2022年考研考博-考博英語-外交學院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號60

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-外交學院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Tenyearsoflivingwithamyotrophiclateralsclerosis,orA.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle;Dr.JulesLodishtypeswithtwitchesofhischeek,detectedbyasensorclippedtothisglasses.Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:“Istilllookforwardtoday.”

A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.Theprospectofbeingtrappedinaninertbodyandbeingtotallydependentonothersdrivesmanysuffererstosuicide.

WhenAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftattackedanOregonlawallowingdoctor-assistedsuicidein2001—acasethatisstillworkingitswaysthroughthelegalsystem—patientswiththediseasewereamongthosewhosupportedthelawincourt.

Butwhilethelegalcaseandmuchofthenationalattentionhavefocusedontheissueoftherighttodie,lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.

Withadequatemedicalcare,patientsoftencanliveforyearsrelativelyfreeofphysicalpainfromthediseaseitself.“It’smoreasortofexistential,psychicsortofpain,”saidDr.LeoMcCluskey,aneurologistinPhiladelphiawhotreatsmanypeoplewiththedisease.

Asaresult,patientsandtheirfamiliesareforced,onadailybasis,totakestockofthemeaningandqualityoftheirlivesandtomakerepeateddecisionsabouthowmuchistoomuch.

“WithA.L.S.,youhaveachoiceaboutwhentostoptreatment,lettingnaturetakeitscourse.”saidDr.LindaGanzini,aprofessorofpsychiatryatOregonHealthandScienceUniversityinPortland,whohasstudiedpatientsmakingend-of-lifedecisions.

Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness—perhapsamilestone“l(fā)ikegettingthelastkidofftocollege”saidDr.MellarP.Davis,aprofessorhematologyandmedicaloncologyattheClevelandClinic.

Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.

Manypatients,Dr.Ganzinisaid,havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem,andtheyareable,“tofindhopeinthefuture,findmeaningandtoleratethedailyongoinglossesthattheyareexperiencing.”

Dr.Lodish’sbodysitslimpinawheelchairandhistonguelolls;amachinebreathesforhimthroughatracheostomytubeinhisthroat.Helosttheabilitytotalkmorethanthreeyearsago,hesays,thenjokes,“Butnottheabilitytobeannoying.”

TherearenohalfmeasuresforDr.Lodish,ahematologistwhodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.Hewrotea30guideforhisnursesthatsetsstandardsforasterileenvironmentthatgobeyondhospitalpractices,rulesthathavehelpedhimavoidtheinfectionsthatkillmanypatients.Whenhecouldnolongereat,hedidtheresearchtocomeupwitharecipeforthenutrientblendthatflowsdownhisfeedingtube—evendeterminingthattheingredientswerekosher—andhetypedthetwoguidetoitspreparation,twitchbytwitch,withaspecialprogramonthelaptopthathelpshimtochoosewholewordsorphrasesfromscrollinglists.

Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation,andnowadvisespatientswithA.L.S.andtheirfamiliesonhowtoorganizetheirowncareandusethecommunicationdeviceshehasmastered.

“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell,”Dr.Lodishsaid.

Byholdingon,hesaid,hehasbeenabletoseemanyoflife’smilestones,includingthemarriagesoftwoofhisthreechildren.

Whenhisolderdaughter,ElizabethLester,becamepregnantwiththefirstgrandchild,sheaskedherfathertomaketheofficialfamilyannouncement.

“Hestillplaysthesameroleforme”shesaid,“Istillconsulthimonfinancialmattersandotherkindsofthings.”

Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.

1.A.L.S.isadiseasethat（）.

2.JulesLodish（）.

3.AllthefollowingarepossiblereasonswhythepatientswithA.L.S.canliveabetterlifeEXCEPT

（）.

4.Dr.LodishmanagestolivewithA.L.S.mainlybecausehe（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingtasksisNOTundertakenbyDr.JulesLodish?

問題1選項

A.causespeopletoparalyzeinstantly

B.makeseverymusclestopmovinggradually

C.ishighlycontagiousintheUnitedStates

D.isgeneticallydeterminedandcannotbecured

問題2選項

A.wantstocommitsuicide

B.supportsanOregonlaw

C.determinedtolivelonger

D.isbecomingunconscious

問題3選項

A.theyhaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare

B.theyhaveasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness

C.theyhavestrongreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem

D.theyhavegotastrongmentalsupportfrompeoplearound

問題4選項

A.ishavingexperthelp

B.knowshowtocopewiththedisease

C.iswell-equippedwithadvanceddevices

D.oftencommunicateswithotherpeople

問題5選項

A.Treatingalotofcancerpatients.

B.Devisinghisowntreatmentplan.

C.Providingmedicalconsultation.

D.Communicatingwithmanypeople.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“A.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle（A.L.S是一種漸進性的麻痹性疾病，幾乎使每一塊肌肉都停止活動）”和第二段“A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.（肌萎縮性側索硬化癥或盧伽雷氏癥，常被描述為一種活死人。身體會變得松弛，而頭腦卻保持完整和敏銳的意識。）”，由此可推斷出肌萎縮性側索硬化癥使肌肉病變會有一個循序漸進的過程。A選項“使人立即癱瘓”說法錯誤；B選項“使每一塊肌肉逐漸停止活動”符合題意；C選項“在美國是高度傳染性的”和D選項“是由基因決定的，不能治愈”文章都沒有提到。因此B選項正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:Istilllookforwardtoday.（但當人們問洛迪什對自己的生活有何感想時，他的眼神流露出了身體所沒有的那種強烈感，他回答說：我仍然期待著。）”和第四段“l(fā)essisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.（但對于那些像洛迪什醫(yī)生一樣想要活下去的病人，人們卻知之甚少。）”，由此可推斷出Dr.Lodish雖然被肌肉萎縮性側索硬化癥折磨，但他仍不失積極樂觀的心態(tài)，對生活充滿期待，決定好好生活與病魔抗爭到底。A選項“想自殺”說法錯誤；B選項“支持俄勒岡州一項（允許醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺的）法律”文章沒有提到；C選項“決心活得更長”符合題意；D選項“正在變得失去意識”說法錯誤。因此C選項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第八段“Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness…（專家說，讓許多病人活下來的，是一種未完的事業(yè)感……）”；第九段“Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.（那些做得最好的病人是那些擁有涵蓋護理和醫(yī)療護理的保險，使他們能夠避免一些與疾病相關的主要健康風險的人，以及那些家庭成員在得不到專家?guī)椭鷷r可以支付時間的人。）”以及第十段“havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem（許多患者都有深刻的宗教信仰，這些信仰幫助他們維持生命）”，因此A選項“他們有涵蓋護理和醫(yī)療的保險”；B選項“他們有一種未完的事業(yè)感”以及C選項“他們有強烈的宗教信仰來支持他們”在文中都有提到，只有D選項“他們從周圍的人那里得到了強大的精神支持”文章沒有提及，因此D選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.（這條與世界相連的線讓他與家人和朋友保持聯(lián)系，讓他成為他們生活中重要的一部分。）”以及第十四段“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell（具有諷刺意味的是，我現(xiàn)在和很多人交流的次數(shù)比我健康時還多）”，由此可知Dr.Lodish與病魔作斗爭是通過經(jīng)常與他人溝通交流，分享生命中的點滴。A選項“正在接受專家的幫助”；B選項“知道如何對付這種疾病”；C選項“配備了先進的設備”都不是主要原因，只有D選項“經(jīng)常與他人交流”符合題意，因此D選項正確。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十二段“whodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.（他設計了自己復雜而詳細的治療方案。）”；第十三段“Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation…（這條與世界相連的線讓他與家人和朋友保持聯(lián)系，讓他成為他們生活中重要的一部分。他繼續(xù)提供醫(yī)療咨詢……）”，由此可知B選項“制定自己的治療方案”；C選項“提供醫(yī)療咨詢”和D選項“與許多人交流”說法正確，文章都有提及，而A選項“治療了很多癌癥患者”可定位到文章最后一段“Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.（洛迪什說，他自己想活下去的決心，在一定程度上來自于他長期治療癌癥患者的經(jīng)驗，這些患者常常覺得確診就等于判了死刑。）”，該段落只說了Dr.Lodish想活下去的決心來自治療癌癥患者的經(jīng)驗，并沒有直接說他治療了很多癌癥患者，因此A選項符合題意，A選項正確。

2.單選題

Thetroopssleptincrampedconditions.

問題1選項

A.untidy

B.makeshift

C.dirty

D.crowded

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義形容詞辨析。A選項untidy“不整潔的，凌亂的，懶散的，不干凈利落的”；B選項makeshift“臨時的，權宜之計的”；C選項dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，骯臟的，惡劣的，暗淡的”；D選項crowded“擁擠的，塞滿的”。句意：軍隊在擁擠的條件下睡覺。Cramped“狹窄的，難懂的，難辨的”，D選項與該詞意思最相近，因此D選項正確。

3.單選題

Somedonors,batteredbysomanyappealsforhelp,mayfindthemselvesbattlingcompassion

（）.

問題1選項

A.indolence

B.fatigue

C.vacuum

D.leave

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項indolence“懶散，懶惰，無痛”；B選項fatigue“疲勞，疲乏，雜役”；C選項vacuum“真空，空缺，空白，真空吸塵器”；D選項leave“離開，許可，同意，休假”。compassionfatigue“同情疲勞”。句意：一些捐助人，在如此多的求助面前不堪一擊，可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正在與同情疲勞作斗爭。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Hewashere（）thestroke.

問題1選項

A.in

B.on

C.with

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。onthestroke“準時地”。句意：他準時到了這里。因此B選項正確。

5.單選題

Gethimtosignthecontractbeforehehassecond（）.

問題1選項

A.idea

B.ideas

C.thought

D.thoughts

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。secondthought“（單數(shù)）重新考慮”；secondthoughts“（復數(shù)）反復考慮”。句意：在他猶豫之前讓他簽合同。因此C選項正確。

6.單選題

Oftenthedifficultiesofgrowingupinthepubliceyecausechildprodigiesto（）theworldofachievementbeforereachingadulthood;happily,theysometimeslaterreturntocompetitionandsucceedbrilliantly.

問題1選項

A.ridicule

B.retirefrom

C.examine

D.conquer

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”；B選項retirefrom“退休；退出；從……退休”；C選項examine“檢查；調(diào)查；檢測；考試”；D選項conquer“戰(zhàn)勝，征服；攻克，攻取”。句意：在公眾的目光下成長的困難往往導致神童在成年之前就從成就的世界中退休；令人高興的是，他們有時會在競爭中獲勝。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Idon’tbelieveyouaregoingtohavethematterlookedintotoday,（）?

問題1選項

A.areyou

B.doyou

C.aren’tyou

D.don’tyou

【答案】A

【解析】考查反義疑問句用法。題干屬于陳述部分為主從復合句的反義疑問句。一般有兩種情況：當陳述部分為主從復合句“主語+從句”時，疑問部分一般應與主句保持一致，如HeknowsthatwhereIlive,doesn’the？；當陳述部分為Ithink（believe,suppose）that...等時，疑問部分通常與從句保持一致，如Idon’tthinkhewillcome,willhe?題干陳述部分為Idon’tbelieve(that)...從句部分為youaregoingtohave...，因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

WhilehewasinBeijing,hespentallhistime（）someimportartmuseumsandbuildings.

問題1選項

A.visiting

B.traveling

C.watching

D.touring

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項visit“訪問，拜訪，看望，參觀，訪問”，指短期行為，更多用于動作，目的性較強；B選項travel“長途旅行，經(jīng)過（某地區(qū)），（非正式）經(jīng)受得住旅行，（物體，放射線）移動，行進，傳送”，強調(diào)從某處過到另一處，或者已經(jīng)完成的旅行；C選項watch“觀看，注視，守候，看守”，強調(diào)專注地看/注視移動著的物體，如看電視，看球賽等；D選項tour“旅行，旅游，作巡回演出”，常用來形容整個旅行，強調(diào)旅行的過程。句意：當他在北京的時候，他把所有的時間都花在參觀一些重要的藝術博物館和建筑上。

9.單選題

Theproposedchangeinthefederalestatetax,inthedealworkedoutwithPresidentObamaandCongressionalRepublicans,hasramificationsfortheCaliforniaestatetax.

問題1選項

A.outcome

B.projections

C.recommendations

D.prospects

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項outcome“結果，結局；成果”；B選項projections“投射；規(guī)劃；突出；發(fā)射；推測”；C選項recommendations“推薦；建議；推薦信”；D選項prospects“前景；預期；潛在顧客；遠景展望”。句意：根據(jù)與奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和國會共和黨人達成的協(xié)議，聯(lián)邦遺產(chǎn)稅的擬議修改對加州遺產(chǎn)稅有影響。ramifications“衍生物；分支，分叉；支流；（衍生的）結果、影響”，A選項與該詞意思最相近，因此A選項正確。

10.單選題

Hehadafallandhavea（）fractureinabone.

問題1選項

A.hairgrip

B.hairpiece

C.hairline

D.hairstyle

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項hairgrip“發(fā)夾”；B選項hairpiece“假發(fā)”；C選項hairline“發(fā)際線，極細的線，細縫”；D選項hairstyle“發(fā)型”。hairlinefracture是一醫(yī)學術語，“骨裂”，即一種如頭發(fā)般的單處骨折裂痕。句意：他摔了一跤，骨裂了。因此C選項正確。

11.單選題

Iamtoinformyou,thatyoumay,ifyouwish,attendtheinquiry,andattheinspectorsdiscretionstateyourcase（）orthroughanentrustedrepresentative.

問題1選項

A.indepth

B.insecret

C.inperson

D.inexcess

【答案】C

【解析】考查介詞短語辨析。A選項indepth“深入地；全面地”；B選項insecret“秘密地；私下地”；C選項inperson“本人；親自”；D選項turnup“出現(xiàn)；發(fā)生；開大；發(fā)現(xiàn)；卷起；使仰臥”。句意：我要通知你，如果你愿意，你可以參加調(diào)查，并根據(jù)調(diào)查人員的決定親自或委托代表陳述你的情況。因此C選項正確。

12.單選題

Justastheauthor’sbookoneelsisoftenakeytextforcoursesinmarinevertebratezoology,theirideasonanimaldevelopmentandphylogeny（）teachinginthisarea.

問題1選項

A.prevent

B.defy

C.replicate

D.inform

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項prevent“預防，防止；阻止；妨礙，阻止”；B選項defy“藐視；公然反抗；挑釁；使落空”；C選項replicate“復制；折疊；重復；折轉”；D選項inform“通知；告訴；報告；告發(fā)；告密”。句意：就像作者關于鰻魚的書經(jīng)常是海洋脊椎動物學課程的關鍵文本一樣，他們關于動物發(fā)展和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的觀點也影響著這一領域的教學。因此D選項正確。

13.單選題

Itonlytookafewsecondsforhertosize（）thesituation.

問題1選項

A.over

B.up

C.on

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。根據(jù)題干可知考查sizeup“打量；估計……的大?。慌袛唷?，其他的選項都沒有這種搭配。句意：她只花了幾秒鐘審時度勢。因此B選項正確。

14.單選題

Professionalphotographersgenerallyregardinadvertentsurrealisminaphotographasacurseratherthanablessing;magazinephotographers,inparticular,considerthemselves（）totheextentthattheycan（）itspresenceintheirphotographs.

問題1選項

A.skillful,enhance

B.inadequate,eliminate

C.original,demonstrate

D.fortunate,minimize

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞與動詞辨析。A選項skillful,enhance“熟練的；巧妙的”，“提高；加強；增加”；B選項inadequate,eliminate“不充分的，不適當?shù)摹?，“消除；排除”；C選項original,demonstrate“原來的；開始的；首創(chuàng)的，新穎的，創(chuàng)新的；原作的”，“證明；展示；論證”；D選項fortunate,minimize“幸運的；僥幸的；吉祥的；帶來幸運的”，“使減到最少；小看，極度輕視；最小化”。句意：一般而言，專業(yè)攝影家將攝影作品中由疏忽而致的超現(xiàn)實主義視作一種災禍而非幸事；尤其是雜志攝影家，只要能在攝影作品中將它的存在減少到最低程度，他們便視自己為相當幸運的了。因此D答案正確。

15.單選題

Thereislikelytobetensionbetweenlandlordandtenant,betweenlargelandownersandimpecuniouspeasants.

問題1選項

A.petty

B.modicum

C.impoverished

D.frolicsome

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項petty“瑣碎的；小氣的；小規(guī)模的”；B選項modicum“（n.）少量，一點點”；C選項impoverished“窮困的；用盡了的，無創(chuàng)造性的”；D選項frolicsome“嬉戲的，愛鬧著玩的”。句意：地主和佃戶之間、大地主和貧窮的農(nóng)民之間可能會出現(xiàn)緊張關系。impecunious“沒有錢的；貧窮的”。C選項與該詞意思最相近，因此C選項正確。

16.單選題

Caruthers’slatestliterarycriticism（）herreputationfortrenchantcommentary;despiteitsintriguingtitleandthefulsomepraiseonitsdustjacket,itisnothingmorethanacollectionof（）.

問題1選項

A.reinforces,pronouncements

B.advances,aphorisms

C.belies,platitudes

D.undermines,judgments

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞和名詞辨析。A選項reinforces,pronouncements“加強，加固；強化；補充”，“聲明；宣告；公告；判決”；B選項advances,aphorisms“提出；預付；使……前進；將……提前；前進；進展；上漲”，“格言；警句”；C選項belies,platitudes“掩飾；與……不符；使失望；證明……虛假錯誤”，“陳詞濫調(diào)；平凡；陳腐”；D選項undermines,judgments

“破壞，漸漸破壞；挖掘地基”，“判斷；裁判；判決書；辨別力”。句意：卡拉瑟斯最新的文學批評掩蓋了她犀利評論的名聲；盡管書名引人入勝，書皮上也有溢美之詞，但這本書不過是陳詞濫調(diào)的集合。因此C選項正確。

17.單選題

Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.

Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavatorsgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,youmightreplyeverythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.

Irefertothethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasmelekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4,000examplessofar.

Thebasementofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.

Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.

Itwouldbeunrealistictosuggestthatillegaldicingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit?

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbasements?

3.Theauthor’sargumentconcerningtheeffectoftheofficialsaleofduplicateartifactsonillegalexcavationisbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?

4.Theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowinginitialobjectionstotheadoptionofhisproposal?

5.Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldoccurifduplicateartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket?

I.Illegalexcavationwouldeventuallyceasecompletely.

II.Cypruswouldbecometheprimarysourceofmarketableduplicateartifacts.

III.Archaeologistswouldbeabletopublishtheresultsoftheirexcavationsmorefrequentlythantheycurrentlydo.

問題1選項

A.analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts

B.awaytocurbillegaldicingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession

C.awaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchvalue

D.thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites

問題2選項

A.Museumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.

B.Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.

C.Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.

D.Suchartifacts’oftenremainuncataloguedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.

問題3選項

A.Prospectivepurchaserswouldprefertobuyauthenticatedartifacts.

B.Thepriceofillegallyexcavatedartifactswouldrise.

C.Computerscouldbeusedtotracesoldartifacts.

D.Moneygainedfromsellingauthenticatedartifactscouldbeusedtoinvestigateandprosecuteillegalexcavators.

問題4選項

A.Museumofficialswillbecomeunwillingtostoreartifacts.

B.Anoversupplyofsalableartifactswillresultandthedemandforthemwillfall.

C.Artifactsthatwouldhavebeendisplayedinpublicplaceswillbesoldtoprivatecollectors.

D.Illegalexcavatorswillhaveanevenlargersupplyofartifactsforresale.

問題5選項

A.Ionly

B.IIIonly

C.IandIIIonly

D.IIandIIIonly

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。由題干定位到文章第二段“Iwouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.（我想提出一個令人發(fā)指的建議，政府應為考古學提供資金，并減少非法挖掘的數(shù)量。）”。A選項“博物館文物陳列的替代品”；B選項“在有益于考古行業(yè)的同時遏制非法挖掘的方法”；C選項“區(qū)分有科學價值和沒有科學價值的文物的方法”；D選項“政府對考古遺址的管制”。聯(lián)系全文可知B選項更符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可定位到文章第四段“Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds;asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.（甚至沒有足夠的錢來整理這些發(fā)現(xiàn)；結果，它們再也找不到了，變得像從未被發(fā)現(xiàn)過一樣難以接近。）”。A選項“博物館官員很少允許學者接觸這些文物”；

B選項“占用了可以更好地用于展示的空間用于存儲”；C選項“在發(fā)掘中發(fā)現(xiàn)的文物往往彼此分離”；D選項“這類工件通常保持未編目狀態(tài)，因此一旦放入存儲中就無法定位”。因此D選項正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可定位到文章第二段“Iwouldproposethatscientificarcheologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.（我建議，科學的考古考察和政府當局在公開市場上出售發(fā)掘出來的文物。這種銷售將為挖掘和保存考古遺址以及公布結果提供大量資金。）”。A選項“潛在購買者更愿意購買經(jīng)過認證的文物”；B選項“非法挖掘文物的價格會上漲”；C選項“計算機可以用來追蹤出售的文物”；D選項“出售經(jīng)過鑒定的文物所得的錢可以用來調(diào)查和起訴非法挖掘者”。因此D選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可定位到文章最后一段“Butthedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.（但對這種秘密產(chǎn)品的需求將大大減少。）”由此可知復制的工件會供過于求，于是這些工件會大量涌現(xiàn)，最終會導致對這些暢銷品的需求下降。因此B選項正確。

5.判斷推理題。由題干可定位到文章第三段“InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard…（在塞浦路斯的一次小型發(fā)掘中，考古學家最近在一個院子里發(fā)現(xiàn)了2000個幾乎無法辨認的小陶罐。）”，由此可推斷出塞浦路斯可能會成為復制品的主要市場來源。A選項“非法挖掘最終將完全停止”說法太過絕對化，文章并未提到完全終止。B選項“考古學家將能夠比現(xiàn)在更頻繁地公布他們的發(fā)掘成果”，如果復制工件合法化，考古學家會更愿意公開他們的挖掘成果。因此D選項正確。

18.單選題

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

問題1選項

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

問題2選項

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

問題3選項

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

問題4選項

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

問題5選項

A.mu