2022年生物與制藥工程專業(yè)英語第二三五單元翻譯

Biologists

and

chemists

divide

compounds

into

two

principal

classes,

inorganic

and

organic.

Inorganic

compounds

are

defined

as

molecules,

usually

small,

that

typically

lack

carbon

and

in

which

ionic

bonds

may

play

an

important

role.

Inorganic

compounds

include

water,

oxygen,

carbon

dioxide,

and

many

salts,

acids,

and

bases.

生物學(xué)家和化學(xué)家分裂成兩個(gè)重要種類化合物、無機(jī)和有機(jī)。無機(jī)化合物被定義為分子,一般小,一般缺少的碳離子束縛,那么它就能起到重要的作用。無機(jī)化合物涉及水、氧氣、二氧化碳和許多鹽、酸、和根據(jù)地。

All

living

organisms

require

a

wide

variety

of

inorganic

compounds

for

growth,

repair,

maintenance,

and

reproduction.

Water

is

one

of

the

most

important,

as

well

as

one

of

the

rmost

abundant,

of

these

compounds,

and

it

is

particularly

vital

to

microorganisms.

Outside

the

cell,

nutrients

are

dissolved

in

water,

which

facilitates

their

passage

through

cell

membranes.

And

inside

the

cell

,

water

is

the

medium

for

most

chemical

reactions.

In

fact,

water

is

by

far

the

most

abundant

component

of

almost

all

living

cells.

Water

makes

up

5%

to

95%

or

more

of

each

cell,

the

average

being

between

65%

and

75%.

Simply

stated,

no

organism

can

survive

without

water

所有生物體需要多種無機(jī)化合物的增長(zhǎng)、維修、維護(hù)、和繁衍。水是其中一種最重要的、也是最豐富的,此類化合物,這是特別至關(guān)重要,微生物。細(xì)胞外,營(yíng)養(yǎng)溶解在水中,有助于她們通過細(xì)胞膜。和進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,水介質(zhì)對(duì)大多數(shù)化學(xué)反映。事實(shí)上,水是迄今為止最豐富的組件幾乎所有的活細(xì)胞。水產(chǎn)生的5%

~

95%或更多的每一種細(xì)胞,平均在65%和75%之間。簡(jiǎn)樸的說,沒有生物能生還,沒有水。

Water

has

structural

and

chemical

properties

that

make

it

particularly

suitable

for

its

role

in

living

cells.

As

we

discussed,

the

total

charge

on

the

water

molecule

is

neutral,

but

the

Oxygen

region

of

the

molecule

has

a

slightly

negative

charge

and

the

hydrogen

region

has

a

slightly

positive

charge.

Any

molecule

having

such

an

unequal

distribution

of

charges

is

called

a

polar

molecule.

The

polar

nature

of

water

gives

it

four

characteristics

that

make

it

a

useful

medium

for

living

cells

水具有的構(gòu)造和化學(xué)特性使得其尤為適合在活細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮作用。像我們討論過的同樣,總金額在水分子是中立的,但氧區(qū)域的分子均有稍微否認(rèn)的電荷和氫地區(qū)稍微正電荷。有這樣一種任何分子分派不均等的指控被稱為一種極性分子。極地自然的水給它有四個(gè)特點(diǎn),使它成為一種有用的活細(xì)胞中。

First,

every

water

molecule

is

capable

of

forming

four

hydrogen

bonds

with

nearby

water

molecules.

This

property

results

in

a

strong

attraction

between

water

molecules.

Because

of

this

strong

attraction,

a

great

deal

of

heat

is

required

to

separate

water

molecules

from

each

other

to

form

water

vapor,

thus,

water

has

a

relatively

high

boiling

point

(1OO℃).

Since

water

has

such

a

high

boiling

point,

it

exists

in

the

liquid

state

on

most

of

the

earth's

surface,

Furthermore,

the

hydrogen

bonding

between

water

molecules

affects

the

density

of

water,

depending

on

whether

it

occurs

as

ice

or

a

liquid.

for

example,

the

hydrogen

bonds

in

the

crystalline

structure

of

water

(ice)

make

it

more

spacious.

As

s

result，

ice

has

fewer

molecules

than

an

equal

volume

of

liquid

water.

This

makes

its

crystalline

structure

less

dense

than

an

equal

olume

of

liquid

water.this

makes

its

crystalline

strucrure

less

dense

than

liquid

water.

It

is

for

this

reason

that

ice

floats

and

can

serve

as

an

insulating

layer

on

the

surfaces

of

lakes

and

streams

that

harbor

living

organisms.

一方面,每個(gè)水分子的氫鍵能力四個(gè)形成與附近的水分子。這個(gè)屬性導(dǎo)致水分子間有強(qiáng)烈的吸引力。由于這個(gè)強(qiáng)烈的吸引力,大量的熱被規(guī)定從彼此分開的水分子形成的水蒸氣,因此,水有一種相對(duì)高沸點(diǎn)(1

OO℃)。由于水有這樣一種高沸點(diǎn),它存在于液體狀態(tài)對(duì)大部分的地球表面,此外,水分子間的氫鍵的密度與水的影響,取決于它是冰或液體。例如,氫鍵在水晶構(gòu)造水(冰)使它更寬闊。成果作為年代,ice已經(jīng)比少與等體積分子液態(tài)水。這使其晶體構(gòu)造體積密度要不不小于同等的液態(tài)水。這使其水晶所有的密度要不不小于液態(tài)水。正是由于這一因素,冰漂浮的,也可以作為隔熱層表面的湖泊和溪流滋生的活的有機(jī)體。

Second,the

polarity

of

water

makes

it

an

excellent

disolving

medium

or

solvent.many

polar

substances

dissociate

(separate)

into

individual

molecules

in

water-that

is,

dissolve-because

the

negative

part

of

the

water

molecule

is

attracted

to

the

positive

part

of

the

molecules

in

the

solute

(dissolying

substance)

,

and

the

positive

part

of

the

water

molecules

is

attracted

to

the

negative

part

of

solute

molecules.

Substances

(such

as

salts)

that

are

composed

of

atoms

(or

groups

of

atoms)

held

together

by

ionic

bonds

tend

to

dissociate

into

separate

cations

and

anions

in

water.

Thus,

the

polarity

of

water

allows

molecules

of

many

different

substances

to

separate

and

become

surrounded

by

water

molecules.

第二,極性的水使它成為一種優(yōu)秀的disolving中型或solvent.many

極性物質(zhì)(獨(dú)立)游離water-that中的個(gè)別分子,dissolve-because悲觀部分的水分子被吸引到積極的分子的一部分溶質(zhì)(dissolying物質(zhì)),積極的部分水分子被你吸引溶質(zhì)分子的悲觀作用。物質(zhì)(如鹽)構(gòu)成的原子(或群體中的原子)通過離子債券維系在一起的傾向于分開成單獨(dú)的陽離子和陰離子在水里。因此,水分子的極性容許許多不同的物質(zhì)分離,成為水分子包圍。

Third,

polarity

accounts

for

water's

characteristic

role

as

a

reactant

or

product

in

many

chemical

reactions.

Its

polaritv

facilitates

the

splitting

and

rejoining

of

hydrogen

(H+

)

and

hydroxide

(OH

)

ions.

Water

is

a

key

reactant

in

the

digestive

processes

of

organisms,

whereby

larger

molecules

are

broken

down

into

smaller

ones.

Water

molecules

are

also

involved

in

synthetic

reactions--water

is

an

important

source

of

the

hydrogen

and

oxygen

that

are

incorporated

into

numerous

organic

compounds

in

living

cells.

第三,極性占水的特性作為反映物或產(chǎn)品在許多化學(xué)反映。它有助于分裂和重新polaritv氫(H

+)和氫離子(哦)。水是一種核心的反映物在消化過程的有機(jī)體,因此更大的分子分解成較小的分子。水分子也參與——水是合成反映的重要來源,氫氣和氧氣納入許多有機(jī)化合物在活體細(xì)胞。

Finally,

the

relatively

strong

hydrogen

bonding

between

water

molecules

makes

water

an

excellent

temperature

buffer,

A

given

quantity

of

water

requires

a

great

gain

of

heat

to

increase

its

temperature

and

a

great

loss

of

heat

to

decrease

its

temperature,

as

compared

with

many

other

substances.

Normally,

heat

absorption

by

molecules

increases

their

kinetic

energy

and

thus

increases

their

rate

of

motion

and

their

reactivity.

In

water,

however,

heat

absorption

first

breaks

hydrogen

bonds

rather

than

increasing

the

rate

of

motion.

Therefore.

much

more

heat

must

be

applied

to

raise

the

temperature

of

water

than

to

raise

the

temperature

of

a

nonhydrogen-bonded

liquid.

The

reverse

is

true

as

water

cools.

Thus,

water

more

easily

maintains

a

constant

temperat

最后,較強(qiáng)的水分子間的氫鍵使水成為優(yōu)秀的溫度緩沖區(qū),給定數(shù)量的水需要一種重大收獲的熱增長(zhǎng)它的溫度和一種偉大的熱量損失減少溫度,相比而言,許多其她的物質(zhì)。正常狀況下,由分子吸取熱量增長(zhǎng),從而增長(zhǎng)動(dòng)能的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和反映。在水里,然而,第一種打破氫鍵吸取熱量的速度,而不是增長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此。更多的熱量必須應(yīng)用水的溫度升高的溫度升高一種nonhydrogen-bonded液體。事實(shí)正相反作為冷卻水。因此,水更容易建立保持不變

when

inorganic

salts

such

as

sodium

chloride

(NaCl)

are

dissolved

in

water,

they

undergo

dissociation,

or

ionization.

That

is,

they

break

apart

into

ions.

Substances

called

acids

and

bases

show

similar

behavior.

當(dāng)無機(jī)鹽如氯化鈉(鹽)溶解在水中,她們經(jīng)歷了分離、或游離。也就是說,她們分裂成離子。物質(zhì)稱為酸和堿顯示類似的行為。

An

acid

can

be

defined

as

a

substance

that

dissociates

into

one

or

more

hydrogen

ions

(H+

)

and

one

or

more

negative

ions

(anions).

Thus,

an

acid

can

also

be

defined

as

s

proton

CH+

)

donor.

A

base

dissociates

into

one

or

more

positive

ions

(cations)

plus

on

or

more

negatively

charged

hydroxide

ions

(OH-

)

that

can

accept,

or

combine

with,

protons.

Thus,

sodium

hydroxide

(NaOH)

is

a

base

because

it

dissociates

to

release

hydroxide

ions,

which

have

a

strong

attraction

for

protons

and

are

among

the

most

important

proton

acceptors.

A

salt

is

a

substance

that

dissociates

in

water

into

cations

and

anions,

neither

of

which

is

H

or

OH

酸可以被定義為一種物質(zhì)dissociates成一種或多種氫離子(H

+)和一種或多種負(fù)離子(陰)。因此,一種酸也可以被定義為s質(zhì)子CH

+)捐獻(xiàn)者?；豥issociates成一種或多種正離子(陽離子)加上或更多的帶負(fù)電荷的氫離子(哦-),可以接受,或者結(jié)合、質(zhì)子。因此,氫氧化鈉(氫氧化鈉)是一種基地,由于它dissociates氫離子的釋放,這有一種很大的吸引力,為質(zhì)子質(zhì)子中最重要的雜質(zhì)。鹽是一種物質(zhì)dissociates陰離子在水變成陽離子,這兩者都是H或哦歷史老照片不能說的秘密慈禧軍閥明末清初文革晚清

Where

the

definition

in

a

monograph

states

the

tolerances

as

being

"calculated

on

the

dried

(or

anhydrous

or

ignited)

basis,

"

the

directions

for

drying

or

igniting

the

sample

ptor

to

assaying

are

generally

omitted

from

the

Assay

procedure.

Assay

and

test

procedures

may

be

performed

on

the

undried

or

unignited

substance

and

the

results

calculated

on

the

dried,

anhydrous,

or

ignited

basis,

provided

a

test

for

Loss

on

drying

,

or

Water

,

or

Loss

on

ignition

,

respectively,

is

given

in

the

monograph.

Where

the

presence

of

moisture

or

other

volatile

material

may

interfere

with

the

procedure

,

previous

drying

of

the

substance

is

specified

n

the

individual

monograph

and

is

obligatory.

在美國(guó)的定義中公差的專著是“干計(jì)算(或無水或點(diǎn)燃)的基本上,發(fā)展的方向ptor干燥或點(diǎn)燃,樣品分析測(cè)試一般是被檢測(cè)程序。檢測(cè)、實(shí)驗(yàn)程序可以進(jìn)行物質(zhì)或unignited未曬干的話,計(jì)算成果在干燥、無水,或點(diǎn)燃的基本上,提供了一種測(cè)試損失干燥、或水點(diǎn)火或損失,分別在專著。在存在水分或其他揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)也許干預(yù)程序,此前是指定的干燥物質(zhì)n個(gè)人專著,是必須的。

Throughout

a

monograph

that

includes

a

test

for

Loss

on

drying

or

water,

the

expres,

sion

+previously

dried"

without

qualification

signifies

that

the

substance

is

to

be

dried

as

directed

under

Loss

on

drying

or

Water

(gravimetric

determination).在一篇有關(guān),涉及實(shí)驗(yàn)干燥或水損失、表情,“此前干“未經(jīng)資格意味著要干物質(zhì)是按照損失干燥或水(重力堅(jiān)定)。

Unless

otherwise

directed

in

the

test

or

assay

in

the

individual

monograph

or

In

a

general

chapter,

USP

Reference

Standards

are

to

be

dried

before

use,

or

used

without

prior

drying,

specifically

in

accordance

with

the

instructions

given

in

the

chapter

USP

Reference

Stand,

ards,

and

on

the

label

of

the

Reference

Standard.

Where

the

label

instructions

differ

in

de.

tail

from

those

in

the

chapter,

the

label

text

is

determinative.除非特定,在測(cè)試或分析個(gè)人專著或一般章,USP參照原則要干在使用前,或者使用未經(jīng)干燥,特別是按照批示USP參照站在這一章里,ards,并在標(biāo)簽上的參照原則。在不同的標(biāo)簽上的闡明de.尾巴的一章,標(biāo)簽文本是決定性的。

In

stating

the

appropriate

quantities

to

be

taken

for

assays

and

tests,

the

use

of

the

word

"about"

indicates

a

quantity

within

10%

of

the

specified

weight

or

volume.

However,

the

weight

or

volume

taken

is

accurately

determined

and

the

calculated

result

is

based

upon

the

exact

amount

taken.

The

same

tolerance

applies

to

specified

dimensions.在合適的量,闡明采用截流式合流制、測(cè)試法等研究措施,使用的詞“大概”量在10%以內(nèi),顯示指定的重量或體積。然而,重量或體積可以精確地?cái)M定了,計(jì)算成果是基于精確的數(shù)目纏住了。同樣的寬容合用于指定的尺寸。

Where

the

use

of

a

pipet

is

directed

for

measuring

a

specimen

or

an

aliquot

in

conducting

a

test

or

an

assay

the

pipet

conforms

to

the

standards

set

forth

under

Volumetric

Apparatus,

and

is

to

be

used

in

such

manner

that

the

error

does

not

exceed

the

limit

stated

for

a

pipet

of

its

size.

Where

a

pipet

is

specified,

a

suitable

buret,

conforming

to

the

standards

forth

under

Volumetric

Apparatus,

may

be

substituted.

Where

a"to

contain"

pipet

is

specified,

a

suitable

volumetric

flask

may

be

substituted.在使用移液管直接衡量一種或一種能整除的標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測(cè)或檢測(cè)符合原則的移液管提出在容積儀器,應(yīng)當(dāng)是用在如此的方式誤差不超過極限,以求一種移液管它的大小。一種移液管指定,一種合適的滴定管,必須符合如下原則容積裝置發(fā)出,可以替代下場(chǎng)。一種“遏制”移液管指定,一種合適的容積瓶可以替代下場(chǎng)。

Expressions

such

as

"25.

0

mL"

and

"25.

0

mg,

"

used

with

respect

to

volumetric

or

gravimetric

measurements,

indicate

that

the

quantity

is

to

be

'accurately

measured"

or

"accurately

weighed"with

the

limits

stated

under

volumetric

apparatus

or

under

weights

and

balances體現(xiàn)形式,如“25。0毫升”和“25。0毫克,”使用就容積或重力測(cè)量、顯示數(shù)量為“精確”和“精確”規(guī)定的范疇與重下機(jī)器或重量和體積下平衡

the

term"transfer"

is

used

generally

to

specify

a

quantitative

manipulation,

the

term

"concomitantly",used

in

such

expressions

as

"concomitantly

determine"or

"concomitantly

measured",ctions

for

assays

and

tests,is

intended

to

denote

that

the

determinations

or

measurements

are

to

be

performed

in

immediate

succession.

術(shù)語“轉(zhuǎn)向”是指定一種普遍使用定量操作,

術(shù)語“相符”,用于這樣幾條:“與此同步?jīng)Q定”或“與此同步測(cè)量”,為檢測(cè)和測(cè)試?？墒菍徃迦?是用來批示出時(shí)或尺碼立即履行涌現(xiàn)。

Blank

Determination-Where

it

is

directed

that

.Cany

necessary

correction"

be

made

by

a

blank

determination,

the

determination

is

to

be

conducted

using

the

same

quantities

of

the

same

reagents

treated

in

the

same

manner

as

the

solution

or

mixture

containing

the

portion

of

the

substance

under

assay

or

test

,

but

with

the

substance

itself

omitted.在空白,是為了擬定。藤制的必要的糾正”是由一種空白的決心,自覺進(jìn)行使用相似數(shù)量的同一試劑解決在相似的方式,溶液或混合物的下部分的化驗(yàn)或物質(zhì)的測(cè)試,但是與物質(zhì)自身省略。

Desiccator-The

expression

"in

a

desiccator"

specifies

the

use

of

a

tightly

closed

contain.

r

of

suitable

size

and

design

that

maintains

an

atmosphere

of

low

moisture

content

by

means

of

silica

gel

or

other

suitable

desiccant.干燥機(jī)體現(xiàn)"在干燥機(jī)”指定使用密閉容器尺寸合適的氛圍和設(shè)計(jì),保持低水分通過硅膠或其她適合的干燥劑。

A

"vacuum

desiccator"

is

one

that

maintains

the

low-moisture

atmosphere

at

a

reduced

pressure

of

not

more

than

20

mm

of

mercury

or

at

the

pressure

designated

in

the

individual

monograph.

Desiccator-The

expression

"in

a

desiccator"

specifies

the

use

of

a

tightly

closed

contain.

r

of

suitable

size

and

design

that

maintains

an

atmosphere

of

low

moisture

content

by

means

of

silica

gel

or

other

suitable

desiccant.是一種“真空干燥機(jī)”就是在保持low-moisture減壓的氛圍不超過20毫米汞或指定的個(gè)人專著的壓力。

Dilution-Where

it

is

directed

that

a

solution

be

diluted

"quantitatively

and

stepwise,

an

accurately

measured

portion

is

to

be

diluted

by

adding

water

or

other

solvent.

in

the

pro

portion

indicated,

in

one

or

more

steps.

The

choice

of

apparatus

to

be

used

should

take

into

ecount

the

relatively

larger

errors

generally

associated

with

using

small-volume

volumetric

apparatus.它在哪里下令稀釋溶液和定量稀釋”,一種精確的逐漸部分被攤薄加入水或其她溶劑。在職業(yè)分表達(dá),在一種或多種環(huán)節(jié)。選擇設(shè)備應(yīng)考慮使用相對(duì)較大的誤差一般用其有關(guān)容積裝置。

Drying

to

Constant

Weight,the

specification

a

dried

to

constant

weight"

means

that

the

drying

shall

be

continued

until

two

consecutive

weighings

do

not

differ

by

more

than

0.50

mg

per

g

of

substance

taken,the

second

weighing

following

an

additional

hour

of

drying.烘干恒重、干重規(guī)格恒”意味著干燥應(yīng)始終持續(xù)到持續(xù)兩個(gè)不同的稱重量不高于0.50毫克每克的物質(zhì),第二個(gè)稱重后采用額外的小時(shí)的干燥。

Feltration-Where

it

is

directed

to

.Cfilter,"

without

further

qualification,

the

intent

is

that

the

liquid

be

filtered

through

suitable

filter

paper

or

equivalent

device

until

the

filtrate

is

clearFeltration在那里它是針對(duì)“過濾”,沒有進(jìn)一步的資格,意愿液體的過濾或同等合用濾紙過濾裝置,直到是清晰的

(indentification

Tests)The

Pharmacopeial

tests

headed

identification

are

provided

a3

aid

in

verifying

the

identity

of

articles

as

they

are

purported

to

be,

such

as

those

taken

from

labeled

containers.

Such

tests,

however

specific,

are

not

necessarily

sufficient

to

establish

proof

of

identity:

but

failure

of

an

article

taken

from

a

labeled

container

to

meet

the

requirements

of

a

prescribed

identification

test

indicates

that

the

article

may

be

mislabeted.

Other

tests

and

specifications

in

the

monograph

often

contribute

to

establishing

or

confirming

the

identity

of

the

article

under

examination.

(辨認(rèn)測(cè)試)為首的Pharmacopeial辨認(rèn)測(cè)試提供援助的身份核算a3文章為她們據(jù)稱是,如那些取自標(biāo)記的容器中。這些測(cè)試,但是具體,未必足以建立的身份證明:但失敗的一篇來自標(biāo)示容器符合規(guī)定的規(guī)定的辨認(rèn)實(shí)驗(yàn)表白,也許mislabeted條。其她測(cè)試規(guī)格一般有助于在專著建立或確認(rèn)身份的文章在審查中。

indicators-Where

the

use

of

a

test

solution

('TS")

as

an

indicator

is

specified

in

a

test

or

an

assay,

approximately

0.

2

mL,

or

3

drops,

of

the

solution

shall

be

added,

unless

oth

erwise

directed(指標(biāo)),使用一種測(cè)試解決方案(“TS”)作為一種指標(biāo)是指定的測(cè)試或檢測(cè),約為0。2毫升或者3滴,要加的解決方案,除非另有指揮

Logarethms）Logarithms

used

in

the

assays

are

to

the

base

10.

(Logarethms)用于使用對(duì)數(shù)基本10。

（microbile

strains）where

a

microbial

strain

is

cited

and

indenfied

strain

shall

be

directly

or,if

subculturedd,shall

be

used

not

more

than

five

passages

removed

from

the

original

strain.

microbile系)微生物菌株在表揚(yáng)和indenfied應(yīng)變應(yīng)當(dāng)直接或者,如果subculturedd,應(yīng)不超過五個(gè)章節(jié)使用取出原菌株。

Negligible-This

term

indicates

a

quantity

not

exceeding

0.

50

mg.可以忽視,這個(gè)術(shù)語表白量不超過0。50毫克。

Odor-Terms

such

as

"odorless,

,,

practically

odorless,

"

"a

faint

characteristic

odor,,

r

variations

thereof

,

apply

to

examination

,

after

exposure

to

the

air

for

lS

minutes

,

of

either

Or

a

freshly

opened

package

of

the

article

(for

packages

containing

not

more

than

25

g)

or

(for

larger

packages)

of

a

portion

of

about

25

g

of

the

article

that

has

been

removed

from

its

package

to

an

open

evaporating

dish

of

about

100mL

capacity.

An

odor

designation

is

descriptive

only

and

is

not

to

be

regarded

as

a

standard

of

purity

for

a

particular

lot

of

an

article.

Odor-Terms如“無嗅、無味,幾乎”、“單薄的氣味,變化特點(diǎn),r組合,合用于考試,在暴露于大氣,或動(dòng)物分鐘一種新擰開包的文章(包涉及不超過25克)或(更大的包)部分約25克的文章已被刪除從它的包裝,開放的蒸發(fā)盤大概100毫升容量。指定精確地辨認(rèn)出相似的味道,而不是描述只被看作是一種原則的純度為一種特別的許多文章。

Pressure

Measurements--The

term

'Cmm

of

mercury"

used

with

respect

to

measurements

of

blood

pressure,

pressure

within

an

apparatus,

or

atmospheric

pressure

refers

to

the

use

of

a

suitable

manometer

or

barometer

calibrated

in

terms

of

the

pressure

exerted

by

a

colurmi

of

mercury

of

the

stated

height,

壓力測(cè)量——這個(gè)詞的使用Cmm的水銀”尊重測(cè)量血壓、壓力在一種設(shè)備,或大氣壓力指的是用一種合適的壓力或氣壓計(jì)校準(zhǔn)方面所發(fā)揮的壓力的一種colurmn汞的規(guī)定的高度,

Solutions-Unless

otherwise

specified

in

the

individual

monograph,

all

solutions

called

for

in

tests

and

assays

are

prepared

with

Purified

Water.Solutions-除非個(gè)人專著中另有闡明,所有解決方案的測(cè)試和分析規(guī)定的準(zhǔn)備與純水。

An

Expression

such

as

o

(1

in

10)

"

means

that

I

part

by

volume

of

a

liquid

is

to

be

dilt

ted

with,

or

I

part

by

weight

of

a

solid

is

to

be

dissolved

in,

sufficient

of

the

diluent

or

ad.

ent

to

make

the

volume

of

the

finished

solution

10

parts

by

volume.一種體現(xiàn)式如o(1在10)我一邊”是指一種液體的體積是被稀釋,或者我部分固體的重量解散,足夠的稀釋劑或廣告?；ㄊ沟捏w積溶液體積10部分完畢An

expression

such

as

"(20:5:2)"

means

that

the

respective

numbers

of

parts,

by

volunme

of

the

designated

liquids

are

to

be

mixed,

unless

otherwise

indicated.一種體現(xiàn)式,如“(20:5:2)"意味著各自的編號(hào)的部件,在指定的體積比混合液體,除非另有闡明。

the

notation

"VS"

after

a

specified

volumertric

solution

indicates

that

such

solution

is

standardized

in

accordance

with

directions

given

in

the

individual

monograph

or

under

Volumetric

solutions

in

the

section

Reagents,

Indicators,

and

Solutions,

and

is

thus

differentiated

form

Solutions

ted

from

solutions

of

approximate

normality

or

molarity.

這個(gè)符號(hào)”和“一種指定的volumertric表白這樣的解決方案是原則化按照指揮在個(gè)人專著或在容積的解部分試劑、指標(biāo),和解決方案,從而解決方案從多種類型的近似常態(tài)特德或摩爾濃度。

Where

a

standardized

solution

of

a

specific

concentration

is

called

for

in

a

test

or

an

assay,

solution

of

other

normatity

or

molarity

may

be

used,

provided

allowance

is

made

for

the

lifference

in

concentration

and

provided

the

error

of

measurement

is

not

increased

thereby.

在解決具體的濃度原則規(guī)定的是測(cè)試或檢測(cè)、解決其她正?？梢允褂没蚰枬舛?提供補(bǔ)貼是為不同的濃度和提供了測(cè)量誤差從而并未增長(zhǎng)。

Specific

Gravity-Unless

otherwise

stated,

the

specific

gravity

basis

is

25c/25C,

the

ratio

of

the

weight

of

a

substance

in

air

at

2500

to

the

weight

of

an

equal

volume

oi

water

at

the

same

temperature.(具體重力)除非另有闡明,比重根據(jù)25

c

/

25

c的重量之比在空氣中物質(zhì)在2500的重量與等體積水在相似溫度下一級(jí)。

temperatures-Unless

otherwise

specified,

all

temperatures

in

this

Pharmacopeia

are

expressed

in

centigrade

(Celsius)

degrees,

and

all

measurements

are

made

at

25T),

Where

moderate

heat

is

specified,

any

temperature

not

higher

than

4500

(1130F)

is

indicated.

See

Storage

Temperature

under

Preservation

,

Packaging

,

Storage

,

and

labeling

for

other

definitions.(溫度),除非另有闡明,所有的溫度在攝氏體現(xiàn)這藥典(攝氏度)度,和所有測(cè)量在25噸),在適度熱指定,任何溫度不高于4500(1130

F)治療?？吹劫A藏溫度下保存、包裝、儲(chǔ)存、貼標(biāo)簽為其她定義。

（Time

Limit)In

the

conduct

of

tests

and

assays,

5

minutes

shall

be

allowed

for

the

reaction

to

take

place

unless

otherwise

specified,

（Vacuum）he

term

"in

vacuum"

denotes

exposure

to

a

pressure

of

less

than

20

mm

of

mercury

unless

otherwise

indicated.

(時(shí)間限制)在解決實(shí)驗(yàn)和檢測(cè),5分鐘應(yīng)予以反映發(fā)生,除非另有闡明,

(真空)她術(shù)語“真空”表達(dá)接觸壓力不不小于20毫米汞除非另有闡明。

Where

drying

in

vacuum

over

a

desiccant

is

directed

in

the

individual

monograph,

a

vat

rml

desicator

or

a

vacuum

drying

pistol,

or

other

suitable

vacuum

drying

apparatus,

is

m

be

used.

在一種地方在真空干燥除濕是為了個(gè)人專著中,真空干燥器或真空干燥的手槍,或其她適合的真空干燥設(shè)備,是被使用。

Water-Where

water

is

called

for

in

tests

and

assays

,

Purified

Water

is

to

be

used

unless

otherwise

specified.

For

special

kinds

of

water

such

as

.<carbon

dioxidtfree

water."

see

the

ntroduction

to

the

section

Reagentst

Indicators,

and

Solutions(水)在那里水是呼吁在測(cè)試和化驗(yàn)、純化水使用,除非另有闡明。對(duì)于特殊種類的水如二氧化碳自由水。“看簡(jiǎn)介部分試劑指標(biāo),和解決方案

Water

and

Loss

on

Drying--Where

the

water

of

hydration

or

adsorbed

water

of

a

Pharmacopeial

article

is

determined

by

the

titrimetric

method,

the

test

is

generally

givet

under

the

heading

Water,

Monograph

limits

expressed

as

a

percentage

are

figured

on

a

weight/weight

basis

unless

otherwise

specified.

Where

the

determination

is

made

by

drying

under

specified

conditions,

the

test

is

generally

given

under

the

heading

Loss

drying.

However

Loss

on

drying

is

most

often

given

as

the

heading

where

the

loss

weight

is

known

to

represent

residual

volatile

constituents

including

organic

solvents

well

as

water.

水和損失,在水的干燥或吸附水的水化Pharmacopeial是由條滴定法,測(cè)試一般是在標(biāo)題下面吉水、專著限制比例來表達(dá),在計(jì)算重量/重量相配,除非另有闡明。決心是由在干燥在規(guī)定的條件下,測(cè)試一般是在標(biāo)題下面損失了干燥。然而損失干燥是最常給標(biāo)題的如果損失重量是眾所周知的揮發(fā)性成分代表殘留有機(jī)溶劑和水。

A

The

Microbial

World

A

microbe

or

microorganism

is

a

member

of

a

large

,

extremely

diverse

,

group

of

organisms

that

are

lumped

together

on

the

basis

of

one

property-the

fact

that,

normally,

they

are

all

that

they

cannot

be

seen

without

the

use

of

a

microscope.

細(xì)菌或微生物是一種大的、極其多樣化、一種性質(zhì)的集合在一起的生物體。事實(shí)上,一般狀況下,她們都說她們不使用顯微鏡不能觀測(cè)到。

The

word

is

therefore

used

to

describe

viruses

bacteria,

fungi,

protozoa

and

some

algae:

the

relative

sizes

and

nature

of

these

are

shown

in

Table

5-1,因此,這個(gè)詞是用來形容病毒細(xì)菌、真菌、原生動(dòng)物和某些藻類相對(duì)大小和特性的顯示于表格5:1,

However,

there

are

a

few

exceptions

for

example,

the

fruiting

bodies

of

many

fungi

such

as

mushrooms

are

frequently

visible

to

the

naked

eye；

equally,

some

algae

can

grow

to

meters

in

length.

Generally,

microbes

may

be

considered

as

fairly

simple

organisms.然而,有少數(shù)例外,例如,果期的尸體等許多真菌蘑菇常常是肉眼能看得見的;同樣,有些藻類能長(zhǎng)到米長(zhǎng)。一般來說,微生物可以被看作是相稱簡(jiǎn)樸的生物體

Most

of

the

bacteria

and

protozoa

and

some

of

the

algae

and

fungi

are

single

celled

microorganisms,

and

even

the

multi-celled

microbes

do

not

have

a

great

range

of

cell

types.

Viruses

are

not

even

cells,

just

genetic

material

surrounded

by

a

protein

coat,

and

are

incapable

of

independent

existence.大部分的細(xì)菌和原生動(dòng)物和某些藻類和真菌是單細(xì)胞微生物,甚至沒有大范疇的細(xì)胞類型的微生物。病毒甚至沒有細(xì)胞,就遺傳物質(zhì)包圍在蛋白質(zhì)外衣,不能獨(dú)立存在。

The

science

of

microbiology

did

not

start

until

the

invention

of

the

microscope

in

the

mid

16th

century

and

it

was

not

until

the

late

17th

century

that

Robert

Hooke

and

Antoine

van

Leeuwenhoek

made

their

first

records

of

fungi,

bacteria

and

protozoa.微生物學(xué)的科學(xué)直到16th世紀(jì)中期直到17th世紀(jì)后期羅伯特虎克和安東尼·范·列文虎克顯微鏡的發(fā)明才開始——使用顯微鏡初次記錄的真菌、細(xì)菌和原生動(dòng)物The

late

19th

century

was

the

time

when

the

first

real

breakthroughs

on

the

role

of

microbes

in

the

environment

nd

medicine

were

made.19th世紀(jì)后期是第一種真正的突破的作用在環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)微生物日。

Louis

Pasteur

disproved

the

theory

of

spontaneous

generation

(

that

living

organisms

spontaneously

arose

from

inorganic

materiaD

and

Robert

Koch's

development

of

pure

culture

techniques

allowed

him

to

show

unequivocally

that

a

bacterium

was

respon

sible

for

a

particular

disease.

路易·巴斯德否認(rèn)自然發(fā)生的理論,從無機(jī)生物自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的資料),并且把羅伯特·科赫純培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使她毫不模糊地表白,一種細(xì)菌被響應(yīng)為一種特定的疾病。Since

then

the

scien