D:各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中被獲取,由最后一段“Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過(guò)加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來(lái))”可知D項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Thecombinationofcarbonandhydrogenformsmanythousandsofcompoundswhicharepossiblebecauseofthevariouspositionsandjoiningofthesetwoatomsinthehydrocarbonmolecule(碳和氫的結(jié)合構(gòu)成了數(shù)千計(jì)的化合物，而這種構(gòu)成的可能是因?yàn)檫@兩種原子在烷烴分子中的不同位置和結(jié)合方式),由此可知C項(xiàng)“這兩種原子可以在分子中處于多種位置”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。最后一段指出:Thevariouspetroleumproductsarerefinedfromthecrudeoilbyheatingandcondensingthevapors(各種石油產(chǎn)品從原油中通過(guò)加熱和冷凝蒸汽而從原油中被精煉出來(lái)),由此可知B項(xiàng)“加熱和冷凝產(chǎn)生了各種產(chǎn)品”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:Pressureatthesourceofpumpingforcescrudeoiltothesurface(泵源壓力迫使原油滲出表面),故選B項(xiàng)“壓力和泵送”。

5.判斷推理題。由關(guān)鍵詞lightoil定位至第三段:Theseproductsaretheso-calledlightoils,suchasgasoline,keroseneanddistillateoil(這些產(chǎn)品就被稱之為輕油，例如汽油、煤油和餾出油)。故選C。

4.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Mostpeoplebenefitfrominternationaltrade,forthesamegeneralreasonsthatmostpeoplebenefitfromthedivisionoflaborwithinnationsandwithinlocalities.Byparticipatinginabroadercommunitywithinwhichindividualsandgroupssellwhattheycanproducewiththegreatest(comparative)efficiency,peoplecansecureafargreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsthaneachindividualcouldpossiblyobtainifhehadtoproduceeveryonehimself.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinstanceswhenblockingorlimitingtradecanbringadvantagestoparticulargroupsattheexpenseofthebroadersociety.Butthemorethesegroupssucceedinenforcingsuchrestrictions,thelowerthestandardoflivingandtheslowerthepaceofeconomicgrowthforthecommunityasawhole.

Aswithcommunities,sotoowithnations.Specificinterestscangainfromimportrestrictionsandeconomictheoryevenrecognizescasesinwhichatradebarriermightleaveanentirenationbetteroffalbeitattheexpenseofothernations.Inmostcircumstances,however,opentrade--bymaximizingeconomicefficiency—enhancesthewelfareandthestandardoflivingofthenationandofthewiderworld.

【答案】大多數(shù)人從國(guó)際貿(mào)易中獲益，這跟大多數(shù)人從國(guó)家內(nèi)部和地方內(nèi)部的分工中獲益的原因大致相同。通過(guò)參與一個(gè)更廣泛的社區(qū)，這個(gè)社區(qū)中個(gè)人與團(tuán)體以最高的（相對(duì)）效率出售他們所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，人們獲得的商品數(shù)量與種類遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)自己能生產(chǎn)的。當(dāng)然，在很多情況下，組織或者限制貿(mào)易能夠給某些特定群體帶來(lái)好處，代價(jià)是整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。但是，這些團(tuán)體越是成功地執(zhí)行這些限制，整個(gè)社區(qū)的生活水平就越低，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的速度就越慢。

社區(qū)如此，國(guó)家也是如此。特定的利益能夠從進(jìn)口限制中獲得，經(jīng)濟(jì)理論甚至承認(rèn)，在某些情況下，貿(mào)易壁壘可能常會(huì)使國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)變得更好，盡管是以別國(guó)利益為代價(jià)。然而，在大多情況下，開(kāi)放貿(mào)易——通過(guò)最大化經(jīng)濟(jì)效率——提高國(guó)家和更廣泛世界的福利和生活水平。

5.單選題

Thunderstorms,withtheirjaggedburstsoflightingandroaringthunder,areactuallyoneofnature'sprimarymechanismsfortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere.Athunderstormstartswhenlow-lyingpocketsofwarmairfromthesurfaceoftheearthbegintorise.Thepocketofwarmairfloatupwardsthroughtheairabovethatisbothcoolerandheavier.Therisingpocketscoolastheirpressuredecreases,andtheirheatisreleasedabovethecondensationlinethroughtheformationofcumulusclouds.

Whatwillhappenwiththesecloudsdependsonthetemperatureoftheatmosphere.Inwinter,theairtemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesisnotextremelygreat,andthetemperatureoftherisingairmassdropsmoreslowly.Insummer,however,whenthereisahighaccumulationofheatneartheearth’ssurface,indirectcontrasttotheconsiderablycolderairhigherup,thetemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesismuchmorepronounced.Aswarmairrisesinthistypeofenvironment,thetemperaturedropsmuchmorerapidlythanitdoesinwinter;whenthetemperaturedropsmorethanfourdegreesFahrenheitperthousandfeetofaltitude,cumuluscloudsaggregateintoasinglemassivecumulonimbuscloud,orthunderhead.

Inisolation,asinglethunderstormisanimpressivebutfairlybenignwayforMotherEarthtodefusetrappedheatfromhersurface;thunderstorms,however,canappearinconcert,andtheresultingshow,whileextremelyimpressive,canalsoproveextraordinarilydestructive.Whenthereisalarge-scalecollisionbetweencoldairandwarmairmassesduringthesummermonths,asquallline,orseriesofthunderheads,maydevelop.Itiscommonforasqualllinetobeginwhenanadvancingcoldfrontmeetsupwithandforcesitselfunderalayerofwarmandmoistair,creatingalineofthunderstormsthatracesforwardatspeedsofapproximatelyfortymilesperhour.Asquallline,whichcanbehundredsofmileslongandcancontainfiftydistinctthunderheads,isamagnificentforceofnaturewithincrediblepotentialfordestruction.Withinthesqualllineoftennearitssouthernend,canbefoundsupercells,long-livedrotatingstormsofexceptionalstrengththatserveasthesourceoftornadoes.

1.Thetopicofthepassageis（）.

2.Theword"mechanism"inparagraph1mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,insummer,（）.

4.Choosethedrawingbelowthatmostcloselyresemblesasquallline.

5.Allofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageaboutsupercellsexceptthatthey（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedevelopmentofthunderstormsandsqualllines

B.thedevastatingeffectsoftornadoes.

C.Cumulusandcumulonimbusclouds

D.thepoweroftornados

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.machines

B.motions

C.methods

D.materials

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.thereisnotagreattemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudes.

B.thegreatertemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesmakesthunderstormsmorelikelytooccur.

C.thereisnotmuchcoldairwhichdropsmoreslowlythanitdoesinwinter.

D.thetemperatureofrisingairdropsmoreslowlythanitdoesinwinter.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.

B.

C.

D.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.areofshortduration.

B.havecirclingwinds.

C.haveextraordinarypower.

D.cangivebirthtotornadoes.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題干詢問(wèn)文章主題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Thunderstorms,withtheirjaggedburstsoflightingandroaringthunder,areactuallyoneofnature'sprimarymechanismsfortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere.”可知，雷暴帶著鋸齒狀的閃電和轟鳴的雷聲，實(shí)際上是大自然把熱量從地球表面轉(zhuǎn)移到大氣中的主要方式之一。此處引出話題Thunderstorm。后文又圍繞Thunderstorm和squallline的形成進(jìn)行了論述，故A項(xiàng)“雷雨和颮線的形成”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“龍卷風(fēng)的毀滅性結(jié)果”和D項(xiàng)“龍卷風(fēng)的威力”在文中并未提及，可排除；C項(xiàng)“積云和積雨云”只是在文中有所提及，不能作為文章主題。因此，本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

2.詞匯題。將mechanism定位到原文第一段，由“fortransferringheatfromthesurfaceoftheearthintotheatmosphere”可知，雷暴是為了將熱量從地表轉(zhuǎn)移到大氣中，因此這是一種大自然的原始方式，故C項(xiàng)methods含義最接近。A項(xiàng)machine表示“機(jī)器”；B項(xiàng)motion表示“動(dòng)作；移動(dòng)；手勢(shì)；議案”；D項(xiàng)material表示“材料”。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“Whatwillhappenwiththesecloudsdependsonthetemperatureoftheatmosphere.”可知，積雨云的發(fā)生取決于大氣溫度。而根據(jù)“Insummer,...thetemperaturedifferentialbetweenhigherandloweraltitudesismuchmorepronounced.Aswarmairrisesinthistypeofenvironment,thetemperaturedropsmuchmorerapidlythanitdoesinwinter...”可知，較高與較低海拔之間的溫差更顯著。因此，A項(xiàng)“較高與較低海拔之間沒(méi)有很大溫差”表述錯(cuò)誤。B項(xiàng)“較高與較低海拔之間較大的溫差更可能發(fā)生雷雨”；C項(xiàng)“（夏天）沒(méi)有太多的冷空氣的溫度下降得比冬天更快”以及D項(xiàng)“（夏天）上升空氣的溫度比冬天下降得慢”均與原文不符。故本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段“Asquallline,whichcanbehundredsofmileslongandcancontainfiftydistinctthunderheads,...”可知一條颮線可能長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)百英里，可容納50個(gè)不同的雷雨云砧。通俗的說(shuō)就是由于雷暴云中強(qiáng)烈上升氣流到達(dá)對(duì)流層頂后，受到對(duì)流層頂（平流層下）強(qiáng)烈的水平氣流作用而不能繼續(xù)上升，從而向四周快速擴(kuò)散，形成云砧。由于對(duì)流層頂溫度很低，上升氣流中凝結(jié)的水汽以冰晶形式存在，冰晶隨風(fēng)擴(kuò)散，所以云砧看上去是白色的。由此可推測(cè)C項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)圖像應(yīng)為“閃電”；B項(xiàng)圖像應(yīng)為“龍卷風(fēng)”；D項(xiàng)圖像應(yīng)為“晴間多云”。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段“Withinthesqualllineoftennearitssouthernend,canbefoundsupercells,long-livedrotatingstormsofexceptionalstrengththatserveasthesourceoftornadoes.”可知，在颮線的南端經(jīng)常可以發(fā)現(xiàn)超級(jí)單體，這是一種長(zhǎng)期存在且又異常強(qiáng)大的旋轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)暴，是龍卷風(fēng)的源頭。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“持續(xù)時(shí)間短暫”與原文不符。而B項(xiàng)“有旋轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)”；C項(xiàng)“能量非凡”以及D項(xiàng)“可以引起龍卷風(fēng)”均與原文表述相符，故本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Theuniversity（）fiveschoolsandtwenty-fivedepartments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beconsistedof

B.consistsof

C.beconsistedby

D.beconsistedin

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞用法。動(dòng)詞consist表示“由組成”，為不及物動(dòng)詞，無(wú)被動(dòng)式。詞組consistof表示“（整體）由（部分）組成”。句意：這所大學(xué)由4個(gè)學(xué)院和25個(gè)部門組成。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Theotherdayanacquaintanceofmine,anoutgoingandcharmingman,toldmehehadfoundhimselfunexpectedlyaloneinNewYorkforanhourortwobetweenappointments.HewenttotheWhitneyandspentthe“empty”timelookingatthingsin（1）solitarydelight.Forhimitprovedtobeashocknearlyasgreatasfallingin（2）todiscoverthathecouldenjoyhimselfsomuchalone.Whathadhebeenafraidof,I（3）myself?That,suddenlyalone,hewoulddiscoverthatlieboredhimself,orthattherewas,quitesimply,noselftheretomeet?Buthavingtakentheplunge,heisnowonthebrinkof（4）;heisabouttobelaunchedintohisowninnerspace,spaceasimmense,unexploredandsometimesfrighteningasouterspacetotheastronaut.Hiseveryperceptionwillcometohimwithanewfreshnessand,foratime,seemstartlinglyoriginal.Foranyone（5）canseethingsforhimselfwithanakedeyebecomes,foramomentortwo,somethingofagenius.Withanotherhumanbeingpresentvisionbecomesdoublevision,inevitably.Wearebusywondering,whatdoesmycompanionseeorthinkofthis,andwhatdoIthinkofit?The（6）impactgetslost,ordiffused.Lonelinessismostacutelyfeltwithotherpeople,forwithothers,（7）withaloversometimes,wesufferfromourdifferencesoftasteandmood.Alonewecanaffordtobewhollywhateverweareandtofeelwhatever（8）feelabsolutely.Thatisagreatluxury!Formethemostinterestingthingaboutasolitarylife,andminehasbeenthatforthelasttwentyyears,isthatitbecomesincreasinglyrewarding.When1canwakeupandwatchthesunriseovertheocean,asIdomostdays,andknowthatIhaveanentiredayahead,uninterrupted,inwhichto（9）afewpages,takeawalkwithmydog,liedownintheafternoonforalongthink(whydoesonethinkbetterina（10）position?),readandlistentomusic,Iamfloodedwithhappiness.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.very

B.such

C.so

D.much

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.love

B.emotion

C.fancy

D.passion

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.pondered

B.enquired

C.asked

D.thought

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.activity

B.adventure

C.excitement

D.danger

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.who

B.whom

C.that

D.they

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.original

B.basic

C.clear

D.lonely

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.although

B.still

C.even

D.but

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.one

B.they

C.us

D.we

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.inscribe

B.compose

C.cut

D.write

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.horizontal

B.vertical

C.painless

D.motionless

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:D

第10題:A

【解析】1.考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)very表示“非常，很；完全”；B選項(xiàng)such表示“這樣的，如此的”；C選項(xiàng)so表示“如此，這么；確是如此”；D選項(xiàng)much表示“非常，很”。第一句中出現(xiàn)了unexpectedlyalone，而空格后的solitary（a.孤獨(dú)的；獨(dú)居的）再次提及“孤獨(dú)”，因此空格處應(yīng)表示“如此的，這樣的”。so和such都可表示“如此的，這樣的”。so是副詞，修飾形容詞和副詞；而such是形容詞，修飾名詞。二者后面都接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，但用法不同。so的用法為：so+adj.+a（an）+n.；such的用法為：such+a（an）+adj.+n.。如果后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，則只能用such，故B項(xiàng)符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

2.考查邏輯關(guān)系。由第一句中的appointments以及空缺前的great可知這種感覺(jué)應(yīng)宛如“墜入愛(ài)河”一般美好，故可構(gòu)成“fallinlove墜入愛(ài)河”的A項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)emotion表示“情感；情緒”；C選項(xiàng)fancy表示“幻想；想象力；愛(ài)好”；D選項(xiàng)passion表示“激情；熱情”。

3.考查邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空缺前“Whathadhebeenafraidof”可知，這是作者反問(wèn)自己，故C選項(xiàng)ask符合句意。A選項(xiàng)ponder表示“仔細(xì)考慮；思考；衡量”；B選項(xiàng)enquire表示“詢問(wèn)；打聽(tīng)；調(diào)查”；D選項(xiàng)think表示“想；認(rèn)為；想起”。

4.考查邏輯關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)activity表示“活動(dòng)；行動(dòng)；活躍”；B選項(xiàng)adventure表示“冒險(xiǎn)；冒險(xiǎn)精祌；投機(jī)活動(dòng)”；C選項(xiàng)excitement表示“興奮；刺激；令人興奮的事物”；D選項(xiàng)danger表示“危險(xiǎn)；危險(xiǎn)物；威脅”。根據(jù)空格前havingtakentheplunge（在冒險(xiǎn)嘗試后）可知，他現(xiàn)在是在冒險(xiǎn)，故B選項(xiàng)“冒險(xiǎn)”符合句意。

5.考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)?？杖碧幖爸蟮腸anseethingsforhimselfwithanakedeye屬于空缺前anyone的后置定語(yǔ)從句。因此，空缺處應(yīng)為可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞，故A項(xiàng)who正確。

6.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)original表示“最初的；開(kāi)始的；獨(dú)創(chuàng)的；新穎的”；B選項(xiàng)basic表示“基本的；基礎(chǔ)的”；C選項(xiàng)clear表示“清楚的；清澈的；晴朗的；無(wú)罪的”；D選項(xiàng)lonely表示“寂寞的；偏僻的”。由上文中的seemstartinglyoriginal以及后文中的Wearebusywondering,whatdoesmycompanionseeorthinkofthis,andwhatdoIthinkofit?可知，如果旁邊有別人，我們會(huì)急于想知道自己同伴的看法以及自己的觀點(diǎn)，因此最初的印象就消失了。故original符合句意，本題正確選項(xiàng)為A項(xiàng)。

7.考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)although表示“盡管；雖然；但是；然而”；B選項(xiàng)still表示“仍然；但是；盡管如此”；C選項(xiàng)even表示“甚至；即使”；D選項(xiàng)but表示“但是；然而”。根據(jù)句意可知，空缺處后的lover應(yīng)為空缺前others的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，故C選項(xiàng)“even”符合語(yǔ)境，因此本題正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

8.考查邏輯關(guān)系。And連接兩個(gè)并列部分，由空缺前“whateverweare”可知，后文應(yīng)為“whateverwefeel”，故D項(xiàng)we正確。因此，本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

9.考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)inscribe表示“題獻(xiàn)；銘記;雕”；B選項(xiàng)compose表示“構(gòu)成；創(chuàng)作，排版；使平靜”；C選項(xiàng)cut表示“切割；剪短；釋放”；D選項(xiàng)write表示“書寫；寫信給；著述”。由空缺后afewpages可知，D選項(xiàng)write符合句意，故本題正確答案為D項(xiàng)。

10.考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)horizontal表示“水平的；地平線的；同一階層的”；B選項(xiàng)vertical表示“垂直的；頂點(diǎn)的；縱向的”；C選項(xiàng)painless表示“無(wú)痛的；不痛的”；D選項(xiàng)motionless表示“靜止的；不運(yùn)動(dòng)的”。由空缺前l(fā)iedown以及thinkbetter可知，躺著的時(shí)候可以更好地思考，故A項(xiàng)horizontal符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為A項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

Everyoneinterviewedhadbeen（

）tounfairtreatment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.subjected

B.adjusted

C.devoted

D.entitled

【答案】A

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。subject“使……隸屬；使屈從于……”；adjust“調(diào)整，使……適合”；devote“致力于；奉獻(xiàn)”；entitle“定名為……；使……有權(quán)利”。根據(jù)后面的unfairtreatment(不公平待遇)可推測(cè)空格處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)帶有貶義的詞，besubjectto是一個(gè)固定詞組，意思是“遭受”，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。句意：每個(gè)被采訪的人都遭遇過(guò)不公平的對(duì)待。

9.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifththetotal（

）forlivingexpenses.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.acceptable

B.available

C.advisable

D.applicable

【答案】B

【解析】句意:通常，一個(gè)學(xué)生花在住房上的費(fèi)用應(yīng)控制在可支配生活費(fèi)總額的五分之一以內(nèi)。

考查形容詞辨析。acceptable可接受的，令人滿意的；available可獲得的，可購(gòu)得的，有空的；advisable明智的，可取的；applicable適用的，可實(shí)施的。故B符合句意。

10.單選題

Thecrowdcheeredin（

）whentheplayerscaughttheball.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.recognition

B.appreciation

C.interaction

D.participation

【答案】B

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。recognition“識(shí)別；承認(rèn)，認(rèn)出；”;appreciation“欣賞，鑒別;感謝”;interaction“相互作用”；participation“參與;分享;參股”。根據(jù)cheer與caughttheball可知觀眾是因?yàn)榍虮唤幼g呼，對(duì)球員表示贊賞，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。句意：當(dāng)球員接住球時(shí)，觀眾歡呼表示贊賞。

11.單選題

2.Atfirst,thespeakerwasreferringtotheproblemofpollutioninthecountry,buthalfwayinherspeech,shesuddenly|（

）toanothersubject.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.committed

B.switched

C.favored

D.transmitted

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。committo…“致力于…”；switchto…“轉(zhuǎn)換到...”；transmitto...“傳送到……”;favor不與tosth.搭配使用。句意：最開(kāi)始演講者講述的是有關(guān)該國(guó)家環(huán)境污染的問(wèn)題，但她演講到一半就突然轉(zhuǎn)到別的話題上去了。根據(jù)but和anothersubject“別的話題”可知，B項(xiàng)符合題意。故答案選B。

12.單選題

Ifanyofthesesymptoms（

）whileyouaretakingthemedicine,consultyourdoctorimmediately.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.establish

B.represent

C.perform

D.occur

【答案】D

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。establish“建立;創(chuàng)立”；represent“代表；表現(xiàn)”；perform“表演；執(zhí)行：完成”；occur“發(fā)生”。句意：如果用藥期間出現(xiàn)上述癥狀，請(qǐng)立刻咨詢醫(yī)生。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

13.單選題

Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.

Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthatthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker'shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshavenonsmokingareas,smokeflowsinfromtheareaswheresmokingispermitted.

Itisevenharderforchildrentoavoidsecondhandsmoke.InAmerica,ninemillionchildrenundertheageoffiveliveinhomeswithatleastonesmoker.Researchshowsthatthesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes.Thedamagingeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonchildrenalsocontinueastheygrowup.Thechildrenofsmokersaremorethantwiceaslikelytodeveloplungcancerwhentheyareadultsasthechildrenofnonsmokers.Theriskisevenhigherforthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherebothparentssmoke.

1.Itcanbeinferredthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmerican（

）.

2.Non-smokersgetharmedbysmokers

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotlistedasanegativeeffectimposedbysecondhandsmokingonchildren?

5.Whichgroupofchildrensufferfromsecondhandsmokingtothegreatestextent?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.becauseofsmoking

B.thoughtheydon'tsmoke

C.becausetheirparentssmoke

D.thoughtheirparentsdon'tsmoke

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.becauseofthepoisonoussmoketheybreathein

B.iftheylivetogether

C.whenthereisnonon-smokingareainthepublicutilities

D.thoughthepoisonouschemicalscontainedinthesmokedon'tharmthem

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Non-smokersmaybepassivelyinvolvedinsecondhandsmoking.

B.Somenon-smokersmaydieoflungcancerbecauseofsecondhandsmoking.

C.Weall,moreorless,sufferfromsecondhandsmoking.

D.Secondhandsmokingisevenmoreharmfulthansmokingitself.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyaremorelikelytobesick.

B.Theyaremorelikelytodevelopmentaldisease.

C.Theytendtohavethebadaffectastheygrowup.

D.Theyaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancer.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithnosmokers.

B.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithoneparentsmoking.

C.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithtwoparentssmoking.

D.Childrenundertheageoffivelivingawayfromtheirparents.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干要求推斷美國(guó)53,000人死亡的原因。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞fifty-threethousand定位到文章第一段最后一句可知，這些人的死因是由于exposuretosecondhandsmoke，即“暴露于二手煙中”，由此可以推斷死亡者本人不抽煙，故B項(xiàng)“盡管他們不吸煙”正確。而A項(xiàng)“由于吸煙”和C項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兊母改肝鼰煛泵黠@錯(cuò)誤；D選項(xiàng)“盡管他們的父母不抽煙”屬于過(guò)度推斷。因此本題正確答案為B項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干Non-smokers可定位到原文第二段第四句，再根據(jù)下一句...almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，不管我們有沒(méi)有意識(shí)到，我們幾乎都吸入煙草的煙，所以非吸煙者身體受損的原因是“因?yàn)樗麄兾胗卸镜臒煛?，故A項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)原文沒(méi)有提及，C選項(xiàng)與第二段最后一句不符，故排除；D選項(xiàng)根據(jù)第二段第三句“甚至非吸煙者身體內(nèi)有過(guò)量的這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)”可以排除。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干要求找出錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)“非吸煙者也許會(huì)被動(dòng)吸入二手煙”，根據(jù)常識(shí)可判斷正確；根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知非吸煙者可能死于二手煙，所以B選項(xiàng)“有些非吸煙者可能因?yàn)槲譄煻烙诜伟闭_；根據(jù)第二段almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，C選項(xiàng)“我們都多多少少遭受二手煙的痛苦”正確；D選項(xiàng)“二手煙比抽煙本身傷害更大”在原文中并未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。因此本題答案為D項(xiàng)。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干要求判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)不是二手煙對(duì)孩子的消極影響。根據(jù)題干定位至原文最后一段。由thesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes可知，這些孩子比家里沒(méi)有人吸煙的更容易生病，故A選項(xiàng)正確，可排除；B選項(xiàng)“他們更可能患心理疾病”在原文中并未提及。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第三句可知，C選項(xiàng)“孩子們長(zhǎng)大了也會(huì)受二手煙的影響”正確，可排除。根據(jù)原文最后一句“父母吸煙的孩子長(zhǎng)大后患肺癌的概率是父母不吸煙的孩子的兩倍多”可知，D選項(xiàng)“一些非吸煙者可能由于二手煙死于肺癌”正確，可排除。故本題正確答案為B。

5.推理判斷題。題干要求判斷以下那種孩子受二手煙的傷害最大。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞children定位至最后一段可知，“父母都抽煙的孩子患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高”。A選項(xiàng)為“5歲以下生活在無(wú)人抽煙的家庭的孩子”；B選項(xiàng)為“5歲