整理加拿大政治體制概況

精品文檔CanadianPoliticalSystemIntroduction：Canadaisaconstitutionalmonarchywithafederalsystemofparliamentarygovernmentandstrongdemocratictraditions.ItspoliticalsystemunderwhichmodernCanadaoperatesisknownastheWestminstersystem.SinceCanada'spoliticalstructureismodeledafterthoseofBritainandtheUnitedStates,itcanbedescribedasbothafederationliketheUSandaconstitutionalmonarchylikeBritain.Westminstersystem:TheWestminstersystemisademocraticparliamentarysystemofgovernmentmodeledafterthepoliticsoftheUnitedKingdom.ThistermcomesfromthePalaceofWestminster,theseatoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom.TheessentialfeaturesoftheWestminstersystemare:TheGovernmentischosenbythedemocraticallyelectedlowerhouse.Thegovernmentrequiresthecontinuingsupportofamajorityofmembersofthatchambertostayinoffice.TheheadofgovernmentisthePrimeMinister,wholeadsaCabinetwhichisresponsibletothelowerhouse.AloyalOppositionexists,ledbytheleaderofthepartyorpartieswiththesecondlargestnumberofseatsinthelowerhouse.精品文檔精品文檔Aconstitutionalmonarch,ifoneexists,whois“abovepolitics”actsontheadviceoftheprimeminister.Thereisacareerpublicservicewhichimpartiallyservesthegovernmentoftheday.Thearmedservicesareoutsideofpoliticsandactontheinstructionsofthegovernment.Theruleoflawprevails,withanindependentjudiciary,subjecttotheConstitution.TheCanadiangovernmentconsistsofthreparts:ONE:TheLegislature立法TheParliamentofCanada:theHouseofCommonsandtheSenate.?TheHouseofCommons：Eachmemberchosenbyamajorityofeligiblevotersineachofthecountry'sfederalelectoraldistricts,orridings,viaapluralityvotingsystem.Torunforoneofthe308seatsintheHouseofCommons,anindividualmustbeatleast18yearsold,andonaverage,membersoftheHouseofCommonsareelectedforamaximumoffive-yearterm.?TheSenate：Itisagroupof105individualsappointedbythegovernorgeneralontheadviceoftheprimeminister;allthosesummonedtotheSenatebytheviceroymustbeaminimumof30yearsold,andownpropertywithanetworthofatleast$4,000,inadditiontoowningland精品文檔精品文檔worthnolessthan$4,000withintheprovinceheorsheistorepresent.ItsmainfunctionistoacceptorrejectthesuggestionoftheHouseofCommons.ThePrimeMinisterisoftentheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliament,andselectstheministerswhomakeuptheCabinet,theyexerciseexecutivepowerasthe“Government”,andareresponsibleonlytotheHouseofCommons.TWO:TheExecutive執(zhí)行TheGovernorGeneralholdsthehighestpositionandistheoreticallythesourceofexecutivepower.Inpractice,however,theGovernorGeneralisonlythesymbolicexecutivewhocanactonlyontheadviceoftheCanadianPrimeMinisterandtheCabinet.Responsibilities:TosummontheHouseofCommonandtheSenate;TogiveRoyalAssenttoallfederallawspassedbytheHouse;ToopenandendsessionofParliament;TodissolveParliamentbeforeanelection.?TheCanadiangovernmentisdividedinto:Thefederalgovernment:Itsharesmanyoftheprovincialgovernment’sfeatures.Besides,ithasasecondchamberequivalenttotheCanadianSenate.精品文檔精品文檔Theprovincialgovernment:AlieutenantGovernorrepresentstheKingorQueenineachprovince;theirdutiesaresimilartothoseoftheGovernorGeneral.Territorialgovernment:Threeterritorieshavetheirowngovernmentsbutwithlesspowerthanthoseoftheprovince.THREE:TheJudiciary司法機(jī)構(gòu)ThecourtsinCanadaareorganizedinfour-levstructure.Level1:TheSupremeCourt..ItservesasthefinalcourtofappealsinCanada..Ithearsbothcivilandcriminalappealsfromdecisionofthecourtsofappealsinalltheprovincesandterritories..ItplaysaspecialroleasadvisertothefederalgovernmentonquestionsconcerningtheConstitutionandcontroversialcomplicatedareasofprivateandpubliclaw.Level2:TheFederalCourtofAppealandthevariousprovincialcourtsofappeals.Level3:TheFederalCourt,TheTaxCourtofCanada,Theprovincialandtheterritorialsuperiorcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction.Level4:Provincialcourts.精品文檔精品文檔PoliticalParties政黨TherearethreemainpoliticalpartiesinCanada..TheLiberalParty:ThemostfavoredandinfluentialpoliticalpartyinCanada,foundedin1867,andhasoftenovertheyearsheldamajorityintheCanadianHouseofCommons,andatothertimesstillremainedasubstantialamountofseats.Thispartycombinesaliberalsocialpolicywithamoderateeconomicpolicy..TheConservativeParty:Theright-wingpoliticalpartyinCanadawasformedbythemergeroftheCanadianAllianceandtheProgressiveConservativePartyinDecember2003.TheReformPartyhadbeenthechiefpoliticalpartytoopposetheLiberalpartyforanumberofyears.In2006,thepartyachievedamajorvictorywiththeelectionofitscandidateforPrimeminister,StephenHarper..TheNewDemocraticParty:ItisasocialdemocraticpartyinCanada,foundedin1961,incorporatingtwootherCanadianparties,theCooperativeCommonwealthFederationandtheCanadianLaborCongress.Thepartyrepresentstheleft-wingpositionandretainsasmall精品文檔精品文檔numberofseatsintheHouseofCommons.Election選舉?Eachprovince：Itsownelectoralsystem.ThefederalParliament:Anationalelectoralsystem.Differ