新視野讀寫3-翻譯

Unit1-SectionALoveWithoutLimitations無(wú)限的愛(ài)Mybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother's.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways"gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou".Icouldn'tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.我哥哥吉米出生時(shí)遇上難產(chǎn),因?yàn)槿毖鯇?dǎo)致大腦受損。兩年后,我出生了。從此以后,我的生活便圍繞我哥哥轉(zhuǎn)。伴隨我成長(zhǎng)的,是“到外面去玩,把你哥哥也帶上”。不帶上他,我是哪里也去不了的。因此,我慫恿鄰居的孩子到我家來(lái),盡情地玩孩子們玩的游戲。MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonabelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.我母親教吉米學(xué)習(xí)日常自理,比如刷牙或系皮帶什么的。我父親宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使?家人心貼著心。我則負(fù)責(zé)外面的事,找到那些欺負(fù)我哥哥的孩子們的父母,告他們的狀,為我哥哥討回公道。MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfasttogetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshippingcentereverymorningwheretheybothworked—Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.父親和吉米形影不離。他們一道吃早飯,平時(shí)每天早上一道開(kāi)車去海軍航運(yùn)中心,他們都在那里工作,吉米在那搬卸標(biāo)有彩色代號(hào)的箱子。晚飯后，他們ー?道交談,玩游戲，直到深夜。他們甚至用口哨吹相同的曲調(diào)。Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedtomakethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldhe'dknownwasgone.OnedayIasked,"YoumissDad,don'tyou?"Hislipsquiveredandthenheasked,"Whatdoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend."Ourtearsbegantoflow.所以，父親1991年因心臟病去世時(shí)，吉米幾乎崩潰了，盡管他盡量不表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。他就是不能相信父親去世這一事實(shí)。通常,他是ー個(gè)令人愉快的人,現(xiàn)在卻一言不發(fā),無(wú)論說(shuō)多少話都不能透過(guò)他木然的臉部表情了解他的心事。我雇了ー個(gè)人和他住在ー起,開(kāi)車送他去上班。然而，不管我怎么努力地維持原狀，吉米還是認(rèn)為他熟悉的世界已經(jīng)消失了。有一天，我問(wèn)他:“你是不是想念爸爸?”他的嘴唇損抖了幾下,然后問(wèn)我:“你怎么看，瑪格麗特?他是我最好的朋友?！苯又?我倆都流下了眼淚。MymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.Hedidn'tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents*houseandworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.六個(gè)月后,母親因肺癌去世,剩下我一人來(lái)照顧吉米。吉米不能馬上適應(yīng)去上班時(shí)沒(méi)有父親陪著,因此搬來(lái)紐約和我ー起住了一段時(shí)間。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里,他好像適應(yīng)得很好。但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,繼續(xù)干他原來(lái)的工作。我答應(yīng)把他送回去。此事最后做成了。如今，他在那里生活了11年,在許多人的照料下,同時(shí)依靠自己生活得有聲有色。他已成了鄰里間不可或缺的人物。如果你有郵件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.當(dāng)然,母親的話沒(méi)錯(cuò)：可以有一個(gè)家,既能容納他的缺陷又能裝下我的雄心。事實(shí)上,關(guān)照像吉米這樣ー個(gè)深愛(ài)又感激我的人，更加豐富了我的生活，其他任何東西都不能與之相比。ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy's57thbirthday.Ihadapartyforhiminmyhomein

NewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdifficultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary"Nogifts,please",Ishouted,"Gifts!Please!"這一點(diǎn),在9?11災(zāi)難后幾天更顯真切。那天是吉米57歲生日。我在紐約自己的家里為他舉辦生日宴會(huì),但是我們家的人都沒(méi)能來(lái)參加，因?yàn)榻煌ɡщy,而且災(zāi)難帶來(lái)的恐懼使他們依然心有余悸。我邀請(qǐng)了我的好友，請(qǐng)他們來(lái)幫忙把宴會(huì)弄得熱鬧些，增加點(diǎn)歡快氣氛，沒(méi)去理會(huì)他們多數(shù)人在情感上都有些疲憊這ー事實(shí)。于是我一反常態(tài)，沒(méi)說(shuō)“請(qǐng)不要帶禮物”，而是向他們喊“請(qǐng)帶禮物來(lái)”。Myfriends-peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears-broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith"J-I-M-M-Y"onit,aknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn'tcompletewithoutthesinging.我的朋友——吉米認(rèn)識(shí)他們多年了——帶來(lái)了中意的禮物:鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)CD、一件長(zhǎng)袖運(yùn)動(dòng)衫、一條有“吉米”字樣的皮帶、ー頂編織的羊毛帽,還有一套牛仔服。那天晚匕我們先是送禮物,然后是切從他喜歡的面包店里買來(lái)的巧克カ蛋糕,當(dāng)然還唱了“生日歌”,否則宴會(huì)就不算完整了。AthousandtimesJimmyasked,"Isittimeforthecakeyet?"AfterdinnerandthegiftsJimmycouldnolongerberestrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathasweallsang"HappyBirthday".Jimmywasn'tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyelled,"One...more...time!"Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted,"Thatwassuper!"吉米一次次地問(wèn):“該切蛋糕了吧?”等用完餐和送完禮物后,吉米再也控制不住了。他焦急地等著點(diǎn)上蠟燭,然后在我們“生日快樂(lè)”的歌聲中,一口長(zhǎng)氣吹滅了蠟燭。然而吉米對(duì)我們的努力還是感到不滿足。他縱身跳到椅子上,直挺著身子,雙手食指朝天,ー邊喊ー邊指揮我們唱歌:“再——來(lái) 次!”我們?nèi)σ愿暗爻?。待我們唱完時(shí)，他翹起兩個(gè)拇指喊道:“好極了!”Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.本來(lái)我們想讓他知道,無(wú)論世上有多難的事情,總是有人來(lái)關(guān)心他?，F(xiàn)在反倒是提醒了我們自己。對(duì)于吉米來(lái)說(shuō),我們唱歌時(shí)的愛(ài)心,是他心中額外的禮物,但是他原先更想看到的,是別人再次感到快樂(lè)。Justasmyfather'sdeathhadchangedJimmy'sworldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe'dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachothertightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenanylimitationstowhatJimmy'slovecouldaccomplish.有如父親的去世一夜之間改變了吉米的世界,9?11也改變了我們的生活;我們熟悉的世界不復(fù)存在了。但是,當(dāng)我們?yōu)榧壮?相互緊擁,祈禱全球和平時(shí)，我們也意識(shí)到，朋友、家人間永恒的愛(ài)和支持可以讓我們克服生活中的任何困難。吉米以樸素的方式為我們協(xié)調(diào)了眼前的一切,他做到這一點(diǎn)并不令人吃驚。吉米的愛(ài)可以征服一切,這是任何東西都限制不了的。Unit1-SectionBTheFrameworkforLoveItwasanautumnnightinmynativeNovaScotia.Alightrainwasfalling,makingtappingsoundsonthetinroofandthesmellofmouldfilledtheoldlodgewewerevacationinginfortheweekend.AshiverintheairinspiredafireontheFranklinstove.Wewereallsippinghotchocolateandthenmyfatherwentovertotheuprightpiano,pushedupthesleevesofhisshirtandbeganpickingoutatunewithonefinger.Hewasnotmuchofapianist,butheknewtheloveofsongandfamily.Mymotherputdownhersewingandjoinedhimonthebenchandthenmybrotherdriftedtothepianoaswell.Finally,apoorsingerandsousuallyaviolinistinstead,Iaddedmyvoiceforalineortwo.Myfather,everconsiderate,said,"See,youcansing,darling.Thatwasgood."愛(ài)的構(gòu)架時(shí)值秋夜,在我的故鄉(xiāng)新斯科舍,小雨淅瀝,輕叩錫鐵屋頂。我們周末度假寄住的古老小屋,彌漫著一股霉味。空氣寒冷得讓人發(fā)抖,于是我們點(diǎn)上了富蘭克林取暖爐。我們悠然地喝著熱朱古カ，接著父親走向立式鋼琴,卷起襯衣袖,伸出ー一指敲?曲。他算不上一個(gè)鋼琴家,可他知道歌中的情、家中的愛(ài)。母親放下手中的針線活，和他同坐在一條凳子上，然后我哥哥也緩步走向鋼琴。最后，不太能唱歌卻能拉拉小提琴的我也湊熱鬧唱了一兩句。一向體貼人的父親說(shuō):“你看,你也可以唱的，寶貝。唱得很好。”Ihaveoftenrememberedhowwarm,happyandlovedIfeltgrowingup.Ittookmeyears,though,tolearnthattheloveinourfamilydidn'tjusthappen.Infact,loveneverjusthappens—noteventopeoplewhoseemasnaturallylovingasmymotherandfather.But,Iwouldhedgetobet,thereisaframeworkyoumustlivewithintoletthisgiftthathasnorivalsmature.我常常記得成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中感受到的溫暖、幸福和關(guān)愛(ài)。雖然我花了好些年才知道，家人的愛(ài)不是憑空產(chǎn)生的。事實(shí)上，愛(ài)從來(lái)就不是憑空產(chǎn)生的，甚至對(duì)那些看上去像我父母那樣天生充滿愛(ài)的人來(lái)說(shuō)也一樣。但是，我愿打賭,你必須生活于一個(gè)構(gòu)架之中，方能讓愛(ài)這ー無(wú)與倫比的禮物瓜熟蒂落。First,loveneedstime.Perhapspeoplecanrecognizeinamomentthepossibilityforlove,andmakegranddeclarationssuchas"Iloveyou"withinweeksofhavingmet,butthisloveiscomparabletothebeginningofalongroadupamountainwithmanyupsanddowns.Matureloveislikealivingorganism.Itparallelsthelifeofanoaktree,growingslowlyfromaseedinthemudtoaslendertrunkwithbarelyanyleavesandfinallyintoitsshelteringglory.Wecannotmanipulateorspeeduptheamountofyearsitneedstogrow,butmustinstead,withwitandpatience,appreciateoneanother'sdifferencesandshareoneanother'sjoysandpainsovertime.Soitissadwhendivorcesarecausedbysmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfallapartatthefirstinjury,whenwegiveuponlove.首先,愛(ài)需要時(shí)間。也許人們可以一眼看到愛(ài)的可能,見(jiàn)面幾周后就鄭重宣布“我愛(ài)你”等等,但是這樣的愛(ài),相當(dāng)于剛開(kāi)始爬山,而這漫長(zhǎng)的爬山之路充滿著起起落落。瓜熟蒂落之愛(ài)就像ー個(gè)有生命的機(jī)體。它跟一?棵橡樹的生命?樣，從上里的一粒種子開(kāi)始，慢慢地長(zhǎng)成幾乎無(wú)葉的細(xì)枝，最后枝繁葉茂、足以遮陰,成就其輝煌。我們不可調(diào)控或者加速其成長(zhǎng)所需的年月,相反,我們必須用才智和耐心,始終欣賞相互間的差異,分享彼此的快樂(lè)和痛苦。因此，如果因小怒而離婚，父母孩子相互不信任,在第一次受傷害后中斷友誼，或不再相信愛(ài),那是令人痛心的事情。Toooftenwesay"farewell"tosomeonewehavelovedwithoutduethoughtandenduppayinganemotionaltollthatisquitecostly.Ionceknewafatherandsonwho,saddledwiththeirrespectivetroublesinlife,haddrawnsofarapartovertheyearsthattheyfoundlittletosaytoeachother.And,withouteachother,theirliveshadbecomehollow.Theson,justoutofcollege,hadplannedtospendthesummertravelinginanoldyellowlorryonthetwo-lanehighwaysthatconnectedthecountrytogetherbeforefreeways.Oneday,whenhewasnearlyreadytoleave,hespottedhisfatherapproachingonabusystreetandwasstruckbyasingularlonelinessinthatlongfamiliarface.Heinvitedhimtostopforabeer.Thenonimpulse,hesaid,"Dad,

comealong.Let'sspendasummertogether."我們常常未經(jīng)深思熟慮就向某人說(shuō)‘‘再見(jiàn)”,結(jié)果付出了非常昂貴的感情代價(jià)。我曾經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)ー對(duì)父子,他們被各自的生活困難困擾,多年來(lái)距離越拉越遠(yuǎn),結(jié)果相互間幾乎沒(méi)話可說(shuō),而相互間沒(méi)了依靠,他們的生活變得空虛。兒子大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的那個(gè)夏天,打算開(kāi)著黃色老卡車到連通全國(guó)的雙車道公路上周游?番（那時(shí)還沒(méi)有免費(fèi)高速公路）。有一天,在準(zhǔn)備出發(fā)時(shí)，他看見(jiàn)父親沿著繁忙的街道走來(lái)。父親熟悉的臉上帶著的孤苫令他震動(dòng)。他邀父親停下來(lái)喝杯啤酒。沖動(dòng)之下,他說(shuō):'’來(lái)吧，爸爸。讓我們ー塊兒度過(guò)ー個(gè)夏天吧。”Atgreatrisktothefamilybusiness,thefather,afurnituresalesman,wentalongwithhisson.Togethertheycamped,climbedmountains,satbytheseaandexploredcitystreetsandsleepyvillages."Ilearnedmoreaboutbeingafatherinthelasttwomonthsthaninallmyson's21years,"thefathertoldmeshortlyaftertheirtrip.Everyone'slifeshouldhaveroomforlovesworthriskingsizablepiecesoftimewethinkwecan'tspare.他父親是個(gè)家具推銷商。雖然冒著家里生意受損失的大風(fēng)險(xiǎn),父親還是跟兒子走了。他們一道宿營(yíng)，一道爬山，一道坐在海邊,一道探索城市的街道和幽靜的鄉(xiāng)村。在他們旅行后不久，他父親告訴我:“在過(guò)去的兩個(gè)月里，我學(xué)到的為父之道比我在我兒子成長(zhǎng)的21年的歲月里學(xué)到的都多。”每個(gè)人的生活，都應(yīng)該為愛(ài)的人留出空間，為我們愛(ài)的人抽出我們認(rèn)為抽不出的時(shí)間是值得的。Weshouldnotmisleadourselvesintothinkingthattheoneswelovemustbelikeus.Thekeyistorecognizeandappreciateourdifferences.Thosedifferencesprovidethemysteryandwonderofhumanrelationships.我們不應(yīng)該誤導(dǎo)自己，認(rèn)為我們所愛(ài)的人必須像自己一樣。關(guān)鍵是認(rèn)可和欣賞我們間的差異。這些差異使得人們之間的關(guān)系有了一絲神秘和新奇。Loveneedsanother,harder-to-findqualityaswell,theabilitytoletgo.愛(ài)也需要另一種更為難得的能力——放手的能力。Intheearlyyearsofmymarriage,Ihadfaultynotionsthatmyhusbandshouldwanttobewithmeallthetime.Onourfirstvisittohisfamily'shouse,Idiscoveredthatthemendidthingstogetherandthewomendidthesame.Myfather-in-lawstolemyplacenexttomyhusbandinthefrontseatofthecar,andthetwoofthemoftenwentouttogether,leavingmewiththewomen.在我結(jié)婚的頭幾年,我錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為我丈夫應(yīng)該想時(shí)刻和我在ー起。我們第一次去拜訪他家時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們家的人做事時(shí)男的和男的在ー起，女的與女的在ー起。我公公占了我的位子,坐到前車座我丈夫的旁邊。他倆常常一道出去，將我留下和女人們?cè)讴`起。Icomplainedandmademyhusbandmiserable,caughtashewasbetweenthepeopleheloved.Mymother-in-lawsaidwisely,"Beingwithhisfatherisonepartofhislife;beingwithyouisanother.Behappyaboutbothofthem."我向我丈夫抱怨，讓他夾在他所愛(ài)的人當(dāng)中，痛苦不堪。我婆婆說(shuō)得好:“和父親在一起是他生活的一部分:和你在ー起是另一部分。你對(duì)二者都該感到髙興啊」1learnedthatloveislikeanelasticbandthatmuststretchapartbeforeitpullsyoubackclosetooneanother.Itisacomingtidewhosewatersretreatalittleafterasinglewave,butthenextoneisclosertoyourheartthantheonebefore.我明白，愛(ài)就像根松緊帶,在它將你們緊緊拉在?起之而,必須先松開(kāi)。愛(ài)乂像涌來(lái)的潮水，一浪過(guò)后先退卻一點(diǎn),下一浪オ會(huì)比前一浪離你的心更近。Finally,loveneedswordstomakeitreal.Withoutwords,quarrelscan*tberesolvedandwelosethepowertosharethemeaningofourlives.Theimportantthingistoacknowledgeandexpressourfeelings.Inthisway,wecantrulysendthespiritsofthoseweloveaswellasourownsoaringupwards.最后，愛(ài)需要言語(yǔ)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。沒(méi)有言語(yǔ)，爭(zhēng)吵不能得到解決，這樣我們就失去了分享自己生活意義的能力。重要的是承認(rèn)并表達(dá)自己的情感。這樣，我們才能真正使我們自己和我們所愛(ài)的人興高采烈。Loveisnotasingleact,butalifetimeadventureinwhichwearealwayslearning,discovering,growing.Itisneitherdestroyedbyasinglefailurenorwonbyasinglekiss.Itcanonlybeachievedthroughpatienceandunderstanding.愛(ài)不是一次性的行為,而是一生的探索。我們總是在這種探索中學(xué)習(xí)、發(fā)現(xiàn)和成長(zhǎng)。一次失敗不能毀滅愛(ài),一次親吻也不能贏得愛(ài)。唯有耐心和理解才能得到愛(ài)。Unit2?SectionAIronandtheEffectsofExerciseSportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearcherssuggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen.鐵與運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)專家經(jīng)過(guò)多年的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員,特別是女性,經(jīng)常會(huì)缺鐵。普渡大學(xué)研究人員進(jìn)行的ー項(xiàng)新的研究表明:即使是適度的鍛煉,也可能會(huì)降低女性血液中的鐵含量。"Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderateexerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Herstudyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonthswaspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise.“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),那些通常不運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性一旦開(kāi)始適度的鍛煉,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵含量下降的跡象,”普渡大學(xué)羅斯安妮?M.萊爾副教授說(shuō)。她對(duì)62名婦女進(jìn)行了研究,并將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《體育運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)》雜志上。這些婦女原先不怎么運(yùn)動(dòng),后來(lái)開(kāi)始了為期6個(gè)月、每周3次的鍛煉。"Womenwhoconsumedadditionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenewexerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedadecreaseinironlevels."萊爾指出:“那些增食肉類食品或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑的女性能夠恢復(fù)到健康狀態(tài)。但突然參加鍛煉卻仍沿用舊食譜的人則顯示出鐵含量降低。”Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemaleteenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramongactivewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein”.Womenofchildbearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinanefforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliabletoexperienceadeficiency.缺鐵在女性中是很常見(jiàn)的,每四個(gè)十幾歲的少女中有一人缺鐵,每五個(gè)18至45歲的女性中有一人缺鐵。而在積極鍛煉的婦女中這ー比例更高,女耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員中,缺鐵者比例則高達(dá)80%。萊爾說(shuō),這意味著“太多女性忽視了自己攝入的鐵含量”。育齡女性危險(xiǎn)最大，因?yàn)樵陆?jīng)是鐵流失的重要原因之一。此外,許多保健意識(shí)太強(qiáng)的女性也很危險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗齻兙芙^食用牛肉或羊肉,而這些肉中含有的鐵最易被吸收。而且,由于女性常常為了控制體重而節(jié)食,從而未能攝取足夠的含鐵豐富的食物，結(jié)果可能導(dǎo)致缺鐵。"Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceofiron,"notesanotherexpert."Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironlossfromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notestheexpert.另一名專家指出，“普通女性每天攝入的鐵只是應(yīng)攝入量的三分之ニ。"他指出,'’對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)缺鐵的女性，任何因鍛煉而產(chǎn)生的更多鐵質(zhì)流失都足以導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)缺鐵狀況的惡化?！盓xercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingofthedigestivesystem.Athletesinhigh-impactsportssuchasrunningmayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwheresmallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.運(yùn)動(dòng)可能通過(guò)多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致鐵流失。有些鐵隨汗液流失。另外，由于某些未知的原因，髙強(qiáng)度的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)引起消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)出血。運(yùn)動(dòng)員從事跑步之類高強(qiáng)度劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)，也可能會(huì)因?yàn)樽悴垦苁а默F(xiàn)象而使鐵質(zhì)流失。Therearethreestagesofirondeficiency.Thefirstandmostcommonishavinglowironreserves,aconditionthattypicallyhasnosymptoms.Fatigueandpoorperformancemaybegintoappearinthesecondstageofdeficiency,whennotenoughironispresenttoformthemoleculesofbloodproteinthattransportoxygentotheworkingmuscles.Inthethirdandfinalstage,peopleoftenfeelweak,tired,andoutofbreath—andexerciseperformanceisseverelycompromised.缺鐵分為三個(gè)階段:第一也即最常見(jiàn)的階段,是鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量不足。這ー階段一般沒(méi)有癥狀。到了缺鐵的第二階段,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)疲倦和力不從心,此時(shí)體內(nèi)已沒(méi)有足夠的鐵來(lái)形成血蛋白分子,將氧輸至運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉。在第三即最后階段,人常常感到虛弱、疲乏無(wú)カ、喘不過(guò)氣,運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)大打折扣。"Peoplethinkthatifthey'renotatthethirdstage,nothingiswrong,butthat'snottrue/*saysJohnL.Beard,whohelpeddesignthePurduestudy."You'renotinstage3untilyourironreservesgotozero,andifyouwaituntilthatpoint,you'reintrouble."“人們認(rèn)為,只要不到第三階段就不會(huì)有什么問(wèn)題。這種想法是不對(duì)的。”幫助設(shè)計(jì)普渡大學(xué)研究的約翰?L?比爾德說(shuō)。’‘只有當(dāng)你的鐵儲(chǔ)量為零時(shí),你オ會(huì)進(jìn)入第三階段。而你若坐等到這個(gè)時(shí)候,你的麻煩就大了?！盚owever,mostpeoplewithlowironreservesdon'tknowtheyhaveadeficiency,becausetraditionalmethodsofcalculatingtheamountofironinblood(bycheckinglevelsofthebloodproteinthattransportsoxygen)arenotsufficient,Beardstates.Instead,it'simportanttochecklevelsofadifferentcompound,whichindicatetheamountofstorageofironintheblood.Whileactive,childbearingagewomenaremostlikelytohavelowironstores,henotes,"Menarenotsafe,especiallyiftheydon'teatmeatandhaveahighlevelofphysicalactivity."(Anestimated15percentofmalelongdistancerunnershavelowironstores.)Beardandotherexpertssayit'sadvisableforpeopleinthesegroupstohaveayearlybloodtesttocheckbloodironreserves.然而,比爾德指出，大多數(shù)鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量低的人并未意識(shí)到自己缺鐵,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的檢測(cè)血液中鐵含量的方法——檢驗(yàn)血液中輸送氧氣的血蛋白的含量ーー是不夠的。其實(shí)，有必要檢查血液中另ー種混合成分的含量,它可以顯示血液中的鐵含量。他還指出,雖然積極鍛煉的育齡婦女最有可能鐵含量低，“但男性也并非不缺鐵,尤其是在他們不吃肉類而又從事高強(qiáng)度的體力活動(dòng)的情況下。”(估計(jì)有15%的男性長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員鐵含量低。)比爾德和其他專家都說(shuō)，對(duì)這些人而言,最好每年驗(yàn)一次血,以測(cè)定血液中的鐵含量。Ifironlevelsarelow,talkwithaphysiciantoseeifthedeficiencyshouldbecorrectedbymodifyingyourdietorbytakingsupplements.Ingeneral,it'sbettertoundotheproblembyaddingmoreiron-richfoodstothediet,becauseironsupplementscanhaveseriousshortcomings.Supplementsmayproduceafeelingofwantingtothrowup,andmaybepoisonousinsomecases.Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedbythebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,andsomeleafygreenvegetables.如果鐵含量低,就要去看醫(yī)生,以確定是否該通過(guò)調(diào)整飲食或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑來(lái)校正不足。一般說(shuō)來(lái),解決問(wèn)題的最好方法是在食譜中增加含鐵豐富的食物，因?yàn)殍F質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能存在嚴(yán)重缺陷。服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能使人想嘔吐,有時(shí)甚至還會(huì)引起中毒。最好的鐵來(lái)源,以及唯一最易為身體所吸收的鐵來(lái)源,是肉、雞和魚。其他較好的鐵質(zhì)來(lái)源包括棗、豆類和一些多葉綠色蔬菜。"Selectbreadsandcerealswiththewords'iron-added'onthelabel,"writessportsdietexpertNancyClark."Thisaddedironsupplementsthesmallamountthatnaturallyoccursingrains.EatthesefoodswithplentifulVitaminC(forexample,drinkorangejuicewithcerealorputatomatoonasandwich)toenhancetheamountofironabsorbed.*'Clarkalsorecommendscookinginironpans,asfoodcanderiveironfromthepanduringthecookingprocess."Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times,"shewrites.Andpeoplewhoarelikelytohavelowironshouldavoiddrinkingcoffeeorteawithmeals,shesays,sincesubstancesinthesedrinkscaninterferewithironbeingabsorbedintothebody.“選擇那些標(biāo)有‘加鐵’字樣的面包和麥片，”運(yùn)動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)專家南希?克拉克寫道,'’這些增加的鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)充了谷物中自然含鐵量的不足。將這些食物與含有大量維生素C的食物ー起食用——比如吃麥片時(shí)喝橘子汁,或在三明治內(nèi)夾上番茄——可以促進(jìn)鐵質(zhì)吸收?！笨死诉€建議用鐵鍋烹食，因?yàn)榕胝{(diào)過(guò)程中食物能從鐵鍋中吸收鐵質(zhì)。她寫道，“在鐵鍋內(nèi)烹煮了3個(gè)小時(shí)的番茄汁,其鐵含量大大提高,增加到原來(lái)的30倍左右?！彼f(shuō)，鐵含量可能低的人,吃飯時(shí)應(yīng)避免喝咖啡或飲茶，因?yàn)檫@些飲料中所含的物質(zhì)會(huì)妨礙身體對(duì)鐵質(zhì)的吸收。"Activewomenneedtobealotmorecarefulabouttheirfoodchoices,"sumsupPurdue'sLyle."Ifyoupayattentiontowarningsignsbeforeironreservesaregone,youcanremedythedeficiencybeforeitreallybecomesaproblem.*'“運(yùn)動(dòng)女性應(yīng)特別注意選擇飲食。”普渡大學(xué)的萊爾總結(jié)說(shuō):“如果你在鐵含量流失之前就注意到了警告信號(hào)，你就可以在它真正成為問(wèn)題之前彌補(bǔ)鐵質(zhì)的不足?！盪nit2?SectionBDoesExerciseHaveUnexpectedBenefits?Justasexercisestrengthenstheheartandlungs,bonesandmuscles,itmayalsopowerupthebrain.Asuccessionofscientificstudiesofanimalsimpliesthatphysicalactivityhasapositiveeffectonmentalfunctioning.運(yùn)動(dòng)有奇效嗎?正如運(yùn)動(dòng)能強(qiáng)心、健肺、固骨、強(qiáng)肌ー樣,運(yùn)動(dòng)也能健腦。對(duì)動(dòng)物的ー系列科學(xué)研究表明,體育活動(dòng)對(duì)智力的發(fā)揮有積極作用。"It'sclearthatthebrainbenefitsfromexercise,"saysbrainscientistWilliamGreenoughoftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hisstudieswithratshavedemonstratedtwoprimaryeffectsofactivity:Vigorousphysicalexerciseprovidesthebrainwithmorefuel,andski11-basedexerciseincreasestheformationofconnectionsinthebrain,which,accordingtotheproposalsofsomescientists,maymakethebrainbetterabletoprocessinformation.伊利諾伊大學(xué)厄巴納ー尚佩恩分校的大腦科學(xué)家威廉?格里諾說(shuō),“很明顯,運(yùn)動(dòng)使大腦受益。”他對(duì)老鼠的研究已經(jīng)表明運(yùn)動(dòng)具有兩大功效:高強(qiáng)度體育運(yùn)動(dòng)給大腦提供更多的燃料,而技巧性運(yùn)動(dòng)則增強(qiáng)大腦神經(jīng)的聯(lián)結(jié)。依照某些科學(xué)家的見(jiàn)解,這種聯(lián)結(jié)能使大腦更好地處理信息。Inoneexperiment,laboratoryratswereseparatedintothreegroups.Onegroupwasexercisedbyrunninginsideanautomaticwheel,asecondgroupimprovedtheirskillsinacomplicatedobstaclecourse,andathirdgroupwasinactive.在ー項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠被分成三組:第一組在自動(dòng)輪中跑動(dòng)，第二組通過(guò)一種復(fù)雜的越障訓(xùn)練來(lái)提高技能,第三組則不做任何運(yùn)動(dòng)。"Theanimalsthatlearnedtogothroughtheobstaclecourseexhibitedagreaternumberofbrainconnectionsthantheanimalsintheexercisedorinactivegroups,"Greenoughsaid."Incontrast,theanimalsthatexercisedinsidetheautomaticwheelpossessedagreaterdensityofbloodvesselsinthebrainthandideitheroftheothertwogroupsofanimals."“與跑動(dòng)的和不運(yùn)動(dòng)的老鼠相比,經(jīng)過(guò)越障訓(xùn)練的老鼠的腦神經(jīng)聯(lián)結(jié)數(shù)更多。”格里諾說(shuō),“相比之下,在自動(dòng)輪中跑動(dòng)的老鼠,較之其他兩組的老鼠,其大腦的血管密度更大。”Learninganewdancestepmayboostthebraininthesamewaythatlearningalanguagecan,hesays.Andifthedanceisagoodphysicalexerciseaswell,thebenefitsmultiply.Youngbrainsmaybeespeciallyabletoboostbrainpowerthroughexercise,suggestedanotherofGreenough*sexperimentsthatshowedthemostsignificantchangesinthebrainoccurredamongratsthathadbeenexercisedwhenveryyoung.Andwhileanimalsaren'tpeople,hesaysitislogicaltomaketheinferencethataneffectfoundinratsmayalsoapplytohumans.他說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)ー種新的舞步和學(xué)習(xí)一種語(yǔ)言ー樣,都能促進(jìn)大腦發(fā)展。如果這種舞蹈還是ー種良好的體育運(yùn)動(dòng),則益處加倍。格里諾的另ー組實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,年輕的大腦尤其能夠通過(guò)運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)增強(qiáng)能力。這組實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,從小就鍛煉的老鼠,其大腦的變化最為顯著。他說(shuō)盡管動(dòng)物不是人,但依此推斷鍛煉對(duì)老鼠帶來(lái)的作用同樣適用于人類也合乎邏輯。Humanstudieshavefocusedprimarilyonolderadultsandsuggestthatregularexercisecanimprovethespeedwithwhichthebrainprocessesinformation.MeasurementsmadebyArthurKramerattheUniversityofIllinoisdemonstratedthatinactiveadults,aged63to82,couldhitbuttonsfasterinresponsetoatoneaftertheywentthrougha10-weekwaterexercisecourse.Acorrespondingcontrolgroupthatdidn*texerciseshowednoimprovement.對(duì)人類的研究主要集中在老年人身上。其結(jié)果表明，經(jīng)常鍛煉能提高大腦處理信息的速度。伊利諾伊大學(xué)阿瑟?克雷默測(cè)量的結(jié)果表明，63至82歲不運(yùn)動(dòng)的人，在完成為期10周的水上運(yùn)動(dòng)課程之后，聽(tīng)音擊鍵的反應(yīng)加快了。對(duì)照組沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)鍛煉,其反應(yīng)速度沒(méi)有提高。Thisboostinreactiontimeafterexercisetrainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociatedwithgettingoldcouldactuallystemfromdeclinesinphysicalcondition.Somescientistsspeculatethereductioninmentalfunctionoftenattributedtogettingoldmayreallybeapenaltyofneglectingtostayphysicallyactive,inadditiontorelatedfactorssuchasmedicinesandpoordiet.接受運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練之后,人的反應(yīng)速度可能會(huì)加快,這是因?yàn)榕c衰老有關(guān)的機(jī)能衰退實(shí)際上源于體質(zhì)下降。ー些科學(xué)家推測(cè),除了藥物作用和飲食不當(dāng)?shù)认嚓P(guān)因素外,常常歸咎于衰老的大腦功能下降實(shí)際上可能是不注意保持體育運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來(lái)的ー種后果。"Inolderpeople,anexerciseprogramappearsimportantforbrainmaintenance,"saysDanielM.Landers,professorofexercisescienceatArizonaStateUniversity,whorecentlypublishedanarticlereviewingthescientificliteratureonactivity*seffectonthebrain.亞利桑那州立大學(xué)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)教授丹尼爾?M?蘭德斯最近發(fā)表了一篇文章,對(duì)有關(guān)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)大腦影響的科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了綜述。他說(shuō):“對(duì)老年人來(lái)說(shuō),鍛煉計(jì)劃對(duì)維持大腦功能顯得非常重要。”Numerousstudiesshowthatchildrenwhoengageinregularphysicalactivitydobetterinschoolthantheirinactiveclassmates.Butuntilrecently,theacademicedgegainedbyparticipatinginsportswasthoughttocomefromtheincreasedself-confidence,thebettermood,andtheabilitytoconcentratethatcomesfromburningoffsteaminexercise.Now,however,somescientistshaverevisedtheirwayofthinking,andpointtopossiblephysicalconnections.許多研究表明,經(jīng)常進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的孩子,在學(xué)業(yè)上比不活動(dòng)的同學(xué)優(yōu)秀。但直到最近,人們還是認(rèn)為因參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)而獲得的學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)來(lái)自于增強(qiáng)的自信、更好的心態(tài),以及運(yùn)動(dòng)后所帶來(lái)的集中注意力的能力。而現(xiàn)在,ー些科學(xué)家修正了他們的看法,表示這可能與身體狀況有關(guān)。PierceJ.Howard,anotherexpert,saysnewresearchindicatesthatphysicalexerciseincreasestheamountofcertainbrainchemicalsthatstimulategrowthofnervecells.Consequently,thebrainsofpeoplewhoexercisemaybebetterequippedtotacklementalchallenges.另一名專家皮爾斯?J.霍華德說(shuō),新的研究表明,體育鍛煉提高了大腦中某些激發(fā)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的含量。因此,那些進(jìn)行鍛煉的人的大腦可能更有能力應(yīng)付各種智力挑戰(zhàn)。Inactivitymayalsohavenegativeeffectsonmindandbodyalike."Scientistsrecognizethatmindisbody,andbodyismind,"commentsHoward.Themostbeneficialformsofexercise,hesays,engageboth.不活動(dòng)對(duì)大腦和身體都可能有負(fù)面影響。“科學(xué)家們認(rèn)識(shí)到,心即是身,身即是心,”霍華德評(píng)價(jià)道。他說(shuō),最有益的運(yùn)動(dòng)能身心兼顧。Unit3?SectionAWherePrinciplesComeFirst品德至上TheHydeSchooloperatesontheprinciplethatifyouteachstudentsthemeritofsuchvaluesastruth,courage,integrity,leadership,curiosityandconcern,thenacademicachievementnaturallyfollows.HydeSchoolfounderJosephGauldclaimssuccesswiththeprogramatthe$18,000-a-yearhighschoolinBath,Maine,whichhasreceivedconsiderablepublicityforitsworkwithtroubledyoungsters.海德中學(xué)的辦學(xué)宗旨是:如果你向?qū)W生傳授諸如求真、勇敢、正直、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、好奇心和關(guān)心他人等美德的話,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)自然就會(huì)提高。該校的創(chuàng)始人約瑟夫?高爾德聲稱學(xué)校的教學(xué)很成功。海德中學(xué)位于緬因州巴思市,每年的學(xué)費(fèi)高達(dá)1.8萬(wàn)美元,因其教導(dǎo)問(wèn)題少年有方而聞名遐邇。"Wedon*tseeourselvesasaschoolforatypeofkid,"saysMalcolmGauld,Joseph'sson,whograduatedfromHydeandisnowheadmaster."Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife—bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids.*'我們并不把自己看作一所專為某ー類孩子而開(kāi)設(shè)的學(xué)校,”馬爾科姆?高爾德說(shuō)。他是約瑟夫的兒子,畢業(yè)于海德中學(xué),現(xiàn)任海德中學(xué)校長(zhǎng)?！覀儼褞椭⒆优囵B(yǎng)ー?種生活方式看作自己的職責(zé)，辦法是倡導(dǎo)一整套能影響所有孩子的價(jià)值觀念”Now,JoeGauldistryingtospreadhiscontroversialCharacterFirstideatopublic,inner-cityschoolswillingtousethetaxdollarsspentonthetraditionalprogramforthenewapproach.ThefirstHydepublicschoolprogramopenedinSeptember1992.Withinmonthstheprogramwassuspended.Teachersprotestedtheprogram'sdemandsandthestrainassociatedwithmoreintensework.現(xiàn)在,喬?高爾德（約瑟夫?高爾德）正試圖將他尚有爭(zhēng)議的“品徳第一’’的理念向舊城區(qū)的公立學(xué)校推廣。這些學(xué)校愿意將用于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的稅金用于實(shí)施這一新的教學(xué)方法。海德公立學(xué)校第一個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃始于1992年9月。但幾個(gè)月后，該計(jì)劃即告暫停。教師們對(duì)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的高要求以及高強(qiáng)度工作所帶來(lái)的壓カ表示抗議。Thisfall,theHydeFoundationisscheduledtobeginapreliminarypublicschoolprograminBaltimore.TeacherswillbetrainedtolaterworkthroughouttheentireBaltimoresystem.OtherUSschoolmanagersareeyeingtheprogram,too.Lastfall,theHydeFoundationopenedamagnetprogramwithinapublichighschoolinthesuburbsofNewHaven,Connecticut,overparents'protests.Thecommunityfearedtheschoolwouldattractinner-cityminorityandtroubledstudents.今年秋天,海德基金會(huì)計(jì)劃在巴爾的摩啟動(dòng)初步的公立學(xué)校教學(xué)計(jì)劃。教師要接受培訓(xùn),以便今后能在整個(gè)巴爾的摩體系內(nèi)勝任工作。美國(guó)其他學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們也在關(guān)注這個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃。去年秋天,在家長(zhǎng)的一片抗議聲中，海德基金會(huì)在康涅狄格州紐黑文市郊區(qū)的一所中學(xué)內(nèi)啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)引人注目的教學(xué)計(jì)劃。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駬?dān)心該校可能招進(jìn)來(lái)舊城區(qū)的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生和問(wèn)題學(xué)生。AsinMaine,thequestfortruthisalsowidespreadat