英語考研作文

新新英語作文30天一第五天:造句的兩大技巧【芝麻開門】句子是文章的基本單位。成功的作品是由清晰而合乎語法規(guī)則的句子組成的。然而ー個好的句子除了能夠準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)作者的意思,還需要簡潔生動,這是在考試中獲得高分的法寶。ー、句子要簡潔Aheroisnothingbutaproductofhistime.時勢造英雄。寫作要求精練,因為,簡潔的表達(dá)能起到更加強調(diào)的作用。我們要寫出效果好、影響大的文章,就要想方設(shè)法1）避免使用空洞、多余的短語;2）避免過多地使用較長的句子結(jié)構(gòu),如并列句和從屬句等;3）避免不必要的重復(fù)。請看下面各例:OwingtothefactthatIhadalotofworktodo,itwasn'tpossibleformetoaccepttheirinvitation.本句要表達(dá)的意思很簡單，可是ー堆空洞的短語使句子顯得很累贅，改為下面的句子就簡潔明了多了。Iwastoobusytoaccepttheirinvitation.Heisamanwhoishonest,whoalwayspayshisjustdebts,andwhoobservesthegoldenrulesinhisdealingswithothers.英語中比較重要的從屬概念可用從句的形式表達(dá),其它次要的概念常用詞或短語來表達(dá),因為句子比短語顯得更重要。過多地使用從句會把次要的與主要的概念混為ー談,削弱句子的重點。該句可改為:Heisanhonestmanwhoalwayspayshisjustdebts,andwhoobservesthegoldenrulesinhisdealingswithothers.Myhometownisaquiet,peacefulplace.Itisquietandpeacefulbecauseofthesmallnumberofpeoplelivingthere.有時為了構(gòu)成平行的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或達(dá)到強調(diào)的目的,我們會重復(fù)使用某些詞語。但是，無目的地重復(fù)會導(dǎo)致笨拙。所以本句可改為:Myhometownisaquiet,peacefulplacebecauseofthesmallnumberofpeople.二、語言要生動寫作時要吸引讀者的興趣,句子就需生動、充滿活力。平淡無味的句子會使人生厭,注意力分散。但要寫出生動的句子就必須注意做到:1.交錯使用長短句長句和短句各有各的特點,各有各的用場。長句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、容量大，能表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容，敘事具體、說理嚴(yán)密。短句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、短小精悍、明白易懂。在寫作中應(yīng)當(dāng)交錯使用長句和短句,使句子的長短多樣化,增加語言的表現(xiàn)カ。請看下面的ー段話:Itisbettertotrusttovalourthantoluck.靠運氣不如靠勇氣。Ireturnedtomyroom.Therewasanoteundermydoor.ItwasfromBob.Hesaidhewasinthetownlookingforajob.Hehadn'tfoundanythingyet.Headdedthathewassorrytohavemissedme.這里出現(xiàn)的是ー連串的短句,讀起來使人感到單調(diào)乏味,而且各句之間所固有的邏輯關(guān)系沒能用句法手段表達(dá)出來。為了使文字更為生動,意義更加明確,可做如下改動:WhenIreturnedtomyroom,IfoundanotefromBobunderthedoor.Hesaidhewasinthetownlookingforajob,buthadn'tfoundanythingyet.Headdedthathewassorrytohavemissedme..靈活使用多樣句式要達(dá)到語言的生動性,寫作時就要經(jīng)常地變換句型和句子結(jié)構(gòu)及表達(dá)思想的方式。切忌所有的句子都用相同的句型或句子結(jié)構(gòu),使文章讀起來單調(diào)乏味。在考慮英語句式的變化時,我們一般從以下幾個方面入手:(1)既可以用主動式也可以用被動式,例如:例1：Today,weusemachinesnotonlyinindustrybutinothersectorsofnationaleconomyaswell.Todaymachinesarewidelyusednotonlyinindustrybutinothersectorsofnationaleconomyaswell.例2：Somepeoplebelievethatitwillbepossibleforautomaticmachinestoreplacecompletelyinthefuture.Itisbelievedbysomepeoplethatitwillbepossibleforautomaticmachinestoreplacecompletelyinthefuture.(2)既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式,例如:例1：Ishallgothereunlessitrains.Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.例2：Theirdailylivesdon'tprovidethemwiththeexerciseneededtokeepthemhealthy.Theirdailylivesfailtoprovidethemwiththeexerciseneededtokeepthemhealthy.(3)某些修飾成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面,還可以用在中間,例如:例1：Withacar,peoplecangetaroundfreely.Peoplecangetaroundfreelywithacar.例2：Infact,speakingisoneofthemostimportantmeansofcommunication.Speakingisinfactoneofthemostimportantmeansofcommunication.(4)既可以是正常語序也可以是倒裝語序,例如:例"!：AnewtypeofTVsetswasamongtheproductsondisplay.AmongtheproductsondisplaywasanewtypeofTVsets.例1：Wedidnotrealizetheproblemofenergycrisisuntiltheendoflastcentury.Notuntiltheendoflastcenturydidwerealizetheproblemofenergycrisis.(5)既可以用簡單句也可以用并列句或者主從復(fù)合句,例如:例1：Nowadaysalotofpeopleworkinoffice,spendingmostoftheirtimeindoors.Nowadaysalotofpeopleworkinofficeandtheyspendmostoftheirtimeindoors.例2：Therearemanymeansofgettinginformationandtheyenableustokeepupwithwhatisgoingonintheworld.Therearemanymeansofgettinginformationwhichenableustokeepupwithwhatisgoingonintheworld.例3：Doonesburycartoonssatirizecontemporarypolitics.Thevictimsofpoliticalcorruptionpaynoattention.Theyprefertodemandthatnewspapersnotcarrythestrip.Doonesburycartoonslaughatcontemporarypolitics,butthevictimsofpoliticalcorruptionpaynoattentionandprefertodemandthatnewspapersnotcarrythestrip.例4：Thecampusparkingproblemisgettingworse.Theuniversityisnotbuildinganynewgarages.Thecampusparkingproblemisgettingworsebecausetheuniversityisnotbuildinganynewgarages.Ignoranceisthemotherofimpudence. 無知是魯莽之源。.善用形象化語言適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┬揶o手法如比喻、夸張、排比、擬人等能更形象、更深刻地說明事理,增加文章的活力。例如:Inthemorningthedusthunglikefog,andthesunwasasredasripenewblood.（明喻）Hisdaughteristheappleofhiseyes.（暗喻）Anideaspokewithinhim,racingthroughhismind.（擬人）Hisvoicewasloudenoughtowakethedead.（夸張）Manyofusallowourchildrentoeatjunk,watchjunk,listentojunk,talkjunk,playwithjunk,andthenwearesurprisedwhentheyturnouttobesocialjunkies,（rt比）.恰當(dāng)使用英語習(xí)語寫作時適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂昧?xí)語、成語等也是使語言生動活潑的好辦法。如:Onceamanisdead,thereisnohelping;youcan'trekindlethesparkoflifeinhim.本句中的thereisn。helping是漢語式的英語,不符合英語的習(xí)慣說法。這里雖然用了比喻,但更改了原來的主語,句子顯得羅嗦、笨拙。如果改成下面的習(xí)慣表達(dá),句子變得既簡潔又生動。Onceamanisdead,hecan'tbebroughtbacktolife.再如Thecommitteerefusedtolistentoourrequest.如果被改成Thecommitteeturnedadeafeartoourrequest.句子生動,增加了文采?；顒咏淌襅3請修改下面的短文增加句式的多樣化以便使其生動、流暢。Weareterrifiedofdeath.Wedonotthinkofit,andwedon'tspeakoflife.Wedon'tmourninpublic.Wedon'tknowhowtoconsoleagrievingfriend.Infact,wehaveeliminatedorsuppressedallthetraditionalritualssurroundingdeath.TheVictorianscopedwithdeathdifferently.Theirfuneralswereelaborate.Theyardsofblackcrepearoundthehearse,hiredprofessionalmourners,anditssolemnprocessiontoanornatetombisnowadistantmemory.Theyworemourningjewelry.Theyhadacomplicateddresscodeforthegrievingprocess.Theritualsseveredapsychologicalpurposeinhelpingthelivingdealwithloss.［友情提示】句式多樣化是英語作文取得高分的靈丹妙藥,請你一定要勤學(xué)苦練,掌握這ー招。另外,在使用ー些修辭方法和英語習(xí)語的時候,要注意盡量避免老套的比喻或盡人皆知的習(xí)語。Onecarelessmovemaylosethewholegame. 一步不慎,滿盤皆輸。新新英語作文30天一第六天:段落的構(gòu)成要素2004-09-14更多新新英語作文:考研英語作文寫作匯編段落是由若干個彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的句子構(gòu)成的，通常用以表達(dá)ー個中心思想或者從ー個角度對文章的主題進(jìn)行闡述。因此，段落不能是ー組句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式,具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落發(fā)展方法的。當(dāng)然,段落并沒有固定的模式。在實踐中,我們常常碰到各種各樣的段落,有些僅僅充當(dāng)導(dǎo)言或結(jié)束語，有些僅僅起過渡詞作用，這種段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想內(nèi)容。要寫出ー篇好文章，我們就必須了解一些結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落的寫法,掌握一點組句成段的基本知識。結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落大多由三部分組成:ー、主題句主題句是概括段落中心思想,反映作者寫作意圖的ー個概括性的句子,是段落的核心所在。所以,寫好主題句是寫好一個段落的前提。.段落主題句的位置及其作用主題句通常由主題和作者的觀點兩部分組成,作為段落傳遞信息的出發(fā)點,簡明扼要地告訴讀者段落的線索和范圍。但是,主題句的位置并不是固定不變的，它可以位于段首,也可以位于段中、段尾。主題句位于段首的情況比較多見。段首主題句開門見山,直接點明段落主題,有助于確定段落的主線,使各個發(fā)展句圍繞段落主題自然展開;段尾主題句具有結(jié)論作用，是對前面句子的歸納總結(jié)。請看下面各例:Publicopinionsonwhatittakestosucceedinone'sstudiesorcareervarywidely.Gvenapproximatelyequalcircumstances,someclaimthesuccessfactorislargelyamatterofluck-beingintherightplaceandtherighttime.Othersspeakofutterdevotiontowork,combinedwithadegreeofruthlessness.St川othersmaintainthatitisundoubtedlyamatterofhowmuchintelligenceyouhaveorsimplyhowmucheducationyourmotherhad.Inaword,peoplehavedifferentideasonit.本段的主題句Publicopinionsonwhatittakestosucceedinone'sstudiesorcareervarywidely.放在段落的開頭,開門見山地點明主題，使讀者很容易抓住本段的寫作主線:對學(xué)業(yè)或事業(yè)成功所持的各種不同的觀點和看法。ThepurposeofthisbookistoprovideyouwithpracticeinspellingEnglish.ItisnotabookthattreatsthecomplexrulesofEnglishorthography.Neitherdoesitteachyouhowtouseadictionary.Itsmainobjectiveistointroduceregularspellingpatterns:thatis,topresentaregularsystemforspellingalargegroupofwords.Bylearningthesepatterns,andbypracticingthem,youwillmasterthousandsofwords.Onlytheidlewillbetired.只有閑人才會感到疲倦。本段的主題句ThepurposeofthisbookistoprovideyouwithpracticeinspellingEnglish也是放在段落的開頭,直截了當(dāng)?shù)馗嬖V讀者作者的寫作意圖,使讀者對本段的主題思想有了明確的認(rèn)識。Gvestudentsachancetogrow.Doyoumoldthemfromoneofathousandpatterns?Letthemseekknowledge,butdonotfinditforthem.Letthemlearnpatience;donotforceitonthem.Letthemtaketheirowntimetogrow;donotsetrigidtimeschedules.Mostofall,donotpushthemagainstastonewall,crushingthemwithknowledgegainedfromtheexperienceofothers.Experiencecannotbetaught;itmustcomeslowlythroughpersonalsearch.在這個段落中,主題句先不出現(xiàn),而是先舉出許多具體的experiences,在段落結(jié)尾時オ予以歸納,得出中心結(jié)論:Experiencecannotbetaught;itmust8meslowlythroughpersonalsearch.這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)ー開始容易使讀者產(chǎn)生懸念，從而收到特殊的表達(dá)效果。Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecityyouliveinandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyoushouldrunintooneofyouroldclassmatesinthestreet.Perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout,"Whatasmallworld!"在這個段落里，作者先給出了一個假設(shè)性的事例,吸引讀者的注意力,然后在段落結(jié)束時總結(jié)出“Whatasmallworld!”（“世界真小啊”）作為段落主題句。這樣的段落行感染カ,使讀者有興趣讀下去。但是,主題句有時也可能出現(xiàn)在段落屮間,或者根本就沒有明顯的段落主題句。在下面的例ア中主題句是在段落中間出現(xiàn)的。這種情況比較少見。CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility—bothphysicalandpsychological—hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewBiglanders.有時為了特別強調(diào)主題句的內(nèi)容，也可以使主題句既出現(xiàn)在段首,又出現(xiàn)在段末。如:Goodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandforks;Japaneseeatwithchopsticks.Americanssay"Hi"whentheymeet;Japanesebow.ManyAmericanmenopendoorsforwomen;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue.Butinanycountry,theonlymannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson'sbehaviortowardanotherperson.Inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.而下面這段話則沒有明顯的主題句。Anindependenttruckerworkingfulltimecanearncloseto$20,000grosscomparedwiththe$30,000ormorethatauniontruckermakes.Auniontruckerworksa10hourshiftandthat'sit,whereastheindependenttruckerisalwayspushinghimself.Andeventhoughtherearestrictlawsprohibitingatruckerfromdrivingmorethantenhoursaday,withfourhoursonandfourhoursoff,noindependenttruckeradherestothat—becauseifhedid,he'dnevergettheloaddeliveredontime.Withtheeconomyasshakyasitis,thecompetitionforloadsisfierceand,attimes,vicious.Thereareonlysomanyloads,andtruckerswillbidonthem,thelowestbidgettingtheload.這段話的主題句應(yīng)該是"Anindependenttruckerhasadifficulttimemakingaliving.”但由于暗含的意思很清楚,所以被省去。應(yīng)該注意的是,在沒有主題句的段落中,敘述應(yīng)該十分清楚,暗含的主題必須顯而易見。Therearetwotragediesinlife.Oneistoloseyourheart'sdesire,theotheristogainit.失去心中所欲的和得到心中所欲的,是人生的兩大悲劇。特別提請注意的是,在段落中,雖然主題句可以放在不同的位置,但最常見的還是放在段首,這并不是說主題句ー定就是該段的第一句話,而往往是在主題句之前還有一個承上啟下的過渡句。.段落主題句的寫作方法主題句的作用是要告訴讀者該段的主題思想,該段將圍繞這個主題思想逐步展開、定義、論述、分類、解釋和舉例說明等,所以,段落主題句中必須包含一個主導(dǎo)思想，這是ー個等待發(fā)展的思想,也是段落的主旨所在。同時,段落主題句不能寫得太籠統(tǒng),也不能涉及面太窄。ー個段落的容量是有限的，如果主題句限定范圍太寬,其內(nèi)容就無法在ー個段落中闡述清楚;如果限定范圍太窄又不利于段落的發(fā)展。段落主題句所限定的內(nèi)容必須符合段落寫作的目的,有助于段落的鋪開和抒發(fā)。例如:Televisionisveryimportant.這個句子太泛,沒有表達(dá)ー個清楚的主題思想,做主題句不大合適。可以改為:Televisionplaysaneducationalroleinourdailylife.Bigcitieshavetrafficproblems.這個句子如果用做主題句也沒有表達(dá)出明確的主題思想,范圍限得過寬，抓不住段落主線，不好下筆擴展段落。可改為:Trafficproblemsinbigcitiesareserious,whichcanbefoundinseveralways.Heencounteredanoldfriendyesterday.這是ー個描寫細(xì)節(jié)的句子。由于涉及面太窄而不利于展開討論，不適合做主題句。Igotocollegetomakefriends.如果作為段落的主題句就顯得范圍太窄了，作者發(fā)揮的余地太小，段落不容易寫好?？筛臑?Goingtocollege,Icanlearnmoreandmakenewfriends.二、擴展句擴展句是用來支持或說明主題句的,是段落主題句的延伸和發(fā)展,起著輔助主題句、推展段落中心的作用，對主題句表達(dá)的中心思想或舉例說明、或細(xì)致描寫、或詳細(xì)解釋闡述和論證，使讀者能夠淸晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達(dá)的意思。擴展句一般要具備這樣的特點:（1）清晰、詳實,有較強的說服カ，能清楚地表達(dá)思想:（2）條理分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。上一句要為下一句鋪平道路,下一句是上一句的自然延伸，ー步ー步地論述或敘述主題。ー個段落通常有若干個擴展句。這些擴展句可以處于同一個層次,共同來為主題句服務(wù);也可以在ー級擴展句之下用二級擴展句來支持ー級擴展句,從而構(gòu)成擴展句之間的層次關(guān)系。但在段落中如果有多個不同層次的擴展句時,必須要合理地安排它們,既要作到簡潔淸晰、意義連貫、合乎邏輯,又要作到層次分明并緊緊地圍繞主題句,為主題句服務(wù);同時還要注意ー級擴展句、二級擴展句等和主題句之間的關(guān)系。ー級擴展句為主題句服務(wù),二級擴展句支持ー級擴展句來說明或論證主題句。Stronginaction,gentleinmethod. 行動要堅強,方式要溫和。請看下面的例子:(1)MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.(2)Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.(3)Bydrawingattentiontonewideas,ithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.(4)Byhelpingtoincreasedemand,itensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.(5)Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperswouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.這個段落中的句(1)是段落主題句,提出觀點:“花錢做廣告是我所知道的最好的花錢方式。句(2)、(3)、(4)和(5)都是擴展句,處在同一層次上,進(jìn)ー步闡述和說明主題句，即通過列舉廣告給社會帶來的好處來說明為什么花錢做廣告是最好的花錢方式。(1)Thecomputerfindsmanyapplicationsinallfields.(2)Computersarenowdoingalmosteverythingfromdiagnosinghospitalpatientstorunningnuclearpowerstations.(3)Inanyfieldwhereinformationiscollected,processed,stored,andretrieved,computersarebeingusedmoreandmore.(4)Computersarealsousedasanaidtodesignplanning.(5)Forexample,theycanbeusedtopredictfaultsindesignaswellasthecostofadesignifoneisplanningtobuildaroad.在這個段落中,句(1)是主題句,提出計算機在所有領(lǐng)域都有應(yīng)用的觀點;句(2)、(3)和(4)是ー級擴展句,都支持和說明句(1),具體說明計算機都在哪些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用,而句(5)是二級擴展句,用來補充說明句(4),通過舉例來說明計算機輔助設(shè)計的用途。(1)lnrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.(2)Nosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.(3)Buteachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhythm.(4)Asyoulistentoasong,yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.(5)Beforelong,yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.(6)Yourheadpoundswiththebeat,andthereisnoroomforthought.(7)Onlythesurgeofthemusicisimportant.(8)lnitsownway,rockmusicisasdominantastherockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanovergrowingemotionalone.在這一段中,句(1)是段落主題句,點出本段主題思想，要說明“搖滾樂最突出的特點是其節(jié)奏”。句(2),(3)是ー級擴展句，對主題句進(jìn)ー步補充說明:而句(4)、(5)、(6)是二級擴展句,從屬于句(2),對句(2)起著補充、解釋和說明的作用,更形象、生動地證明了主題句所表達(dá)的思想。這里，句(7)是結(jié)尾句,它的功用在后面的章節(jié)里會做詳盡的講解。Hewhomistrustsmostshouldbetrustedleast. 最不信任別人的人最不應(yīng)該得到信任。三、結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句位于段落的末尾,在段落中也起著非常重要的作用,用以對全段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)、歸納或提出結(jié)論性的觀點。結(jié)尾句常和主題句相呼應(yīng),以不同的形式再現(xiàn)主題,并與擴展句相關(guān)聯(lián)。但是并非任何段落都必須有結(jié)尾句才算完整。有的段落,尤其是一ー些較短的段落中只有主題句沒有結(jié)尾句。請看下面各段落中結(jié)尾句的寫法:Scientistsbelievethattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears.Suchalargefigureisdifficulttograsp,soletusscaleitdownandreckonitasonehundredyears.Wethenfindthatmanhasbeenontheearthforaboutamonth,andcivilizedmanforonlysevenoreighthours.Soyouseemankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlife,andwemustnotexpecttoomuch.本段的結(jié)尾句是對全段的總結(jié)歸納。它進(jìn)ー步強調(diào)了段落的中心思想,以引起讀者的注意和重視。Acontractisanagreementwhichisenforceablebylaw.Itcanbelongorshort,formalorinformal,simpleorcomplicated,andverbalorwritten.Withoutacontractoragreementtobindthecontractingparties,anyinternationalbusinessortransactionwouldbeimpossible.Longage,peopleexchangedpromisesinmakingbargainsandbindingtheconductofothers.Thisexchangeofpromisescametobeknownas"agreement"andbecamemoreandmoreimportantinthefieldsofbusiness.Apromiseoragreementisreachedasaresultoftheprocessofofferandacceptance.Whenanagreementisreached,acontractisformed.Onceacontractisofficiallysignedbytheconcernedparties,itcreateslegalobligationsinthesenseoflaw.本段的最后一句是結(jié)尾句,第一句是主題句。結(jié)尾句所表達(dá)的意思跟主題句一致,但句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞都不一樣。結(jié)尾句是主題句的再現(xiàn),起著前后呼應(yīng)的作用,段落中心思想更加突出明顯。Thealarmingproblemistheincreaseinviolentincidentsowingtoloveoncampus.Whenfailingtowindesirableaffectionfromtheirlovers,somegirlstudentstendtocommitsuicidewhileboysturntoknifeandpoisonforrevenge.Besides,itisapainfulfactthatboysobtainmoneyneededfortheirloveinanimproperway.Topleasetheirgirlfriends,boystudentsalwaysdresssmartly,shopgenerouslyandeatoutfrequently;butwhenfindingnootherquickerwaytomakethemoneyneededthanbystealingorcheating,theyareonthewaytoimprisonment.Anothersensitiveproblemisthegrowingpregnancyrateamonggirlstudents.Theyoungstudentsaresubjectedtoblameforbeingtooyoungtoputthemselvesundersensiblecontrol,butschoolauthoritiescannotescapetheirshareofresponsibility.本段的結(jié)尾句提出了結(jié)論性觀點,既呼應(yīng)了主題句內(nèi)容,又與擴展句緊密關(guān)聯(lián),并且承上啟下地引出后面段落的主題。fekimosareexpertatfishingandhunting,fekimosknowthehabitsofeachanimallivinginthenorthernlands.Theyknowthatasealswimmingundertheicewillkeepabreathingholeopenbyitswarmbreath,sotheywillwaitbesidetheholeandkillit.Eskimosfishintherivers,andwhentheseaisfrozen,theycutholesintheiceandlowerfishinglinesintothewater.本段沒有結(jié)尾句。Idlenessistherootofallevils. 懶惰是萬惡之源。新新英語作文30天一第七天:段落展開九法2004-09-16確定了段落中心思想,完成了段落的主題句,設(shè)計好段落的擴展句之后,需要考慮的是怎樣合理、有效地安排句子,組成條理清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)亩温?。展開段落的方法有很多,常用的有:時間順序法、空間順序法、列舉法、舉例法、對比法、定義法、因果法、分類法、綜合法等。在今天和明天的課程中我們就來詳細(xì)地學(xué)習(xí)。ー、時間法在敘述一個故事或者?系列事件時，通常按事件發(fā)生的先后順序排列句子。在說明文中敘述一件事應(yīng)該遵循的程序或步驟時,也常用時間順序法。看下面的例子:Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患難見真情。Afterlunch,whiletheothergirlsweresunbathing,PatandIreturnedtothewater.Sooncrampsspreadfrommystomachtomylegs.Immobilizedbypainandfear,Iyelledforhelp.MyfriendthoughtIwasjoking:sosheignoredme.However,SsterTheresacametomyrescuewhenshenoticedmyplight.Shepulledmeoutofthewaterandadministeredresuscitation.Whenregainingconsciousness,IrealizedhowcloseIhadcometodeath.Myexperiencewithneardeathremindsmeeverydayhowcloseweallaretodeathinourdailylives.在這個段落里,作者用了afterlunch;while...;soon;when...等時間連接語按時間的先后順序記敘了一件發(fā)生在午飯后的事。Therearefourseparatestagesinmakingbread.Thefirststagebeginsbymixingyeastwithwarmwater.Thismixtureisthenaddedtohalftheamountofflour.Theresultantbattermixtureisthenleftforanhour.Atthenextstagetherestoftheflourisaddedtotherisenbattermixture,alongwithsaltandoil.Themainstepinthesecondstageisathoroughkneadingofthedough,afterwhichitislefttorise.Thethirdstageinvolvesshapingthedoughintoloaves;theshapedloavesarethenputintobreadtinsandleftto'prove'(rise).Inthefinalstagethebreadiscookedinahotoven.Thewholeprocessofbreadmakhgfhisheswhenthebreadetakenftomtheovenandlefttocoolonwireracks.這個段落采用時間順序法描述了做面包的的過程。作者用了Thefirststagebeginsby...,Atthenextstage...,Thethirdstageinvolves...和Inthefinalstage...等遙貫性詞語詳細(xì)地按照先后順序介紹了四個步驟。二、空間法空間順序指按物體的空間位置(自左至右,由近到遠(yuǎn),由上至下,由下到上,由里到外,由外到里,由中間到兩邊等順序)來展開段落。如:Theroomwasdisgusting.Bythefarwindowwasatrashcanpiledhighwithcrumpledpapers.In1hemiddleoftheroomwasagaudy,roundseebedlitteredwithrottingfruitpeels.Thepathbetweenthebedandthedoorway,whereIwasstanding,waschokedoffbyheapsofdirtyclothesandoldnewspapers.這個段落以空間順序法描寫了一個房間。先從描述遠(yuǎn)處的窗子開始,接著是房間中央,最后到作者所站的地方,由遠(yuǎn)到近地將房間里的一切描繪了出來。GreatBritainisanislandthatliesoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope.ThenearestcountryisFrancewhichis20milesawayfromwhichGreatBritainisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.TheislandissurroundedbytheAtlanticOceantothewest,andtheNorthSeatotheeast.ItcomprisesthemainlandofEngland,WalesandScotland.ScotlandisintheNorth,whileWalesisinthewest.Ireland,whichisalsoanisland,liesoffthewestcoastofGreatBritain.ItconsistsofNorthernIrelandandtheIrishFtepublic.GreatBritaintogetherwithNorthernIrelandconstitutestheUnitedKingdom.Thus,theUnitedKingdomiscomposedoffourparts.ThelargestoftheseisEnglandwhichisdividedinto43administrativecounties.ThecapitalcityisLondonwhichissituatedinsoutheastEngland.這個段落主要是采用由外到里的空間順序法進(jìn)行描寫的。先從外圍描述大不列顛的地理位置,接著從內(nèi)部仔細(xì)介紹它的各個組成部分——英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士的相對位置,同時描述了愛爾蘭島的相對位置，最后作者又特意指出英國首府倫敦的地理位置。三、列舉法列舉法是通過列舉具體的細(xì)節(jié)來進(jìn)ー步說明主題句所表達(dá)的主導(dǎo)思想，展開段落。列舉法如果使用得當(dāng),能增強文章的說服カ,使文章顯得條理清楚。用列舉法發(fā)展段落時，主題句常包含表示數(shù)量的詞，如:several,many,some,four等。列舉細(xì)節(jié)時,可以根據(jù)各種內(nèi)容的相對重要性,按一定的邏輯順序排列。Striketheironwhileitishot. 趁熱打鐵。請看下面的例子:Socialactivitiesbenefitusinmanyways.Tobeginwith,theseactivitiescanwidenourknowledge,becausewecanlearnwhatwecan'tfromourbooks.Second,theseactivitiescanserveasabridgebetweentheoryandpractice,becausewecanlearnhowtoputourbookknowledgeintopractice.Lastly,theseactivitiescanenrichourexperience,inthatwecangettoknowthesocietywellsothatwecanadapttoiteasilywhenwegraduate.本段的第一句是段落主題句,inmanyways在這里為下面的列舉作好了鋪墊。作者用了tobeginwith,second和lastly作為連接語,條理清楚地列舉了社會活動有益的三個方面。四、舉例法舉例法是ー種常見的展開段落的方法,它是用典型、具體而生動的事例來證明、闡述ー個觀點,支持主題句,使段落主題句的抽象意思具體化，使文章通俗易懂并具有說服カ。但是，在寫提供實例的段落時,必須精選例子,要作到恰如其分、準(zhǔn)確地說明問題。請看下面的例子：Manyoldbuildingsincitiesarestillbeingfounduseful.Inseveralcities,oldbuildingsthatwerenolongerbeingusedhavebeenconvertedtoavarietyofusefulstructures.Forexample,oneschoolbuildingwaschangedintoninetyninerentalunitsforelderlyandlowincomeresidents.InBaltimore,Maryland,sixschoolswereconvertedinto132unitswiththehelpofafourm川iondollarcitybondfinancingarrangement."SchoolHouse77"inBostonutilizesthreerecycledelementaryschoolsandanabandonedinstrumentfactory.Alltheseexamplesshowhowcitiesareusingunneededschools,policestations,libraries,andboardedupfactoriesthatarestructurallysoundandevenarchitecturallyinterestingbuildings.本段的第一句是段落主題句,指出在城市里有許多舊樓還在發(fā)揮著作用。這里的“作用”是比較抽象的,不容易寫得很充分。但是作者用ー些實例（如將舊校舍改建成住房提供給低收入人群等）來加以說明，主題思想就較為容易和直觀地表達(dá)出來了。11takestwotomakeaquarrel. ー個巴掌拍不響。Itisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherperson'sperformanceobjectively.Forexample,Lindarecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendJackwroteamarvelousdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothLindaandJackwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.Theywereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgment.這個段落的第一句是主題句,說明人們很難做到客觀地評價另ー個人的作為。接著用しinda和Jack兩個例子來支持這?觀點，展開段落。例子使用貼切典型,恰如其分。五、對比法對比法是指通過敘述或描述兩種或兩種以上的相關(guān)事物之間的相同（相似）的地方或不同之處來表達(dá)主題。采用對比法展開段落主要通過兩種途徑:ー是先敘述對比雙方的一個方面的全部細(xì)節(jié),然后再敘述另一個方面的全部細(xì)節(jié);另ー個途徑是對逐個問題進(jìn)行雙方面的比較。請看ド面各例:Whydosomanygraduatesgravitateintobusinessinsteadofintoteaching?Partofthereasonistheeverwideningpaygapbetweenthesetwoprofessions.Asecretary,anofficeclerkorabankemployeecanearnmonthlyincomeashighasRMB2,000,andwhenoneispromotedtothepositionofabusinessexecutiveormanager,thesalaryisevenhigher.Butacollegegraduatewithamaster'sdegreecanonlygetasalaryofRMB1,000permonthforhisteachingjob.Nowonder,collegegraduatesareattractedintomorelucrative（賺錢的,有利潤的）fields.本段的主題是為什么那么多的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生從商,而不從事教學(xué)工作。作者運用對比法,說明由于兩種職業(yè)之間存在著越來越大的收入差異,所以有好多學(xué)生畢業(yè)后選擇從商,而不選擇從教。Asinglesparkcanstartaprairiefire. 星星之火,可以燎原。TherearestrikingsimilaritiesbetweentwoofthemostpopularU.Spresidents,AbrahamLincolnandJohnF.Kennedy.Bothmenhadtheirelectionslegallychallenged.LincolnandKennedyarebothrememberedfortheirsenseofhumor,aswellasfortheirinterestincivilrights.Lincoln'ssecretarywasMrs.Kennedy;Kennedy'ssecretarywasMrs.Lincoln.Neithermantooktheadviceofhissecretarynottomakeapublicappearanceonthedayonwhichhewasassassinated.LincolnandKennedywerebothkilledonFridayinthepresenceoftheirwives.Andfinally,thesamecaisson（彈藥車）carriedthebodiesofbothmenintheirfuneralprocessions.本段采用對比法通過第一種途徑展開段落。這里,作者將美國歷史上兩位偉大的總統(tǒng)林肯與肯尼迪從六個方面作了比較,描述他們的相似之處。六、分類法分類法是按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對事物進(jìn)行歸類的ー種段落發(fā)展方法。通過分類,可以使文章脈絡(luò)一目了然。例如:Astronomershavebeenabletoclassifystarsaccordingtocolor.Theyhavediscoveredthatstarswithdifferentcolorshavedifferentsizes,andtheirsurfacetemperaturesarealsodifferent.Thelargerastaris,thehighersurfacetemperatureithas.Starsaregenerallydividedintofivekinds:blue,white,yellow,orangeandred.Bluestarsarethelargestones,withadiameterof16,000,000kilometers.Theirsurfacetemperatureisalsothehottest,ashighas25,000degreescentigrade.Whitestarscomenext,whosediameteris2,700,000kilometersandwhosesurfacetemperatureis11,000degreescentigrade.Thenthereareyellowstars,1,600,000indiameterand6,000degreescentigradeinsurfacetemperature.Orangestarsarestillsmaller.Theyhaveadiameterof1,000,000kilometersandasurfacetemperatureof5,000degreescentigrade.Thesmallestkindofstarsappearsredincolor.Theirdiameterisonlyonetwentiethofthatofbluestars,thatis,800,000kilometers,andtheirsurfacetemperatureisonly3,000degreescentigrade.One'ssinwillfindoneout.壞事終歸要敗露。本段落的第二句話是段落主題句,說明不同顏色的星球其大小及表面溫度各不相同。本段落分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常清楚。段落ー開始就指出星球M以按顏色進(jìn)行分類。后來乂明確指出星球一般被分成五種類型:蘭、白、黃、橙和紅色。接著,作者運用分類,清楚地層層展開,發(fā)展段落。Therearetwokindsofsports:"amateur"and''professional".Amateurathletesdonotreceivemoneyforcompetinginsports.Olympicathletes,forexample,areamateurs.Theydonotreceivemoney.Professionalathletes,ontheotherhand,doearnmoney.Someprofessionalathletesearnamilliondollarsormoreayear.Theyneedthismoneytosupportthemselvesandtheycansavesomefortheirfuture.本段的主題句也在段落開頭，指出運動有兩種形式:業(yè)余的和專業(yè)的。然后,作者采用分類法發(fā)展段落,分門別類地對業(yè)余類(amateurathletes)和專業(yè)類(professionalathletes)進(jìn)行解釋說明，使段落主題更明確地展示在讀者面前，段落層次清楚,中心思想統(tǒng)一明了。Examinationsfallintothreekinds.Oneisthemachinescored''objective"type.Inanobjectivetest,thestudentsanswerquestionsbydecidingonbestchoiceamonganumberofalternativesgiven.Anotheristhe''completion"type.Thiskindofexaminationrequiresthestudentstoaddawordorphrasetocompleteasentence.Andthethirdtypeistheessayexamination,inwhichthestudentsareaskedtowriteacompositiononagiventopic.Allthesekindsofexaminationsaredesignedtorevealwhatastudentmayhavelearnedinanyparticularcourse.本段采用分類法來展開段落。主題句在段落開頭,指出“考試可分三種類型”。然后,作者運用Oneisthemachinescored"objectivetype",Anotheristhe"completiontype","Andthethirdtypeistheessayexamination"來清楚地將考試分類闡述,段落脈絡(luò)一目了然,層次十分分明。七、定義法定義法是通過簡單易懂而且準(zhǔn)確的語言闡明某事物的性質(zhì)和特征來發(fā)展段落，使讀者對某事物比較抽象的或是難以把握的一些特征有一個較清晰的認(rèn)識。定義法常用于說明、描寫和論證，以提供更多的具體解釋來說明某一概念或術(shù)語。請看ド面的例子:Loveisaverygeneralterm.Itreferstoastrongfeelingoffondnessforanotherperson.Itcanhappenbetweenpeopleoftheoppositesexorbetweenmembersofafamily.Nomatterwhereithappens,lovecanalwaysbringhappinesstopeople.這也是采用定義法發(fā)展段落的好例子。段落ー開始,作者先指出，愛是ー個常見的字眼，意義很泛。緊接著用Itreferst〇…來對愛(love)進(jìn)行定義解釋，清楚簡單,意思明白。Poetryisabranchofliteraturewhichexploresideas,emotions,andexperiencesinadistinctiveformandstyle.PDetry,sometimescalled"verse",depend