《機電專業(yè)英語》高職配套教學(xué)課件

ProjectIAutomobileMainContents

1.3WhatisMechatronics?

(Task1)11.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles

(Task2)21.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles

(Task3)31.6Languagestudy

41.7Practicalskill

51.1Thelead-inoftheprojectAutomobileisaself-propelledvehicleusedfortravelonland.Thetermiscommonlyappliedtoafour-wheeledvehicledesignedtocarrytwotosixpassengersandalimitedamountofcargo,ascontrastedwithatruck,whichisdesignedprimarilyforthetransportationofgoodsandisconstructedwithlargerandheavierparts,orabus(oromnibusorcoach),whichisalargepublicconveyancedesignedtocarryalargenumberofpassengersandsometimesadditionallysmallamountsofcargo.Fig.1.1AutomobileAndTruck1.1Thelead-inoftheprojectautomobile:______________travel:___________________conveyance:______________近形記憶contrastconstructcharge:_________________intermsof_______________1.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.1.2ElectronicIgnitionSystem

1.2Thecontentsoftheprojectnovel:__________________motivate:________________Consequently,theycouldconsiderthesolutiontotheproblemswithwiderviewsandmoreefficienttools;thisresultedinobtainingnewproductsbasedontheintegrationofinterdisciplinarytechnologies.[1]

1.3.1Introductiontothemechatronics(Text1)Inotherwords,technologiesanddevelopedproductswillbeincorporatingelectronicsmoreandmoreintomechanisms,intimatelyandorganically,andmakingitimpossibletotellwhereoneendsandtheotherbegins.[2]

coin:____________________marriage:________________integration:__________decision:___________Fig.1.3MainComponentsOfAMechatronicSystemappliance:__________retail:_____________1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)desired:________________determined:_____________Fig.1.4InclinedPlanemass:____________Fig.1.5TheInclinedPlaneAtWork1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)seesaw:____________class:____________relative:____________Fig.1.6Lever(1)Fig.1.7Lever(2)Fig.1.8Lever(3)1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)employ:______________Fig.1.9Thewheelandaxleislikeacircularlever1.3.3IntroductiontothebasicElectronics(Text3)charge:______________field:_________________Itisacceptedthatthechargesinmotionareactuallynegativeelectrons.[3]

potentialdifference:___________對比記憶positive:a.積極的，正的negative:______________constant:___________1.3.3IntroductiontothebasicElectronics(Text3)Weshouldalwaysrefertoavoltage(orpotentialdifference)being“across”something,andsimplyreferringtovoltageatapointassumesthatthevoltagepointisstatedwithrespecttoground.[4]

sink:___________1.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles(Task2)Fig.1.11StructureOfAutomobilechassis:_______________gear:_____________1.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles(Task2)Asamechatronicproduct,thereisalwaysariskthattheworkingstresstowhichanautomobileissubjectedwillexceedthestrengthofitsmaterial.[1]

近形記憶bumpdumplumphumppumpsubject:_____________1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)equation:____________1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)Forequilibrium,theforcesmustbeparalleltoanaxisbetweentheforceapplicationpoints,equalinmagnitude,andinoppositedirections.[2]

1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)availability:_______________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)driveshaft:____________Fig.1.12InTheAutomotivePowerTrainShown,TheShaftTransmitsPowerFromTheEngineToTheRearWheels.Fig.1.13TheModelOfTorsionscrosssection:___________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)eliminate:_______________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)generator:_____________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)1.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles(Task3)Weacknowledgethatthesediversematerialsarequiteliterallythestuffofourcivilizationandhaveadeterminingeffectuponitscharacter,justascastirondidduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

[1]

bridge:_______________literally:_____________Weshouldrecognizethatthepressingandinterrelatedglobalproblemsofenergyutilizationandenvironmentalcontroleachhasasubstantialandinescapable“materialsdimension”.[2]

1.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles(Task3)Fig.1.14ThePrincipalClassesOfMaterialsmisuse:___________pressing:___________interrelated:___________inescapable:____________1.5.1Metallicmaterial(Text6)Thedefinitionusedforametalwilldifferdependingonthefieldofstudy.[3]

Fig.1.15ValuableMetalsexpansion:________________service:_______________desired:_______________subgroup:______________1.5.1Metallicmaterial(Text6)Fig.1.16Smelting:Oresconsistofnon-metallicelementslikeoxygenorsulphurcombinedwiththewantedmetal.Ironisseparatedfromtheoxygeninitsoreheatingitwithcarbonmonoxidederivedfromcoke(aformofcarbonmadefromcoal).Limestoneisaddedtokeepimpuritiesliquidsothattheironcanseparatefromthem.content:______________lesser:_______________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)identification:___________label:______________soda:______________flatten:_____________saladdressing:___________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)PVCisthestandardmaterialforpipinginundergrounddistributionsystemsforpotablewater(blue)andnaturalgas(yellow),beingcorrosionresistantandofferingsmallresistancetofluidflow.[4]

nylon:___________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Whendrivinganautomobile,fewperformanceattributesaretakenmoreforgrantedthanthevehicle’sbrakingcapabilities.[5]

Fig.1.17CeramicBrakes1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Fig.1.18Apioneerinceramicfrictiontechnology,Akebonocantestbrakesystemnoiseandvibrationperformanceoncompletevehiclesissue:___________Notsurprisingly,imitationproductsfromcompetitorsappearedaboutoneyearlater,theresultofaggressivereverse-engineeringbyanumberofmanufacturerswhorecognizedAkebono’stechnologicalbreakthrough.[6]

1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Table1.1Ceramicsvs.Semi-metallics:PerformanceComparison1.6.1有關(guān)數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式的英語1.四則運算的表達(dá)動詞：add,subtract,multiply,divide

介詞：plus,minus,times,over

結(jié)果：sum,difference,product,quotient2.等式與不等式3.指數(shù)與對數(shù)4.函數(shù)5.特殊值1.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯的特點及猜詞斷義的技巧1.給普通英語單詞賦予新的詞義。如：Workisthetransferofenergyexpressedastheproductofaforceandthedistancethroughwhichitspointofapplicationmovesinthedirectionoftheforce.在這句話中，work、energy、product、force都是從普通詞匯中借來的物理學(xué)術(shù)語。work的意思不是“工作”，而是“功”；energy的意思不是“活力”，而是“能”；product的意思不是“產(chǎn)品”，而是“乘積”；force的意思不是“力量”，而是“力”。1.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯的特點及猜詞斷義的技巧2.當(dāng)新的技術(shù)出現(xiàn)時，可能需要構(gòu)造新的英語詞匯。a.合成：由兩個獨立的詞合成一個詞。如，

air+craft→aircraft飛機

metal+work→metalwork金屬制品

power+plant→powerplant發(fā)電廠有時加連字符。如，

cast-iron鑄鐵

conveyer-belt傳送帶

machine-made機制的有時甚至用兩個或兩個以上的詞組成復(fù)合術(shù)語，構(gòu)成一個完整的概念。如，

liquidcrystal液晶

computerlanguage計算機語言

linearmeasure長度單位

civilengineering土木工程b.派生：由詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成新詞。加前綴只改變詞義，不改變詞性；而加后綴只改變詞性，不改變詞義。如，

ultrasonic(a.超聲的)——ultra+sonicsubsystem(n.分系統(tǒng))——sub+systemdischarge(v.放電)——dis+chargenon-metal(n.非金屬)——non+metalelectricity(n.電)——electric+ityconductor(n.導(dǎo)體)——conduct+ormaintenance(n.維修)——maintain+anceavoidable(a.可以避免的)——avoid+ablefundamental(a.基本的)——fundament+al1.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯的特點及猜詞斷義的技巧1.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯的特點及猜詞斷義的技巧3.猜詞斷義的技巧⑴前面所述的“1”和“2”兩點就是猜詞斷義的方法，我們完全可以通過詞匯本身的特點來加以判斷。⑵根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系猜詞斷義Heisaresoluteman.Oncehesetsupagoal,hewon'tgiveituphalfway.

句中“resolute”是生詞，但是完全可以通過后面的“won'tgiveitup”判斷出“resolute”的含義為“won'tgiveitup”的同義詞，故為“堅決的，剛毅的”。

AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

句中“supercilious”是生詞，但是看到“incontrast”眼前一亮，“supercilious”一定是“humbleandmodest”的反義詞，故為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。練習(xí)：Unlikehissister,whoisawarm,interestedperson.Johnisapathetictoeveryoneandeverything.1.7.1定語從句的譯法1.限制性定語從句的譯法⑴用“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)譯成前置定語一般來說，限制性定語從句與主句關(guān)系密切，特別是對那些不太長或不太復(fù)雜的定語從句，更是如此。如：Theunitweusetomeasurevoltageisthevolt.計量電壓的單位是伏特。Therateatwhichworkisdoneiscalledpower.做功的比率是功率。

Oneofthejobsofthecontrolengineerofapowerstationistodealpromptlywithanythingthatgoeswrong.

發(fā)電廠的技術(shù)人員的一項工作就是及時處理所發(fā)生的任何故障。Acoilofwirethatmovesinamagneticfieldwillhavesomeinductionphenomena.在磁場中運動的線圈會產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)現(xiàn)象。1.7.1定語從句的譯法⑵長句切分開，將譯句按意群斷開有些長句層次復(fù)雜，關(guān)系冗長，應(yīng)將譯句按意群斷開，按漢語習(xí)慣寫成短句,或者后續(xù)性分句。如：Somemetalsarebetterconductorsofelectricitythanothers,whichmeansthattheformerhaveatomsthatcontainmorefreeelectronsthanthelatter.某些金屬比別的金屬有更好的導(dǎo)電性，這表明前者所擁有的原子，其所含自由電子數(shù)比后者要多。Theenergyobtainedfromuraniumatomsinnuclear-powerstationsmaybeusedtoheatboilersandproducesteamfortheturbinesthatdrivethealternators.

從原子能發(fā)電廠中的鈾元素中獲得的能量可以用來加熱鍋爐、產(chǎn)生蒸汽、驅(qū)動汽輪機，以帶動交流發(fā)電機。1.7.1定語從句的譯法⑶練習(xí)ThereisanotherreasonwhyA.C.ispreferredtoD.Cforlongdistancetransmission.Effectsofprocessingasurfaceswhichaltermechanicalpropertiesarebeingstudied.Manyelectrongunsincludeanelectro-magneticcoilatthebaseofthegunwhichcanbeenergizedtocauseapre-determineddeflection.1.7.1定語從句的譯法2.非限制性定語從句的譯法⑴非限制性定語從句與主句之間的關(guān)系較疏遠(yuǎn)，當(dāng)某些從句較短時，可以按照漢語的習(xí)慣，仍把它當(dāng)作限制性定語從句來翻譯。如：Theelectricity,whichweuseforelectriclampandfans,isproducedbygenerators.電燈、電風(fēng)扇用的電是發(fā)電機發(fā)出來的。Thestatesofprocesscanbeseparatedintotwocategories,whichchangeatdifferentrates.該處理過程的狀態(tài)可分為以不同速率變化的兩類。1.7.1定語從句的譯法⑵按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)在引導(dǎo)詞前切斷，保留原句結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯。如：Moreoften,itconsistedofseveraldifferentunits,analyzer,averager,display,etc.,whichhadtobeinterconnectedpriortouse.多數(shù)情況下，它包括一些不同的部件，如解調(diào)器、均衡器和顯示器等，它們必須在使用前互相連接好。Electromotiveforceresultsinelectricalpressure,whichmaybecomparedtowaterpressure.電動勢產(chǎn)生電壓，電壓好比水壓。⑶練習(xí)

Semi-conductorisanewkindofmaterial,whichhasfoundawideuseinelectronicindustry.Thistypeofmeteriscalledmultimeter,whichisusedtomeasureelectricity.1.7.2it充當(dāng)形式主語的譯法

1.it+be+形容詞，如，Itisapparentthat…顯然/很明顯，…Itiscertainthat…無疑，…./…是肯定的

Itistruethat…的確/確實，…2.it+be+名詞，如，Itisacommonknowledgethat…眾所周知，…Itisafactthat…事實是…Itisapitythat…可惜，…3.it+be+過去分詞Itisacceptedthat…可接受的是/公認(rèn)的是，…Itisannouncethat…據(jù)稱/有人宣稱，…Itisconsideredthat…人們認(rèn)為…Itisestimatedthat…據(jù)估計…ProjectIIRobotsMainContents2.3Themechanicalelementsoftherobots

(Task1)12.4MotorandMotionControlSystemsoftherobots

(Task2)22.5IndustrialRobots

(Task3)32.6Languagestudy

42.7Practicalskill

52.1Thelead-inoftheprojectRobotsproducemechanicalmotionthat,inmostcases,resultsinmanipulationorlocomotion.Forexample,industrialrobots(Fig.2.1)manipulatepartsortoolstoperformmanufacturingtaskssuchasmaterialhandling,welding,spraypainting,orassembly;automatedguidedvehiclesareusedfortransportingmaterialsinfactoriesandwarehouses.Telerobotsprovideastronautswithlargemanipulatorsforremotelyperformingspacecraftmaintenance.Fig.2.1RobotAssemblyLineRobotsperformrepetitive,high-precisionoperations24hoursadaywithoutfatigue.Robotsonthisautomobileassemblylineweldbodypartstogether.TheGeneralMotorsCorporationusesabout16,000robotstoweld,assemble,duce:___________2.1Thelead-inoftheprojectmanipulate:___________active:______________position:_____________聯(lián)想記憶velocityacceleration2.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.2.2MicrorobotFig.2.3RobotsInAerospace

2.2ThecontentsoftheprojectFig.2.4ActuatorsOfRobot2.3.1Screws(Text1)bolt:____________nut:_____________threadedhole:____________pitch:__________lead:__________Fig.2.5HexagonalBoltAndNutIllustratedTheTerminologyOfThreadedFasteners.2.3.1Screws(Text1)Shouldasecondthreadbecutisthespacebetweenthegroovesofthefirst(imaginetwostringswoundsidebysidearoundapencil),adouble-threadedscrewwouldbeformed.[1]

Fig.2.6Worm-GearScrewJack.inplace:____________2.3.2Gears(Text2)Fig.2.7Helicalgears:(a)opposite-handpairmeshedonparallelaxes(mostcommontype);(b)same-handpairmeshedoncrossedaxes.2.3.2Gears(Text2)relatively:_____________speedometer:__________Fig.2.8ATypicalHerringboneGearset.2.3.2Gears(Text2)Thatis,fortheright-handdriver,ifthefingersoftherighthandarepointedinthedirectionofrotationofthegears,thethumbpointsinthedirectionofthethrust.[2]

Fig.2.9Direction,rotation,andthrustloadforthreehelicalgearsetswithparallelshafts.2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)agent:______________近形記憶contrastcontact近義記憶contrastcompareFig.2.10ARobotWithLinkagesAndBeltsFig.2.11StandardcrosssectionsofV-belts.Alldimensionsareininches.2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)近義記憶stretchexpandFig.2.12MultipleV-beltDrive2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)geometry:___________press-fit____________Fig.2.13PortionOfARollerChain:(a)singlestrand;(b)doublestrand2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Thisincontrasttotheelectronicpartofthesystemwhereinformationprocessingisthemainissue.[1]

Sensorsconvertthemechanicalmotionsintoelectricalsignalswhereonlytheinformationcontentisimportantorevenintopureinformationintheformofnumbers(ifnecessary,throughanADconverter).[2]

issue:____________converter:____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Fig.2.14MechatronicSystem.supply:______________steer:_____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)聯(lián)想記憶variableconstantsetting:____________Fig.2.15BlockDiagramOfABasicClosed-loopControlSystem.beproportionalto:____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Thesesignalsaresenttothemotioncontrollersothatitcancomputeacorrectivesignalfortheamplifiertokeepmotorspeedwithinthosepresetlimitsdespiteloadchanges.[3]

Fig.2.16BlockDiagramOfAVelocity-loopControlSystem.近形記憶surroundsurrender2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)predetermine:___________Fig.2.17BlockDiagramOfAPosition-controlSystem.sample:___________specify:____________Fig.2.18BlockDiagramOfAOpen-loopMotionControlSystem.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)adapt:____________Fig.2.19ExplodedViewOfAPermanent-magnetDCServomotorWithADisk-typeArmature.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.20CutawayViewOfAPermanent-magnetDCServomotorWithACup-typeArmature.Fig.2.21CutawayViewOfABrushlessDCMotor.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.22LinearActuatorWithLinearServoMotorStepperorsteppingmotorsaregenerallyusedinlessdemandingmotioncontrolsystems,wherepositioningtheloadbysteppermotorsisnotcriticalfortheapplication.[4]

2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.23CutawayViewOfAFractionalHorsepowerPermanent-magnetDCServomotor.desirable:____________while:______________share:____________2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.24AMagneticSensornAsARotorPositionIndicator:(1)stationarybrushlessmotorwinding,(2)permanent-magnetmotorrotor,(3)three-phaseelectronicallycommutatedfield,(4)threemagneticsensors,and(5)theelectroniccircuitboard.permit:___________cost:__________while:____________package:____________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.26BenefitsOfIndustrialRoboticsunderpay:________________overwork:________________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.27AutomaticLoom詞根記憶aspectinspectrespectretrospectperspectivespecific:_________paperclip:_________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Takethatnail-makingmachineandaddabunchofcontrolstoitsoitcanmakenailsfromdifferentsizesofwires,withdifferenttypesofpoints,anddifferenttypesofheads.[1]

Machinesaredesignedtobeassafeaspossible,buttherearelimitstowhatcanbedonetoametalsheerorpunchpress,forexample,andhaveitremainuseful.[2]

2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.28WeldingRobotplant:___________supervisor:__________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.29ArmWithWeldingAttachmentFig.2.30ArmWithCuttingAttachment2.5.2Graspersofrobots(Text7)Fig.2.31TheGrasperOfRobotavailable:____________cylinder:____________arrangement:____________2.5.2Graspersofrobots(Text7)Fig.2.32TwoFingerGripper:(a)non-parallel;(b)parallel;(c)parallelwithincreasedgrip.

Fig.2.33InternalTwoFingerGripper.近形記憶reversereserveconverseconservesensitivesensible2.6.1有關(guān)數(shù)字的表達(dá)1.在英語中，除了個、十、百之外，數(shù)字常用103為單位進(jìn)行分割，如，千：thousand103

百萬：million106

十億：billion109

萬億：trillion1012(毫)千分之一：milli-10-3(微)百萬分之一：micro-10-6(納)十億分之一：nano-10-9(皮)萬億分之一：pico-10-12(飛)千萬億分之一：femto-10-15(阿)百萬萬億分之一：atto-10-18

千：kilo-103

兆：mega-106

吉：giga-1092.6.1有關(guān)數(shù)字的表達(dá)2.成倍地增加或減少的數(shù)字用法，如：⑴Theprofitofwindpowerindustryhasbeenincreasedtothreetimesasagainstlastyear.

風(fēng)力發(fā)電業(yè)與去年相比，利潤增加到去年的3倍。⑵Theproductionofelectricvehicleshasreduced3timesasmuchaslastyear.

電動汽車的產(chǎn)量與去年相比減少到原來的三分之一。在描述成倍的增加或減少的數(shù)量時：increaseNtimesincreaseNfoldincreasebyNtimesincreasetoNtimesincreasebyafactorofN

講的都是同一個意思，指“增加到N倍”或“增加了N-1倍”。而reduceNtimesreduceNfoldreducebyNtimesreducetoNtimesreducebyafactorofN

講的都是同一個意思，指“減少了(N-1)/N”或“減少到1/N”2.6.1有關(guān)數(shù)字的表達(dá)3.成分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)增加或減少的數(shù)量用法與倍數(shù)不同，分?jǐn)?shù)百分?jǐn)?shù)的增加、減少與動詞詞組中的介詞有密切關(guān)系，如，Thebandwidthwasincreasedby120%.帶寬增加了120%(增加到220%)。Thebandwidthwasincreasedto120%oftheprevious.帶寬增加到原來的120%。Thetemperaturewasreducedtoone-third.溫度降低到原來數(shù)值的三分之一。Thetemperaturewasreducedbyone-third.溫度降低了原來數(shù)值的三分之一。4.練習(xí)頻率增加到3倍。成本減少了五分之一。2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧1.聯(lián)想記憶（歸類記憶）這種記憶方式是由某一方面有聯(lián)系的詞匯牽引出另外一大片詞匯，雖然這些詞匯的含義不同，但由于處于同一個應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，或者經(jīng)常在一起使用，或者它們有類似的含義，甚至含義正好相反，所以通過歸類的方法進(jìn)行記憶。如，⑴在電路中常用的詞匯可以從電阻聯(lián)想出resistance電阻inductivereactance感抗conductance電導(dǎo)capacitance電容impedance阻抗capacitivereactance容抗inductance電感capacitivesusceptance容納⑵在計算機運算中可聯(lián)想到各種運算操作和運算部件addend加數(shù)divider除數(shù)product乘積subtrahend減數(shù)sum和quotient商

multiple倍數(shù)difference差⑶不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域中類似的詞匯含義

union并intersection交complement補

or“或”操作and“與”操作not“非”操作

conjunction合并negation否定2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧2.近形記憶英語詞匯中有很多詞匯的拼寫和字母組成非常類似，時常被錯認(rèn)為另一個詞匯，但是只要經(jīng)常分辨這些詞匯間的微小差異，就能牢牢記住它們。如，adapt適合institute學(xué)院adept熟練的destitute缺乏adopt采納constitute組成substitute代替3.同義記憶如同漢語一樣，英語詞匯中同樣存在一詞多義和一義多詞的現(xiàn)象，對于一義多詞，每個單詞的含義有時完全相同，有時又有所區(qū)別，記住它們之間微小的區(qū)別，如，環(huán)境：surround,circumstance,environment

促進(jìn)，激勵：promote,stimulate,prompt,motivate,prod,activate4.反義記憶在詞匯記憶中，注意利用詞義互為正反的特征，相互結(jié)合進(jìn)行記憶可以收到較好的效果，如，littlealittlefewafewenabledisablemountunmount2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧5.詞根記憶現(xiàn)代英語的祖先是日耳曼語言持有者盎格魯-撒克遜人的語言，他們于公元449年從北方歐洲大陸登陸不列顛，占據(jù)了本屬于凱爾特人的土地，吸收了少量的凱爾特人的語言。以后隨著希臘羅馬文化在羅馬帝國統(tǒng)治期間以及文藝復(fù)興時期的兩次大規(guī)模傳播，英語吸收了大量的希臘語、拉丁語的一些詞匯，其中很多以詞根的形式保留下來了。即，英語單詞大多數(shù)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：前綴+詞根+后綴。如，duc,duct=lead引導(dǎo)educate=e出+duc引導(dǎo)+ate動詞后綴→(把…從無知狀態(tài)中引導(dǎo)出來)教育introduce=intro入+duc引導(dǎo)→(引入)引進(jìn)，介紹conduct=con加強語氣+duct引導(dǎo)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)→引導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo)，管理，指揮conductor=conduct+or人，工具→指導(dǎo)者，樂隊指揮，管理者，導(dǎo)體semiconductor=semi半+conductor→半導(dǎo)體product=pro向前+duc引導(dǎo)→(引導(dǎo)事物向前發(fā)展)生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)生，引起induce=in入+duc引導(dǎo)→(引導(dǎo)…進(jìn)入…狀態(tài))引誘，誘使abduct=ab離開+duct引導(dǎo)→(引導(dǎo)…離開)誘拐，劫持2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧fer=bring,carry帶，拿confer=con共同+fer拿→(把意見拿到一起來)協(xié)商，商量，交換意見differ=dif分開

+fer拿→(各持己見，互異)不同，區(qū)別，相異offer=of向前+fer拿→(拿到前面來)提出，提供，奉獻(xiàn)，貢獻(xiàn)prefer=pre先+fer拿→(先拿，先取，先選，先要)寧愿，寧可，更喜歡transfer=trans越過，轉(zhuǎn)過+fer拿→(拿過去)轉(zhuǎn)移，傳遞，傳輸，轉(zhuǎn)讓fus=pour灌，流，傾瀉refuse=re回+fus流→(流回，退回)拒絕，拒受confuse=con共同

+fus流→(流到一處，混在一起)使混雜，混亂，混淆transfuse=trans越過，轉(zhuǎn)移+fus流→(轉(zhuǎn)流過去，移注過去)移注，灌輸infuse=in入+fus流→(流入)向…注入，灌輸diffuse=dif分開，散開+fus流→(分開流，散開流，到處流)散開，傳播，擴(kuò)散，散布interfuse=inter互相+fus流→(互相流動)混合，融合，滲透2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧pel=push,drive推，驅(qū)，逐propel=pro向前+pel推→推進(jìn)，推動propeller=propel+er→推進(jìn)器，推動者，螺旋槳expel=ex出，外+pel驅(qū)逐→逐出，趕出，驅(qū)逐，開除repel=re回

+pel逐→(逐回)擊退，反擊，抵抗dispel=dis分散+pel驅(qū)→驅(qū)散compel=com加強語氣+pel驅(qū)逐，驅(qū)使→(驅(qū)之使做某事)強迫，迫使impel=im加強語氣+pel驅(qū)逐，驅(qū)使→推動，激勵2.6.2專業(yè)英語詞匯記憶技巧6.通過應(yīng)用記憶詞匯記憶的目的是應(yīng)用，只有多用才不會忘記，才能使詞匯“活”起來，同時也要注意幾個類似詞之間在用法上的區(qū)別，對英語翻譯同樣有極大的幫助。如，代替(以A代替B)tosubstituteAforBtosubstituteBwithAtosubstituteBbyAAsubstituteBBbereplacebyAtoreplaceBwithAtoreplaceBbyAAreplaceB2.7.1代詞的閱讀與譯法1.英語傾向于多用代詞，其憑借代詞的指代關(guān)系來交代信息的邏輯關(guān)系；而漢語則傾向于重復(fù)名詞或名稱，其憑借復(fù)述來傳遞邏輯信息。因此，漢譯代詞時，應(yīng)注意擺脫英語原文的影響，適當(dāng)減少代詞或者省略，特別是人稱代詞的使用。如，Assoonasapositivechargeapproachesanelectron,itcombineswiththelatter.

正電荷一接觸到電子，便馬上與其相結(jié)合。Abatteryhaswithinitsomeresistancecalledinternalresistance.電池內(nèi)的電阻稱為內(nèi)電阻。Insulatorscanalsoconductelectricitytosomeextent,thoughtheygiveahighresistancetoanelectriccurrent.雖然絕緣體對電流呈很大電阻，但多少還是有一點導(dǎo)電性的。2.7.1代詞的閱讀與譯法2.順應(yīng)漢語用代詞的習(xí)慣，盡量消除不易弄清的指示代詞，必要時可還原其所指代的名詞或名稱。如，Theconductorhasitsproperties,andtheinsulatorhasitsproperties.導(dǎo)體有導(dǎo)體的特性，絕緣體有絕緣體的特性。Whateveritsoriginis,thee.m.f.ofasourceisnumericallyequaltothepotentialdifferencebetweenitstwoterminalswiththeexternalcircuitopen.不管電源的原動力是什么，其電勢在大小上總是等于開路電壓。Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewouldnotbeinapositiontowalk.要是沒有人的腳與地面之間的摩擦，人就不能走路。2.7.1代詞的閱讀與譯法3.有時英語句子中代詞與其指代物可能離得較遠(yuǎn)，正確的閱讀理解是翻譯正確與否的關(guān)鍵。如，⑴根據(jù)語言結(jié)構(gòu)上的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系判斷Lightwavesarewavesofenergythattravelthroughspaceattherateof3,000,000kilometerspersecond.句中，關(guān)系代詞that后的謂語動詞travel是第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式，故可判定其不是指代energy(盡管其靠得很近)，而是指代waves(盡管其離that比energy遠(yuǎn))。因此譯為：光波是以每秒3,000,000公里的速度傳播的能量波。⑵根據(jù)靠近原則判斷英文中，其代詞出現(xiàn)的位置，大體上有一個原則，就是所謂“靠近原則”。即代詞前最近的一個名詞(或名稱)，一般正是其所指代的詞。如，Thetwounitsusedmostfrequentlyinelectricityareampereandvolt.Thisistheunitofvoltageandthatofcurrentflow.電學(xué)上最常用的兩個單位是安培和伏特，后者是電壓單位，前者是電流單位。2.7.1代詞的閱讀與譯法⑶有時句中的名詞、名稱和代詞不只一個，“靠近原則”不夠用，這時還應(yīng)該結(jié)合思維邏輯上的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系來判斷指代關(guān)系。如，

AnalternatingvoltagebetweentwopointsAandB,determinedalongaspecifiedpathL,periodicallychangessign,sothatifitisassumedtobepositiveinthedirectionfromAtoB,itwillbenegativeinthedirectionfromBtoAatthesameinstantoftime.

首先，根據(jù)專業(yè)背景知識判斷什么被“bepositiveinthedirection”,往前面主句閱讀，只可能是“Analternatingvoltage”，故此斷定第一個it就是指代“Analternatingvoltage”；其次，第二個it后面是“benegativeinthedirection”，正好與第一個it后面的“bepositiveinthedirection”相對照，故此通過邏輯判讀，第二個it也指代Analternatingvoltage”。所以翻譯如下，沿某一特定路徑L中AB兩點之間的交變電壓周期性地改變符號。這樣，若假定自A至B方向的電壓為正，則在同一瞬時自B至A方向的電壓便為負(fù)。2.7.2虛擬語氣的譯法1.非真實條件的純粹虛擬句的譯法在專業(yè)英語中，常常會遇到許多非真實條件的純粹虛擬的虛擬語氣句。翻譯這種句子，主要是應(yīng)避免譯成真實條件句。如：Whatwouldhappenifonebrokeoneofthewiresoftheelectriccircuit?錯：如果有人把電路中的一個導(dǎo)線弄斷了，會發(fā)生什么情況呢？就譯成了一般條件句，應(yīng)該譯成：倘若真的有人把電路中的一根導(dǎo)線弄斷了，那會發(fā)生什么情況呢？練習(xí)：

Iftherewerenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.Ifyoushouldmoveapermanentmagnetinandoutofacoilofwire,youwouldbeusingthemagnetandthecoilasasimpleelectricgenerator.

有時從句中的連詞if可省略，而將should,were,had,could等提前，采用倒裝語序的虛擬，翻譯是類似的。如，Werethereonelectricpressureinasemiconductor,theelectronflowwouldnottakeplaceofit.要是半導(dǎo)體內(nèi)沒有電壓，其內(nèi)部就不會產(chǎn)生電流。練習(xí)：

Hadtheproductionprocessnotbeenmadeanautomaticone,theproductivitywouldnothaveincreasedsogreatly.2.7.2虛擬語氣的譯法2.在專業(yè)英語中，有時遇到表示建議、要求或命令等意義的虛擬句，其謂語結(jié)構(gòu)形式為“should+動詞原形”，其含義為“應(yīng)該”、“要”。如，Ourdemandisthatcorrectcalculationshouldbemade.我們要求的是計算要準(zhǔn)確。注意，有時should可以省略，但依然是虛擬語氣。如，Thisrequiresthattheconverterconnectingthedrivetotheutilitygridbeatwo-quadrantconverterwithareversibleDCcurrent.這就要求連接電動機與公用電網(wǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)換器，應(yīng)是能提供可換向直流電的兩象限轉(zhuǎn)換器。ProjectIIIElevatorMainContents3.3PLCoftheelevator

(Task1)13.4Sensorsoftheelevators

(Task2)23.5HydraulicandPneumaticelevators

(Task3)33.6Languagestudy

43.7Practicalskill53.1Thelead-inoftheprojectIngeneral,aControlSystemisacollectionofelectronicdevicesandequipmentwhichareinplacetoensurethestability,accuracyandsmoothtransitionofaprocessmanufacturingactivity.[1]

collection:____________scale:_____________近形記憶implementcomplementcomplimentBesidessignalinterfacingtothefielddevices(suchasoperatorpanel,motors,sensors,switches,solenoidvalvesandetc.)，capabilitiesinnetworkcommunicationenableabigscaleimplementationandprocessco-ordinationbesidesprovidinggreaterflexibilityinrealizingdistributedcontrolsystem.[2]

3.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.3.1ItcouldalsobeanapplicationassmallasasinglePLCcontrollingasingleor