淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)和伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)和伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

[abstrat]eupheisisanlinguistiphenennintheglbalulture.itplaysaniprtantpartinurdailyuniatin.asanindispensableandnaturalpartfenglishlanguage,hefieldfplitisandar,usingeupheishasbeeastrategytlubriatetheuniatin.thispaperfirstbrieflyintrduestheharateristisftheeupheis:universality,ulturespeifiity,re-syblis,bsurityandbeautifiatin;theuniativefuntinsfeupheis:substitutin,pliteness,verandaesthetis;andtheuniativefuntinsfeupheisnplitisandar:tdisguisetheseriussialprbles,tverplitialsandals,tdistrtthefatsandvilenefarandtpresentafalsepiturefpeae.thenthepaperainlyanalysesthephenennfusingeupheisbythebushadinistratin,edia,ilitary,saddahusseinadinistratinandhisffiialsduringtheiraqar.besides,itfurtherexplainsthereasnsfusingeupheisinplitisandarfrthepragatiandplitialpintsfvie.finally,thepapershstheveringandbeautifyingfuntinsfeupheisinthearters,andexpseshtheeupheisisintheserviefenisandplitis.

[keyrds]eupheis;plitisandareupheis;theiraqar

【摘要】委婉語(yǔ)是世界文化中普遍的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，在日常生活中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。作為英語(yǔ)詞匯中不可分割的一局部，英語(yǔ)委婉語(yǔ)一直引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家和學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。在政治戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)辭令中，委婉語(yǔ)表達(dá)的是一種交際策略，擔(dān)負(fù)著“光滑〞交際的重任。文章首先簡(jiǎn)要介紹了委婉語(yǔ)的五個(gè)特征：普遍性特征、文化詳細(xì)性特征、言語(yǔ)象征性特征、模糊性特征、以及美化性特征；四個(gè)交際功能：避諱功能、禮貌功能、掩飾功能、以及美化功能；以及詳細(xì)運(yùn)用政治和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)委婉語(yǔ)所表達(dá)出來(lái)的三個(gè)主要的交際功能：掩蓋嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問題、掩蓋政治丑聞、歪曲戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的殘暴性以呈現(xiàn)社會(huì)和平的假景象。接著文章主要詳細(xì)分析在2022年伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間，美國(guó)布什政府，媒體，軍隊(duì)，薩達(dá)姆政府以及其官方的言論中出現(xiàn)的委婉語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象。并從語(yǔ)用學(xué)和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)角度著手，分析戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)辭令中使用委婉語(yǔ)的真正原因和意圖。最后，文章提醒了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)委婉語(yǔ)的掩飾美化功能以及人們?nèi)绾卫脩?zhàn)爭(zhēng)委婉語(yǔ)這一語(yǔ)言工具來(lái)為社會(huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)效勞的目的。

【關(guān)鍵詞】委婉語(yǔ)；政治戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)委婉語(yǔ)；伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

1.intrdutin

therdeupheisisderivedfrthegreekrdeaning“tspeakfavrably〞r(shí)“gdspeeh〞.eupheisisdefinedinthexfrdadvanedlearner’senglish—hineseditinary(thesixtheditin,2022)as“anindiretrdrphrasethatpepleftenusetrefersethingebarrassingrunpleasant,sethingtakeitreaeptablethanitreallyis〞.thelnganditinaryfenglishlanguageandulture(thefirsteditin,2022)defineseupheisas“(anexaplef)theusefapleasanter,lessdiretnaefrsethingthughttbeunpleasant〞.inebster’snellegiateditinary(1973),thedefinitinfeupheisreads“substitutinfanagreeablerinffensiveexpressinfrnethatayffendrsuggestsethingunpleasant〞.

thedefinitinsabveillustratethegeneralharateristifeupheis---“theusefapleasant,plite,rharlesssundingrdsrexpressinstaskharsh,rude,rinfaustruths〞.[1]

2.theharateristisfeupheis

eupheis,asalanguagephenenn,hassespeialharateristis.ardingtyaneiying,theharateristisfeupheisanbegeneralizedinfiveaspets.thatisuniversality,ulturespeifiity,re-syblis,bsurityandbeautifiatin.

2.1universality

alstallulturesseethaveertainntinsrthingsthatpepletrytavidentiningdiretly.thatis,nearlyeveryulturehasitsntabs.hensuhantinrthinghastbereferredt,thepratieillbetsubstituteadifferentterrphrasethatsundsbetter.“sehaveeupheisinalsteverylanguage.〞[2]

2.2ulturespeifiity

theuniversalityfeupheiseansthateupheissarentidentialindifferentlanguages.insteadeupheisisrelevanttulture.ntins,things,rtabsindifferentulturesarentneessarilythesae.therefre,thepeple’sattitudestardsthearedifferent.itisantherharateristifeupheisthateallit“ulturespeifiity〞.“stkntherrespndingultureisessentialtunderstandandusetheeupheisprperly.〞[3]

2.3re-syblis

frthedefinitinfeupheis,eanknlearlythateupheisisusingneexpressintreplaeanther.“thatistsay,eupheisisare-syblizingfthings,ideas,reventsalreadysyblizedithpreisininind.therefrepeplean’trandlyutilizeanexpressinteupheizethetabs.there-syblizingshuldprvideluestaththeintendedeaningfthetabsandshuldsundindiretrpleasanter.〞[4]

2.4bsurity

bsurityisabasifeaturefeupheis.inrdertavidentiningsentins,thingsrtabsdiretly,ealaysuseseantibsurityttakeplaefthepreiserds.frexaple,tavidentiningtheterdeath,pepletakepainstsubstituteitiththetersfpassaay,beithgd,gtabetterrld,departfrtherld,et.therefre,ifthereisnbsurity,eupheisilllseitseupheistivalue.

2.5beautifiatin

antherharateristifeupheisisbeautifiatin.frthereasnthattabrdssundunpleasant,harshandffensive,pepleuseeupheisstreplaethe.theyresrtteupheisstdressupthetabsithrebeautifullthesandtbeautifythetersrntins.

frtheharateristisftheeupheis,itseesthattheeplyentfeupheisisvieedpsitivelyastheusefkindrdstavidentiningtabs.hever,sereenttrendsinenglisheupheisshavegnebeyndthetraditinaldefinitin,suhasthsefrtablerdsusedtverupthesial,plitialandarprbles.hene,eupheissareftenusedbyplitiiansrstatesenasaeantverupandbeautifytheiratins.inasense,eupheisasafigurefspeehtherefre,isrethanjustsayingsethingunpleasantinapleasantayespeiallyintheplitisandaraffairs.

3.plitisandareupheisanditsrelevantntents

3.1definitinsfplitisandareupheis

justlikethedefinitinsfeupheis,differentpeplehavedifferentideasfthedefinitinfplitisandareupheis.butthenthingisthattheplitialandareupheisisthelanguageusedinplitialanddiplatiativities.hene,theexpressingenerallyisusedbygvernents,edia,diplats,heirnversatinrrrespndenetdesribethatguardedunderstateenthihenablesthetsaysharpthingsithutbeingprvativert“sayrundabutexpressinsthatstandfr‘sethingelse’ith‘gildedrds’substitutedfr‘truerds’rttellsethingthatitisn’t.〞[5]

3.2thenreteusefeupheisinplitisandar

therearevariuskindsfeupheissusedinallrksflife,hihareainlyabutpartsandfuntinsfhuanbdy,siknessanddeath,siallifeandenis,eduatin,andplitisandar.suhaspepleusetheter“thing〞fr“alegenital〞,“tsingasng〞fr“tgtthetilet〞,“big〞fr“aner〞,“beithgd〞fr“death〞,“dnturn〞fr“slup〞,“underprivileged〞fr“pr〞,and“anunderahiever〞fr“alazypersn〞,et.

asfrtheeupheisinplitisandar,thegvernentsarethepineers.“gvernentsaregldinesfreupheis.theyuseitpriarilyfrthepurpsesfdefendingandratinalizingtheiratinsandfrdisguisingrdiinishingtheirfailuresrunppularprpsalsandpliies.〞[6]therefrehenaeberfthestatedepartentinfrsyuthatthereisaneedfrrefullyinfredjudgents,heisdiplatiallysaying,“yudn’tknyurelbfrahleinthegrund.〞[7]

diplatsarearihsurefreupheist.“beausetheyftenseektiniizeinternatinaltensins,theyfrequentlybfusatebththeirtruetivesandtheirrealfailures.nlythegnsentiregnizethatausefulandbusinesseetingbeteentdiplatsisneathihnthingisaplishedandthataseriusandandiddisussinisatuallyaajrdisagreeent.〞[8]

theilitaryseesthaveapartiularfndnessfeupheis.thepurpsefilitaryeupheisist“slantlanguagetiniizedefeats,destrutinandthevilenefar〞.[9]therefre,thisisnaturalhennensidersbeautifyingthebusinesstbedne.therearenlyadvanes,nretreats;nlyvitries,ndefeats.“l(fā)ikethelanguagefgvernent,theilitaryeupheisdepersnalizes,generalizesandabstrats.〞[10]

4.theuniativefuntinsfeupheisnplitisandar

4.1theuniativefuntinsfeupheis

theuniativefuntinsfeupheisainlyinludesubstitutin,pliteness,andverandaesthetis.

4.1.1substitutin

ardingtthedefinitinsfeupheis,eknthatagreatnuberfenglisheupheissareservedasthesubstitutinsfrverbaltabs.thetertabisriginallyusedinplynesia.itdetesanythinglinguistiandnnlinguisti,hihisprhibitedandfrbidden.henapartiulartpiisnsideredvalidfrdisussin,thetabsfrdsur,seupheistiexpressinsarerequired.therefre,“tabandeupheisarethustfaesfthesaein.〞[11]thisisthereasnthatvarietyftypesfeupheisshavebeeneplyedtreplaethetabedrdsrexpressins,suhastheter“‘sit-dnjb’fr‘defeatin’,‘neutralize’fr‘kill’and‘ldfeet’fr‘a(chǎn)rdie’’’,[12]et.

4.1.2pliteness

thetherfuntinfeupheisistavidffendingthers.thisfearfausingpsyhipainandthisdesiretbeellthughtfhasledustuse“kindrds〞.eanfindthertfthistivefrtheg.nleeh’splitenesspriniple:“tiniizesttthers,taxiizebenefittthers;tiniizebenefittself,taxiizesttself;tiniizedispraisefthers,taxiizepraisefthers;tiniizepraisefself,taxiizedispraisefself…〞[13]therefhisplitenessprinipleistiniizetheexpressinfiplitebeliefsandaxiizetheexpressinfplitebeliefs.it’sbviusthattheplitenessfuntinfeupheisisardiththeleeh’splitenesspriniple.therefre,tbeplite,esayseneisdisntinuedhenhe/sheisfiredbythebss.

4.1.3verandaesthetis

iththefeaturesfbsurityandbeautifiatin,eupheisisnaturallyusedbybusinessen,rganizatinsrgvernentstver,defendrratinalizetheiratinsrtdiinishtheirunppularprpsalsandpliies.frexaple,thereasafirenebrkeutntheneyrktraksanddelayedthetrains.thisasannunedas:“ehaveafiresituatin.〞presidentrnalreaganalledfrrevenueenhaneentsinsteadftaxinreaseshenheasfaediththerealitiesfnatinalfinanes.

4.2theuniativefuntinsfeupheisnplitisandar

theharateristisfbsurityandbeautifiatinasellastheuniativefuntinsfverandaesthetisarethekeyausesfrthereatinfeupheisnplitisandar.beauseintheplitiallifeandaffairsandduringtheartie,aspeiallinguistiprtlisbadlyneededtdisguisetheseriussialprbles,tverplitialsandals,tdistrtthefatsandvilenefarandtpresentafalsepiturefpeae.

4.2.1tdisguisetheseriussialprbles

beausefthevaguenessfeupheis,ithasbeeaveryiprtanttlfrgvernentstdisguisetheseriussialprbles.frexaple:

thesluisalled“substandardhusingrinnerity〞.[14]

agegraphialareaithleplyentisteredasthegreyarea.

theprisnisalledahusefrretin,arssbarhtel.

thedeathpenaltyisalledapitalpunishent.

4.2.2tverplitialsandals

ertaintrendsinaerianeupheissshuldbented.inreentyearsreandreeupheissarebeingreatedandusedtverplitialsandals.frexaple,intheatergateevent,thegrupfburglarizingspiesasteredasplubers.inrdertprtettheirfailyjeels(thestebarrassingserets),theyhadasenari(aplt)thaveanintelligenegatheringativity(theriefbreakingandentering).thiskindfexpressinsdesn’thurtthegvernent’spride,desit?

4.2.3tdistrtthefatsandvilenefarandtpresentafalsepiturefpeae

theilitaryisfndfeupheis.“inthisrespet,thestreentanders-in-hiefftheaerianaredfres,jiyarterandrnaldreagan,haveledtheay.thehelipterraidtresueaerianaptivesiniranin1980asalledaninpletesuess.〞[15]

thevietnaar,ffiiallyknnasthevietnaplieatinasrethananaident.itisreauratelylassifiedaliitedar(anaerianexpressinfranvertilitarynfrntatinrvertilitarynflit;thatis,aar).duringthear,theantnkillingfvietnaeseassetiesalledastingtheeneyrpaifiatinbyaeriansldiers.thesaturatinbbingisknnasrdnanedelivering.“thisreindsthetreatentfprisnersinnazigeranyduringrldarii---thenentratinapisalledstrategivillage.searriedpapersithreturnunanted;thersereassignedspeialtreatent.btheantdeath.henlssesarenne’snside,thenaturaltendenyistsftenthebl.theterlightasualtiesisnfrlssflivesinbat.hendeathsrinjuriesareausedbyne’snatin,theneedfrtatfullanguageisevengreater,suhasthe“aidentaldeliveryfrdnanefrtheshellingfaeriantrpsbyaerians〞.[16]

inthegulfar(1991),aeriansreatedany“dressed-up〞expressins:

frtheaifhuanitarianinterventin(ar),e(aerians)paified(attaked)thearea.byusingtheairptin(airstrike),airsupprt(bbing)andne-ayissin(suiidalattak),esfteneduptheresistane(bbedandblasted)andfinallytheeney’sdefenseneutralized(rushed),althughealsadellateraldaage(ivilianasualties)heneereengagedinhstilitiesandinbat(btheantar).

theaerianseretaryfstateadeleinealbrightadeagreatertatfullanguage.shereferredthentinuusbbingasnat’speratins.hat’sre,henthreehinesejurnalistsereinnentlykilled,hitehuseffiialsexplainedthatitasntadeliberatebbingbutaistakebbing.theireffrtshaveraisedeupheistneheights.

afterthe9.11,aeriahadtheanti-terrrisarnafghanistan.theyusedthe“l(fā)lateraldaage〞fr“thedeathsfinnentpepleinnflit〞,“sartbbing〞fr“bbing〞.“l(fā)eanbb/ar〞givesthefalseipressinthatthearisaiedatatualandexattargetsinsteadfivilians.“surgialstrikes〞nveystheideathatitisaneessaryilitaryatintreveanevil.andthenin2022,theyattakedatargetfpprtunityiniraq(atargetftheiraqileadership).

theexapleabveallillustratenepurpseftheplitisandareupheis,thatisslantinglanguagetiniizedefeats,destrutin,tdisguisethevilenefarandtdistrtthefats.shabuttheeupheisintheiraqar?

5.eupheisintheiraqar

asthetivatinftheiraqarhasbeenquestinedbypepleallvertherld,eupheisnaturallybeesagreattltdisguiseanddiinishtheebarrassent.analyzingtheeupheissusedbyaeriangvernent,edia,ilitaryandsaddahusseinadinistratinillgreatlyhelpustbeaareftheurrentplitialreality.

itisellknnthattheiraqarhasbeenplannedfrquitealngtiebyaeria,hhasputfrardaratinalreasn,salled“aptentialthreattaerianseurityandrld’speae〞,althughitshsnevidenefaniraqinuleareapnsprgra.therefre,presidentgerge.bushadeaspeehniraqithreatinininnati:

“tnightiantttakefeinutestdisussagravethreattpeae,andaeria’sdeterinatintleadtherldinnfrntingthatthreat.thethreatesfriraq….itpssessesandprduesheialandbilgialeapns.itisseekingnuleareapns.ithasgivenshelterandsupprttterrris,andpratiesterrragainstitsnpeple.theentirerldhasitnessediraq’seleven-yearhistryfdefiane,deeptinandbadfaith….kningtheserealities,aeriaustntignrethethreatgatheringagainstus.fainglearevidenefperil,eanntaitfrthefinalprf---theskinggun---thatuldeinthefrfaushrlud….frthesakefpeae,eillleadaalitinfrestdisarhi….n,asbefre,eillseureurnatin,prteturfreed,andhelptherstfindfreedftheirn….byururage,eillseurethepeae,andleadtherldtabetterday.〞[17]

lkingattheabvespeehfralinguistiangle,eaneasilyfindthateupheissareatuallylittleindsintpeple’sindsandhearts;peepinghlesintpeple’sulture.

let’skeeptrakfeupheissintheiraqartunderstandtheirfuntinsandtseehtheyareintheserviefplitis.

5.1eupheisinbushadinistratinandaerianedia

theaeriangvernentandediahavealreadyadefullusefplitisandareupheislngbefretheiraqar.suhasthevietnaar,thegulfar,the9.11event,andtheafghanistanarhaveallseentheeplyentrthereatinftheareupheiss.andintheiraqar,theyhadbrughttheusagefplitisandareupheistaneheight.

(1)pre-eptiveatin

earlybefretheiraqar,presidentbushhasalreadyputfrardhis“pre-eptiveatin〞idea.njane1,2002,hedeliveredthegraduatinspeehatestpint:

“urseurityillrequireallaerianstbefrard-lkingandreslute,tbereadyfrpre-eptiveatinhenneessarytdefendurlives.〞[18]

thesurprisedattakagainstiraqisteredpre-eptiveatinbybush.apre-eptiveatingivestheipressinthattheatinisnsideredneessarytdeteraneneyattak.rtheeneyillattaktheiruntryfirstly.ittherefreseesrallyrighttjustifyitsinvasin.butinfat,itshsnevidenefaniraqinuleareapnsprgrasandnsigns,traesrexaplesfheialeapnsbeingdeplyedinthefieldtattakaeria.

(2)peratinfiraqifreed/disartheiraqiregie/ilitaryatin/ilitarynflit

presidentgerge.bushgivessaddahussein48-hurdeadlinetfleeiraqrfaeaus-ledinvasin,sayingaerianfresillagear“atatiefurhsing〞.

thepresident:

“yfellitizens,eventsiniraqhavenreahedthefinaldaysfdeisin.frrethanadeade,theunitedstatesandthernatinshavepursuedpatientandhnrableeffrtstdisartheiraqiregieithutar….ehavesenthundredsfeapnsinspetrstverseethedisaraentfiraq.ihpethisillntrequireilitaryatin.urgdfaithhasntbeenreturned….saddahusseinandhissnsustleaveiraqithin48hurs.theirrefusaltdsillresultinilitarynflit,enedatatiefurhsing….〞“saddahusseinustdisarhiselfr,frthesakefpeae,eillleadaalitinfretdisarhi.〞[19]

hetherthe“disarfiraqiregie〞“ilitaryatin〞“ilitarynflit〞r(shí)the“peratinfiraqifreed〞,theyalleanthe“ar〞.theseeupheisssundgdandeleganttnealthenakedarandtbeautifytheirilitaryinvasinrtherevilatins.atthesaetie,theusesftheseeupheisssftenthetneflaunhingaar.

(3)alitinfres

asfrthe“anti-iraqunin〞,rethannethirdfuntiesdntanttpenlystandbytheaeria,exeptbritain.sthebushadinistratindelaredthat“rethan35untriesjinedthe‘a(chǎn)litinfres’,rethan35untriesgaveitruialsupprtandtbrethedutyandsharedthehnrfservinginurndefense〞.[20]bushalslaiedthatnthreatsfterrristvilenehadunitedthealitinfrestgether.butinfat,theallieshadgneiththeind.

(4)rapiddinane/shkandae

“rapiddinane〞isthepentagn’surrentphilsphytfllfrasuessful“shkandae〞ffene.itisdesignedthittheiraqifresandplitialstrutureatallritialndesandintensitythenterrifytheeneyintsubissiniediately.

(5)regietarget

evenithseriusalliedbbinganddestrutininbasra,theusandbritishinsistedthattheyarenlystrikingthesaddahusseinandinfrastruturethatsupprtshisregie,suhaspresidentialpalaes,theary,seurityservieandintelligeneheadquarters.

(6)exitstrategy/thelgifithdraal

“exitstrategy〞isaeupheisfrfailureiniraq.basednagringaarenessthatthebushadinistratin’spre-eptiveinvasinhasntnlytakenvitalresuresaayfrthe“arnterrr〞,ithasadetherldanunstableplae.thisphrasealseanstakinganptintithdrafriraq.

(7)ebedding

asfrthearrrespndents,hhavebeenebeddedinsidetrpunits,eatingandsleepingangsldiers,abidingbythelasandrestritinsftheararealledebedding.andthsehflltheatinfreelybytheselvesarealledunilateral.

(8)vertialenvelpent

“vertialenvelpent〞isthe“pentagn’sterfrthepreparedethdfutflankingiraqifresbyflyingtrpsvertheandthenattakingfrtherearrthesides.speialfresarebelievedthavealreadyidentifiedbilefres,inludingtanks,tengageiraqipsitinsfrseveraldiretins.〞[21]theyhadusefthisbsureandabstratphrasetdesribetheirperfulilitaryfresinanindiretay.

(9)p../e.p.

hentheusadegreateffrtstresuethenineteen-year-ldjessialynh,tnearnyrdserereated:p..(aerianprisnerfar)ande.p.(eneyprisnerfar).

(10)granularity

thegranularityftheiraqarisntthesandthatversstftheuntry.itstandsfrthedetailedauntsfthebattlesnthegrundiniraq.butpratialprblesithuniatinsfrsldiersinthefieldsttheirandersandrestritinsfrlndnandashingtnntheflfinfratineanitillbeanendlesssearh.

(11)neglet

“neglet〞isaeupheisusedbytheneyrktiestavidtalkingabuttheeffetsfus-bakedsantins.theashingtnpstreferredinantber16reprtt“thehallengesfrebuildinganiraqiinfrastrutureseverelydaagedbydeadesfnegletundersaddahusseinandtarsiththeus.〞aheadlineinthelsangelesties(10/5/03)read,“insurretin,deadesfnegletandhighexpetatinsbyiraqispliateadauntingtask.〞[22]

natteritistheaeriangvernentredia,thebbingsarereferredas“preisin〞“sartbbings〞and“l(fā)aserguided〞.hatiseupheistiallyknnas“friendlyfire〞r(shí)“l(fā)lateraldaage〞isaainstayfthear.gergerellsays“earlyinlifeihadntiedthatneventiseverrretlyreprtedinanespaperrbygvernentalspeeh.〞[23]hissayingistherealrefletinftheaeriangvernentandediaintheiraqar.

5.2eupheisinilitary

inthetiesfhighrisis,theilitaryalsisfndfneeupheistiexpressinsfreupheistiverandblakhur.theyludedsipleneptsinlayersfters.

(1)aneuvristapprah

“aneuvristapprah〞isusedbytheanderstdesribethe“flexibletatis,hihalltheinthefieldandattheainheadquartersinqatartadapttheirplansinrespnseteventsnthegrund.〞[24]

(2)denflitingtheairspae

“denflitingtheairspae〞isunveiledbylieutenantgeneraldavidkieran,thelandarander,tdesribetheplexpressfensuringthatthevastarrayfeapnryfiredintsutherniraqdesntllide.“hesaidthatheantedtakesurethatthefireserefullyrdinatedanddenflited〞.[25]

(3)kinetitargeting/sfttargeting

“kinetitargeting〞isaeupheisfrdrppingbbs.“‘sfttargeting’isusedbygeneralstdesribetheleafletshiharedrppediraqtasktheilitarytsurrenderandradistatinstbradastanti-saddarhetri.henfighterjetsandruiseissilesdestrytargetsnthegrund,theilitaryallsit‘kinetitargeting’〞.[26]hentheusandthebritishtrpsaitfrperissintattakiraq,theilitaryallsit“gingkineti〞.

(4)fixing

hentheusandbritishfressurrundedthesutherntnsfnassiriyaandbasra,theilitaryteredthat“theyarefixingthe.〞thisdesnteantheyarealreadyrepairingbuildingsdaagedinbattle.rather,theyjustsealedfftheperieterstneutralizeanyiraqitrpsstillinsidethetnithuthavingtriskengagingtheinptentiallystlystreetfighting.

(5)sses/sensitivesiteexplitatin

generaltyfranks,theverallanderfalitinfres,inednefthereerableilitarytersftheapaign---sses(sensitivesiteexplitatin).thisterdesribethe“deliatepressfexainingsuspetedplantsntainingeapnsfassdestrutin.suhatehnialterilleinhandyifthealitinfresfailtdetetanyeapnsfassdestrutin,hseallegedpreseneiniraqprvidedthepretextfrar.〞[27]

(6)strikepakage

thisisstritlyailitarytertdesribethevastarrayfhardareandtehnlgysupprtingthebbingraids.“the‘strikepakage’inludesfighters,rennaissaneandearlyarningradarairraft,andair-t-airrefuellers,arafspeiality.〞[28]

(7)htntatpint

“htntatpint〞isthelatestfferingtdesribetheunfrtablebusinessfasualtiesinal-keyay.

“‘a(chǎn)htntatpintishereursldiersaregettingshtat,’saidabritishsergeant,anningahekpint.〞[29]

5.3thepragatireasnsfrtheaeria’susagefeupheisintheiraqar

asfrthepragatireasns,thereareainlyinludinginterestingness,naelytakene’slanguageinterestingandinreasingthefrefne’sessage,naelytenhanetheipatreffetivenessfne’sessage.

5.3.1interestingness

theatterfarisjustliketheatterfdiplay.bthftheareusuallytakenseriuslyastheygenerallynernvitalissuefneuntry.sstfthetie,languageabutaranddiplayusuallybearsthebrandfnservatinandfralis.nevertheless,intheiraqar,anyeupheissabutplitisandararereatedandeplyedtahievespeifiuniatingals:tarusepeple’sintereststne’sspeeh,takene’sstateentsreinterestingrtusethefunnyrdsrexpressinstsatirizesenersething,et.theseanbeshedfrthefllingexaples:

(1)theskinggun/theushrlud

presidentgerge.bushadeaspeehniraqithreatinininnati:

“kningtheserealities,aeriaustntignrethethreatgatheringagainstus.fainglearevidenefperil,eanntaitfrthefinalprf---theskinggun---thatuldeinthefrfaushrlud….〞[30]

asekn,theeapnsfassdestrutinarefatallydangerustthehlerld.inexplainingthedangerfthenuleareapns,theuspresidentbusheplysavividseneinaratherlighttne---theskinggunthatuldeinthefrfaushrlud.iththisspeeh,hegivesthehearersavividandinterestingipressin.

(2)buperstiker

seretaryfdefenserusfeldadeaspeehnthefuturefiraq

questin:“atlasteek’sddpressnferene,yustatedthatyudidn’tarefrtherd‘insurgent’andthatyuhadantherrdfrthister‘insurgents’.hatisthistherterthatyuhavefrinsurgentsthatyusaidyuuldn’treeberatthetie?〞

rusfeld:“idn’tthinkisaidiuldn’treeberatthetie.isaidihadn’tthughtitthrughellenughtknthatthereasasiple‘buperstiker’thatneuldsubstitutefrtherd‘insurgent’.〞[31]

the“buperstiker〞isfailiartpeple.depitingthe“insurgents〞as“buperstikers〞,thespeakerbviuslyderidestheinsurgentsinanbsureanner.itenableshearersttaketheinterestingnessfeupheistirdings.

(3)yappinglikearabbit

grevidal,thegrandldanftheaerianliteraryleft,inednefthereelquentphrasesfthear.“‘hebarrassingfrblair,prieinisterfthatnegreatuntry,tbeyappinglikearabbitinsupprtfurar,’vidalsaidtheeringsupprtersatarallyinsantania.〞[32]

“rabbitrabbityapyap〞isasngfhasanddave.asaanfletters,vidalisntinspiredbythesngbuttderidetheblair,thebritishprieinister,tfllbytheuslikeanisyrabbit.

(4)usehling

thisapparentlysipleterhassinisternntatins.itdesribesnefthesthrrifieleentsfurbanarfareinhihtrpsdntenterhusesfrthefrntdr,frfearftriggeringtripires.insteadtheyblhlesinsidealls,invariablyausingnuerusivilianasualties.thisrdingdressedinsuhaetaphrakestheexpressinresybliandvivid.

5.3.2inreasingthefrefne’sessage

rethantakene’slanguageinteresting,eupheisanbeusedtinreasethefrefne’sessage.theeupheisreatesagapbeteentheliteraleaningandipliiteaning.tunderstandtheessage,nehastputagreaterinvestentintthatessage.thisalsextensivelyelabratestheharateristisfeupheis,astheexaplesillustrate:

(1)atastrphisuess

theusandersareusing“atastrphisuess〞ttalkabutseepingtriuphantlyintbaghdad.by“atastrphe〞,theydnteanadisaster,beausetheyaredisissingtheideafthusandsfivilianasualties.insteadtheyareusinganegativeadjetive“atastrphi〞tephasizethepsitive,aspepledesribesethingthatis“l(fā)〞as“iked〞.

(2)bluenblue/friendlyfire

“bluenblue〞adeitsdebutafterthedningfanraftrnadbyanaerianpatritissile.thisphraseisusedtdesribetheall-t-ntragedyfalliedfresbeingkilledbypeplentheirnside.itisanetertfllfrthelderne---“friendlyfire〞

self-bviusly,theneughtnttrelatethenephraseithanyhintsflr.neneedstreadbeteenthelinesbefregettingtheeaningbehind.tnnetiththelderne---“friendlyfire〞,neaydeeplypereivetherundabutayfdesribingthekillingdnebyne’snside.“bluenblue〞nslidatestheregretfuldfrtherngding.

5.4theplitialandrealistireasnsfrtheaeria’susagefeupheisintheiraqar

alngithtpragatireasnsfraeriangvernent,edia,andilitarytusetheneeupheissintheiraqar,therearereiprtantnesbehindthe.thatis,“bushis〞prtestheusefeupheisthindsethingandlieabuthattheyareding.thispletelyillustratestherulethatlanguageisintheserviefenisandplitis.

paredithanypreviusadinistratins,thebushadinistratinisdressedupinadifferentlr,hihdeterinestheuniqueandneusagefthelanguageespeiallyintheiraqar.

“thelintnadinistratinregarded‘glbalderatizatin’,‘ilitaryseurity’,and‘eniprsperity’asthethreepillarsfitsnatinalseuritystrategy.hilethebushadinistratinputs‘glbalderatizatin’naparith‘a(chǎn)rnterrris’and‘bigperrdinatin’asthethreeprerequisitesfitsnatinalseuritystrategy.〞[33]

intheusnatinalseuritystrategyreprt,thefirstfelinesarestraighttthepintandreadlikethis:“inthe21stentury,nlynatinsthatshareaitenttprtetingbasihuanrightsandguaranteeingplitialandenifreedillbeabletaketheirnlivesbetter.eilldefendthepeaebyfightingterrristsandtyrants.eillextendthepeaebyenuragingfreeandpensietiesneveryntinent.〞[34]frthispurpse,theus,astingasidetheunitednatinsandinternatinalunity,startedaarantnlyiniraqnarh20,2022.anditputthestprinentfeaturerepresentativef“bushis〞---“preeptivestrategy〞.bushassertsthat,“thearnterrrillntbennthedefensive;ifeaitfrthreatstfullyaterialize,eillhaveaitedtlng….thebestdefensetunterterrristthreatsistattak.theusillbepreparedttakepreeptivestrikeatinsastierequiresanddisveranddestrythsethreatsbefretheyreahtheusbrders.〞[35]

theipleentatinfthe“preeptivestrategy〞eansthattheusilllaunhattaksithutanyadvanearningagainstitsself-definedeneiesandthreatsatitshsentie.andiraqisthefirstprvinggrundfits“preeptivestrategy〞.therefre,theus“tkapreeptiveatin〞(ar)tassalargeandstrngary---“alitinfres〞t“shkandae〞(bbandattak)the“targetfpprtunity〞(atargetfiraqileadership)andtverthrthe“regietarget〞(thesaddahussein’sregie)sast“renstrutafreeandderatigvernent〞(apr-usregie).

helegantlyandbeautifullytheseeupheissareusedtdisguisethefatfinvasinandupatinfiraq,thepurpsefprppingupapr-usregieandexpandingusstrategiinflueneandntrllingvertheiddleeastregin;inludingthentrlfilresures.

therefre,thebushis’seupheistiexpressin“preeptivestrategy〞desagreatdealfdaagentnlytthepeaeanddevelpentbutalstthetraditinalpriniplesfself-defense,aggravatingglbalvileneandinstability.

5.5eupheisinsaddahusseinandhisffiials

parediththeeupheisusedbyaeriaasatltdisguiseandbeatifytheirilitaryinvasinandenipurpses,thesaddahusseinandhisffiialsuseeupheisinaquitedifferentays.theyuseittexpsetheaeria’sevildingsandunfavrableipatniraqandinternatinalsituatin,asthefllingexaplesillustrate:

(1)evilne