課件案例專外

Symbol

of

MedicineBackground

KnowledgeThe

symbol

of

medicineA

staff

or

rod

with

a

snake

curledaround

it

is

the staff

(the

rod)

ofAesculapius

(also

called

Asklepios)the

ancient

mythical

god

ofmedicine.In

reality,

Asklepios

may

have

oncelived

and

been

renowned

for

hisgentle,

humane

remedies.According

to

mythology,

Asculapius

had

anumberof

children

including

Hygeia,

thegoddess

ofhealth(from

whose

name

comes

the

word

"hygiene")

andPanaceia,

the

goddess

of

healing

(from

whose

namecomes

theword

"panacea"

for

a

universal

remedy).Patients

wishing

to

be

cured

by

the

god

visited

histemple

site,

called

an

Asklepion.It

was

believed

that

Asklepios

cured

patients

byvisiting

them

in

their

sleep

at

the

Asklepion.Sometimes

the

patient

was

cured

by

Asklepios’sdaughters,

Panacea

and

Hygeia,

who

were

oftenhelped

by

snakes.Today,

the

staff

of

Aesculapius

is

a

commonlyused symbol

of

medicine.It

is

the

symbol

of many

medical

societies.HumanDisease

What

isdisease?ClassificationCausesHow

germs

invade

the

body?How

the

body

fights

disease?How

the

body e

immune

to

disease?Treatment

of

diseaseHumanDisease

The

brief

survey

of

the

human

body

has

given

us

aglimpseinto

two

different

studies

that

are

considered

the

fundamentalsof

medical

sciences,

namely

anatomy

and

physiology.However,

the

picture

is

not

complete

without

consideringpathology,

the

science

that

deals

with

the

structuralandfunctional

changes

produced

by

thedisease.In

fact,

the

modern

approach

to

the

study

of

disorder

emphasizes

the

close

relationship

of

the

pathological

andphysiological

aspects

and

theneedto

understand

thefundamentals

of

each

in

treating

any

body

diseases.What

is

disease?Then

whatis

adisease?

It

may

be

defined

as

acondition

thatimpairs

the

proper

function

ofthe

body

or

of

one

of

itsparts.Every

living

thing,

both

plants

andanimals,

can

succumb

to

disease.

People,

for

example,

are

often

infected

by

tiny

bacteria,but

bacteria,

in

turn,

can

be

infected

by

even

more

minutees.succumb

to

屈從于，死于to

curiosityto

temptationWhat

is

disease?Hundreds

of

different

diseases

exist.

Each

has

its

ownparticular

set

of

symptoms

and

signs,

clues

that

enable

aphysician

to

diagnose

the

problem.

A

symptom

issomething

apatient

can

detect,

such

as

fever,bleeding,

or

pain.

Asign

issomething

a

doctor

can

detect,such

as

a

swollen

blood

vesselor

an

enlarged

internal

body

an.symptom癥狀sign

體征diagnosebleedingswollen

腫大的ClassificationDiseases

can

be

classified

differently.For

instance,

anepidemicdisease

is

one

that

strikesmanys

in

acommunity.When

it

strikes

the

same

region

year

after

year

it

is

anendemic

disease.An

acute

disease

hasaquick

onsetand

runs

ashort

course.

Anacute

heart

attack,for

example,

often

hits

without

warningand

can

be

quickly

fatal.A

chronic

disease

has

a

slow

onset

and

runs

a

sometimes

years-long

course.

The

gradual

onset

and

long

course

of

rheumaticfever

makes

it

a

chronic

ailment.Between

the

acute

and

chronic,

another

type

iscalledsubacute.epidemic----adj./

n.

(infectious

disease) which

spreadsquickly

througha

large

part

of

the

population.流行的;流行病e.g. 1)

The

disease

rapidly

reached

epidemicproportions.2)

The

health

authorities

are

taking

steps

to

preventan

epidemicof

cholera

(a

choleraepidemic).endemic----adj.

(anydisease)

which

isverycommonin

certain

places

地方性流行的e.g.

This

disease

is

endemictoMediterraneancountries.pandemic----adj.

/

n.

(epidemic

disease)

which

affectsmany

parts

of

the

world大流行的;大流行病e.g.

Public

health

experts

fear

thespread

among

humans,

causing

acould

mutate

anddly

pandemic.Infectious

diseaseDiseases

c so

be

classified

by

their

causative

agents.Forinstance,an

infectious,or

communicable,disease

is

the

onethat

can

be

passedbetween s

such

as

by

means

ofairborne

droplets

from

a

cough

or

sneeze.空氣播散飛沫Tiny anismssuchas

bacteria

and

fungi

canproduceinfectious

diseases.

So

can es.

So

can

tiny

worms.Whatever

the

causativeagent

mightbe,

it

survives

intheit

infects

and

ispassedon

to

another.Sometimes,

a

disease-producing anism

gets

into

rsonwho

shows

no

symptoms

of

the

disease.

The

asymptomatic

carrier

can

then

pass

the

disease

on

to

someone

elsewithouteven

knowing

he

has

it.Noninfectious

diseasemalfunction

機(jī)能degenerationerratic

的，不穩(wěn)定的disturbance

功能紊亂deficiency

缺乏，不足e.g.

immunodeficiencylapse

，Noninfectious

diseaseNoninfectious

diseases

are

caused

by

malfunctions

ofthe

body.These

include an

or

tissue

degeneration,

erratic

cellgrowth,

and

faulty

blood

formation

andflow.Also

included

are

disturbances

of

the

stomach

and

intestine,ocrine

system,

andthe

urinary

and

reproductivesystems.Somediseases

canbe

caused

by

diet

deficiencies,

lapsesin

thebody's

defense

system,

or

a

poorly

operating

nervoussystem.Other

causepsychological

and

social

factors

心理和社會(huì)因素disability殘疾，功能drug

addiction

藥物成癮obesity

肥胖malnutrition

營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良Disability

and

illnesses

c so

be

provoked

bypsychological

and

social

factors.

These

ailmentsinclude

drug

addiction,

obesity,

malnutrition,

andpollution-

caused

health

problems.Other

causeinheritable

可遺傳的hereditary

遺傳的genetic

disorder

遺傳病，遺傳性birth

defects

出生缺陷inborn

errors

缺陷mental

retardation

智力低下Other

causeFurthermore,

a

thousand

or

more

inheritable

birth

defectsresult

from

alternations

in

gene

patterns.Since

tiny

genes

are

responsible

for

producing

the

manychemicals

needed

by

the

body,

missing

or

improperlyoperating

genes

can

seriously

impair

health.Genetic

disorders

that

affect

body

chemistry

are

called

inbornerrors

of

metabolism.Some

forms

of

mental

retardation

arehereditary.How

germs

invade the

body?anism

病原體germ

病菌，微生物

anism

生物體

pathogen/pathogenicmicro anism

微生物bacterium(pl.

bacteria)細(xì)菌fungus

(pl.

fungi)

真菌parasiteworm

蟲，蠕蟲How

germs

invade the

body?common

cold

普通感冒p

oniatuberculosis

肺結(jié)核venereal

的hepatitis

肝炎colitis

結(jié)腸炎How

germs

invade the

body?Humans

live

in

a

world

where

many

other

living

thingscompete

for

food

and

places

to

breed.The

pathogenic anisms,

or

pathogens,

often

broadlycalled

germs,

that

cause

many

diseases

are

able

to

invadethe

human

body

and

use

its

cells

and

fluids

for

their

ownneeds.Ordinarily,

the

body's

defense

system

can

ward

off

theseinvaders.How

germs

invade the

body?PathogenicSome

-

suchp

onia,asandanisms

can

enter

the

body

in

various

ways.these

that

cause

the

common

cold,tuberculosis

-

are

breathed

in.Others

-

such

as

those

that

cause

venereal

diseases

-

enterthrough

sexual

contact

of

human

bodies.Still

others

-

such

as

those

that

cause

hepatitis

and

colitis

-get

in

the

body

through

contaminated

food,

water

orutensils.How

germs

invade the

body?Insects

canspread

disease

by

acting

as

vectors,

orcarriers.

Flies

can

carry

germs

from

humanwaste

orother

tainted

materials

to

food

and

beverages.

Germsmay

also

enter

the

bodythrough

the

bite

of

amosquito,

louse,

or

other

insect

vector.How

the

body

fights

disease?mucus

粘液mucous

粘膜的，粘液的boil

癤子pimple

小膿皰cilium

(pl.cilia)纖毛pus

膿abscess

膿腫drain

，排出lymph

gland

淋巴腺淋swollen

腫脹的tender

觸痛的armpit

腋窩bacteriemia

菌血癥phagocyte

吞噬細(xì)胞bronchi

支氣管How

the

body

fights

disease?As

a line

of

defense,

a

healthy

body

has

a

number

ofphysical

barriers

against

infection.The

skin

and

mucous

membranes

covering

the

body

orlining

its

openings

offer

considerableinvasion

by

bacteria

and

other

infectioustoanisms.If

these

physical

barriers

are

injured

or

burned,

infectiondrops.

In

minor

cases,

only

boils

or

pimplesmay

develop.

In

major

cases,

however,

large

areas

of

thebody

might e

infected.How

the

body

fights

disease?Breathing

passagesare

especially

vulnerable

toinfection.Fortuna

y,

they

are

lined

with

mucus-secreting

cells

that

traptiny anisms

and

dustparticles.

Also,

minute

hairs

calledcilia

line

thebreathing

passages,

wave

gently

and

sweep

matterout

of

the

respiratory

tract.

In

addition,

foreign

matter

in

thebreathing

passages

can

often

be

ejected

by

nose

blowing,coughing,

sneezing,

and

throatclearing.Unfortuna

y,

repeated

infection,

smoking

and

other

causescan

damage

the

respiratorypassageways

and

make

them

moresusceptible

to

infection.How

the

body

fights

disease?body

temperatureMany

potential

invaders

cannot

stand(37°C).

Even

those

that

thrive

at

that

temperature

may

bedestroyed

when

the

body

assumes

higher,

fevertemperatures.Wax

in

the

outer

ear

c

s

and

tears

from

eye

ducts

canslow

the

growth

of

somebacteria.

Andstomach

acid

candestroy

certain

swallowed

germs.How

the

body

fights

disease?second

line

of

defenseThe

body's is

in

the

blood

andlymph.Certain

white

blood

cells

flock

to

infected

areas

and

try

tolocalize

the

infection

by

forming

pus-filled

abscesses.Unless

the

abscess

breaks

and

allows

the

pus

to

drain,

theinfection

is

likely

to

spread.When

this

happens,

the

infection

is blocked

by

locallymph

glands.

For

example,

an

infection

in

the

handtravels

up

the

arm,

producing

red

streaks

and

swollen,tender

lymph

glands

in

the

armpit.

Unless

the

infection

isbrought

under

control,

it

will

result

in

bacteriemia.How

thebody

fightsdisease?Phagocytesare

located

at

various

sites

to

minimizeinfection.

One

type

in

the

spleen

and

liver

keeps

the

bloodclean.

Others

in

such

high-risk

areas

as

the

walls

of

thebronchi

and

the

intestines

remove

certain

bacteria

andshattered

cells.Wee

immune

to

diseasefend

off

/ward

offimmunity

免疫力antigen

抗原pollen

花粉immunoglobulin

免疫球蛋白o(hù)psonization

調(diào)理作用engulf

吞噬intermediate

中間產(chǎn)物complement

補(bǔ)體We e

immune

to

diseaseThe

body

hasa

special

way

of

handling

infection.

Ithas

a

system

that

fendsoffthe traces

of

aninfectious

substance

and

then,

through

a

"memory,"gives

the

body

a

long-lasting

immunity

against

futureattacks

by

the

same

kind

of

invader.Wee

immune

to

diseaseMany

substances

could

harm

the

body

if

they

everentered

it.

These

substances,

orbacteria

and

pollen

to

a

transpla,

range

fromnted an

(viewedby

the

body

as

aninvader).

To

fight

them

thebodymakes

special

chemicals

known

asantibodies.Wee

immune

to

diseaseAntibodies

are

a

class

of

proteins

called

immunoglobulins.When

an

antibody

hooks

up

with

an

antigen,

itoften

putstheantigen

out

of

actionby

inactivating

or

covering

a

keyportionof

the

harmful

substance.In

some

cases,

through

the

process

ofopsonization,

antibodies

"butter"the

surface

of

someand

make

them

"tastier"

to

phagocytes,

which

engulfthe.Sometimes

anantibody

hooks

toa

bacterial

antigenbut

needs

an

intermediate,

or

complement,

to

actually

destroythe

bacterium.

As

the

antibody-

antigen

complex

circulates

inthe

blood,

thecomplex

"fixes"

complement

to

it.

In

turn,

thecomplement

causes

powerful

enzymes

to

eat

throughthebacterial

cell

wall

and

makethe anism

burst.Treatment

of

diseasemanifestation(臨床)表現(xiàn)syndrome

綜合征diagnosisprognosis

預(yù)后biopsy

活組織檢查disorder

，紊亂，疾病surgery

外科學(xué)radiation

放射counseling(心理)咨詢Treatment

of

diseaseTo

treat

a

patient,

a

physicianmust make

adiagnosis,that

is,

reach

a

conclusion

as

to

the

nature

of

the

illness.

Thephysician

mustknow

the

symptoms,

[which

are

the

conditionsof

disease

noted

by

the

patient,

]andthe

signs,

[which

are

theevidence

(objective

manifestations)

the

physician

or

otherhealthcare

professional

can

observe.]Man