考研考博-英語-昭通學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-昭通學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Lowinterestratescreatedeasycreditconditions,fuelingahousingconstructionboomandencouragingconsumption.

問題1選項

A.contaminating

B.extinguishing

C.stimulating

D.transporting

【答案】C

【解析】考查句間邏輯的并列關(guān)系。A選項contaminating“污染，弄臟”；B選項extinguishing“償清（債務(wù)）；取消（權(quán)利、義務(wù)）”；C選項stimulating“刺激；激勵”；D選項transporting“運輸；使產(chǎn)生身臨其境的感覺；流放”。句意：低利率創(chuàng)造了寬松的信貸條件，____了住房建設(shè)熱潮并鼓勵了消費。原文and并列的是fuelingahousingconstructionboom和encouragingconsumption“鼓勵消費”，那么劃線詞應(yīng)與encouraging“鼓勵”語義方向一致，C選項stimulating“刺激；激勵”符合語境。因此，本題最佳選項為C。

2.單選題

Itwas（

）wehadhoped.

問題1選項

A.moreasuccessthan

B.asuccessmorethan

C.muchofasuccessas

D.asuccessasmuchas

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。根據(jù)固定搭配morethan“超過……”，可排除選項C和D。又因為wehadhoped是一個完整的句子，所以用morethan+句子，表示“超過……”。句意：這是一次超過預(yù)期的成功。因此選項B符合題意。

3.單選題

Thewoman,69yearsoldandstillactiveasaprofessoratHarvardUniversity,toldaresearchteamthatshehadbeguntofindithardtorecallthenamesofeverfacultymembers.Notlongagoshehadforgottenherclassroomnumberwhenaskingforaslideprojectortobesentup.Shehadoneanxiousquestionfortheresearchteam,assembledtostudythenormalcourseofmentalaging:“AmIlosingmyabilitytoremember,andperhapseventothinkclearly?”

Thatquestionistheprincipalfocusofanewwaveofscientificinquiryonthedeclineinmentalabilitywithage.Thefindingsarechallengingsomebasicassumptions,likethebeliefthatsuchdeclineisanaturalpartoftheagingprocess,irrespectiveofgeneralhealth.

From20to30percentofpeopleintheir80swhovolunteerforcognitivetestingperformaswellasvolunteersintheir30sand40s,whoarepresumablyintheirmentalprime.Theintellectualandcreativeproductivityinlaterlifeofcertainartistsandintellectualsmayrepresentnotsomuchanexceptionasanideal,someexpertsnowsay.

DrKWSchaie,apsychologistatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,isthedirectorofamajorstudyofnormalmentaldeclineintheelderly.Forover35years,hisstudyhasbeenfollowingmorethan5000menandwomenwhohavebeentestedregularly.DrSchaie’sinvestigationsseektofillagapingerontologicalresearch,which,accordingtoDrJackRowe,presidentoftheMountSinaiSchoolofMedicineandaleadingexpertinthefield,hasfocusedondiseaseanddisability,andneglectedtheprospectsofmaintaininghighfunctioninginoldage.DrRoweheadsaresearchnetworkonsuccessfulagingsponsoredbytheMacArthurFoundation.Inaninterviewhepointedoutthatgerontologistshavefocusedon‘"the6to15percentoftheelderlywhoarefrailandthenlumpedeveryoneelsetogetherasnormal.Butthereisahugevariationfrompersontopersonamongolderpeople:theolderagroupgets,thelesslikeeachotherpeopleinitbecome.”

DrSchaie’smostrecentfindingswerereportedthismonthinTheAmericanPsychologist.Althoughthestudy’sresultsshowabilitiesbegintodeclinegraduallyinthemiddletolate60sandaccelerateinthelate70s.Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen.Thesharpestdeclinesareseeninbasicmathematics.Bytheirlate80s,bothmenandwomenwereonlyabouthalfasadeptinbasicmathastheyhadbeenintheir50s.Formen,theleastdeclineshownisinspatialorientation,forexample,inreadingamapcorrectly.Bythelate80s,ithaddroppedbyonlyaboutone-eighthonaverage.

Forwomen,themostenduringmentalskillisinductivereasoning,assessingtheinformationinatimetable,forinstance.Aswomenreachedtheirlate80s,ithaddroppedjustoverone-eighthfromitsheightinmiddleage.Oneofthedrasticdeclinesforwomenprovedtobeinverbalcomprehension,whilethatabilitydroppedrelativelylittleintothe70s,itplummetedbyaboutone-quarterduringthe80s.Formen,thedeclinewasslightinthoseyears.

Anotherstudy,thisonebyDrRichardMons,apsychologistatMountSinaiMedicalSchoolwhoistheactingdirectorofaresearchconsortiumonnormalmemorylossandagingsponsoredbytheCharlesA.DanaFoundation,hasfoundthatdifferentkindsofmemorydifferintheirvulnerabilitytoaging.“Crystallized”memory,ie,vocabularyorotherknowledgeaccumulatedovertheyearsholdsupverywellintooldage.“Fluid”memory,ontheotherhand,theabilitytoaddnewinformationtomemoryortorecallsomethingthathappenedrecentlyismorepronetodecline,beginninginthe60s.Hefoundlittledeclineinveryshort-termmemory,likerememberingatelephonenumberjustlookedup.

ApairofHarvardpsychologists,DouglasPowellandKeanWhitla,havedesignedacomputerizedtestofmentalskillslikelong-termandshort-termmemory,attention,reasoningandcalculation;theyreportedthetestintheFebruaryissueofCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience.Theyaretheresearcherswhomthe69-year-oldprofessorspokewith.Theirtestcomparesaperson’sscorewithnormsforothersofthesameage,forpeoplewhoarestillinmiddleageandforothersintheirownprofessionalgroup.

DrSchaie’sstudyhasfoundcertainpredictorsforgoodmentalfunctioninoldage.Theseincludeahighlevelofabilityinreadingcomprehensionandverbalfluency,asuccessfulcareerorsomeotherinvolvementthroughlifeandcontinuingkeenmentalinterestsafterretirement.Havingaflexibleattitudeinmiddleagewasalsoapromisingindicator.“Thereislessmentaldeclineinpeoplewhoadapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces,”DrSchaieobserved.Thestudyalsofoundthatsimplylivingwithsomeonewiththesecharacteristicsisbeneficial.“Ithelpstohaveahigh-functioningspouse,sincethisisyourmajorimmediatesocialenvironmentandsupport.”DrSchaiestated.

1.The69-year-oldwomanmentionedatthebeginningofthepassageisfindingitincreasingly（

）.

2.Someartistsandintellectualsremainproductivetotheveryendoflonglives.Thewriterofthepassagestatesthatsomeexperts.

3.DrSchaie’sfindingsrevealthat（

）.

4.DrSchaietellsusthattheaverage85-year-oldwomanislikelytohavelostagooddealofherabilityto（

）.

5.DrJackRowe,inadditiontoservingasdirectorofawell-knownmedicalschool,

6.DrRowesays,thereisahugevariationfrompersontopersonamongolderpeople:theolderagroupgets,thelesslikeeachotherthepeopleinitbecome.”Thiscanbestbeparaphrased(re-stated)as.

7.WhichoftheseitemswouldDrMohsnotclassifyaspartofyourcrystallizedmemory?

8.WhatPowellandWhitlahavecreated（

）.

9.IfyouwereayoungmanthinkingofgettingmarriedandyouaskedDrSchaieforadvicehewouldprobablytellyouto（

）.

10.Thisarticle（

）.

11.GiventhattheaveragepersonisunlikelytoknowthatgerontoistheGreekrootmeaning“oldperson”(seeline22),wemayreasonablyconcludethatthisarticleisintendedfor（

）.

12.Thewordchallenginginline7means（

）.

13.Thewordcognitiveinline9is（

）.

14.Theoppositeofflexibleinline52is（

）.

15.Thewordpromisinginline52means（

）.

問題1選項

A.difficulttorememberwhohercolleaguesare.

B.difficulttorecallsomeofhercolleagues’faces

C.difficulttorememberwhatsomeofhercolleaguesarecalled

D.easytoforgetthenameofherfaculty

E.easytoforgetwhatsomeofheryoungercolleaguesdointhefaculty

問題2選項

A.believethatsuchexamplesaremorecommonthangerontologistsformerlysupposed

B.arecertainthatsuchlateproductivityisimpossibleforordinarypeopleinotherwalksoflife

C.arealmostcertainthatinthefuturesuchlateproductivitywillbecomequiteordinary

D.suspectthatitiswrongtoregardsuchlateproductivityasabnormalratherthansimplyuncommon

E.rejecttheideathatsuchpeoplecanbetakenasmodelsfornormalhumanbeings

問題3選項

A.thepatternofmentaldeclineamongmenandwomenisvirtuallyidentical

B.lossoftheabilitytocalculateissevereinwomen,butmuchlesssoinmen

C.amongolderwomen,inductivereasoningisjustasimpairedbyagingasisbasicmath

D.damagetoinductivereasoningamongtheelderlyisaboutequalformenandwomen

E.lossoftheabilitytocalculateissevereinbothmenandwomen

問題4選項

A.usenumbersandunderstandlanguage

B.usenumbersandreadtimetables

C.readtimetablesandusemaps

D.understandlanguageandreadtimetables

E.learnnewfactsandusenumbers

問題5選項

A.istheheadofafoundationthatgivesmoneyforresearchontheproblemsoftheelderly

B.isoneofAmerica’stopgerontologistsstudyingoldpeoplewithabnormallyseverememoryloss

C.istheleaderofatightlycoordinatedresearchassociationstudyinghowtoremainhealthyinoldage

D.isresponsiblefordecidingwhichexpertsonsuccessfulagingwillgetresearchgrantsfromtheMacArthurFoundation

E.istheleaderofalooselycoordinatedgroupofresearchteamsstudyinghowtoremainhealthyinoldage

問題6選項

A.Theolderthepeopleinagroupget,themorecharacteristicstheyshareDifferencesbetweenindividualsinagroupdiminishasageincreases

B.Aspeopleage,certainsimilaritiesincrease,whileothersbecomelessmarked

C.Humanindividualsareverydissimilaratanyage;thisisnolesstrueaspeoplegrowolder

D.Overallresemblancesbetweenmembersofahumangroupdecreaseastheyearsgoby

問題7選項

A.Aheadlineinlastweek’snewspaper

B.Thedateofyoureldestchild’sbirth

C.Yourmother’sname

D.ThemeaningoftheEnglishword“geology”

E.Theformulaforfindingtheareaofatriangle

問題8選項

A.constitutesagreatadvanceincomputersoftware

B.comparessomeonelikethe69-year-oldwomanwithotherwomenandwithotherpeopleofvariousages,butnotwithotheruniversityinstructors

C.willprobablyconfirmmanyofDrSchaie’sfindingsandinvalidatethoseofDrMohs

D.shouldmakeiteasiertodeterminetherelativementalskillsoflargenumbersofpeople

E.willbeoflittleusetoDrSchaiebutveryvaluableforDrMohs

問題9選項

A.marrysomeonequietanddependable

B.seekunityandstabilityinyourmarriage

C.marrysomeonelivelyandcurious

D.avoidwomenwhoarealwaystryingtochangetheirsituations

E.choosesomeonewhowouldratherreadthantravel

問題10選項

A.islimitedtoadiscussionofDrSchaie’srecentresearch

B.surveysrecentdevelopmentsinthestudyofagingandtheelderly

C.givesanoverviewofrecentadvancesintheunderstandingoftherelationbetweenoldageandmentalactivities

D.isprimarilyacriticismoftheexcessiveconcentrationamongearliergerontologistsonseverememorylossbytheelderly

E.explainsrecentadvancesinscientificunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsofmentaldeclineamongtheaged

問題11選項

A.gerontologistsinterestedinrecentdevelopmentsintheirfield

B.schoolchildrenbeingtaughthowtodealwithdifficultoldpeople

C.doctorswhoneedatechnicalsummaryofrecentadvancesinmentalresearch

D.university-educatedreaderscuriousaboutrecentworkingerontology

E.adultswithsecondary-schooleducationsorlesswhowanttoknowwhatwillhappentotheirmemoriesastheygrowolder

問題12選項

A.supporting

B.supplyingevidencefor

C.disproving

D.bringingintodoubt

E.suspicious

問題13選項

A.anadjectivepertainingtotheactofknowingandjudging

B.averbmeaningtoinventbysuingthepowerofone’sbrain

C.anounrelatedtothewordrecognize

D.anadjectivereferringtotheprocessofaging

E.anounmeaningamentalaction,especiallyoneinvolvingrecognition

問題14選項

A.easy

B.bending

C.difficult

D.strong

E.rigid

問題15選項

A.indicatingadefiniteresult

B.productive

C.stronglysuggestingpossibleresults

D.guaranteeingcertainresults

E.guaranteedbytheevidence

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:E

第3題:E

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:C

第9題:C

第10題:C

第11題:D

第12題:D

第13題:A

第14題:E

第15題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段:findithardtorecallthenamesofeverfacultymembers（發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很難記起曾經(jīng)的同事的名字）。干擾項為C:很難記起一些自己的同事的名字。此處“一些”與原文不符。因此A項“很難記起自己的同事是誰”正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Someartistsandintellectualsremainproductive定位至第三段:Theintellectualandcreativeproductivityinlaterlifeofcertainartistsandintellectualsmayrepresentnotsomuchanexceptionasanideal,someexpertsnowsay(一些專家說,某些藝術(shù)家和知識分子晚年的智力和創(chuàng)造性生產(chǎn)力，與其說是一種理想，不如說是一種例外)。由此可知E項“不認(rèn)為這類人可以被當(dāng)成普通人的模范”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干問的是DrSchaie的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),據(jù)此定位至第五段第四、五句:Thesharpestdeclinesareseeninbasicmathematics.Bytheirlate80s,bothmenandwomenwereonlyabouthalfasadeptinbasicmathastheyhadbeenintheir50s(最大的下降體現(xiàn)在基本的數(shù)學(xué)運算能力上。到80歲末的時候，男女的基本數(shù)學(xué)運算能力僅大約是其50歲時的一半)。故E項“男女計算能力的喪失都很嚴(yán)重”正確。B項“在計算能力喪失方面，女人比男人更嚴(yán)重”與第四、五句的句意不符。第五段第三句:Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen(不同智力水平的下降程度不同，男女的下降程度也不同),可知知A項“男女智力下降的模式幾乎是一致的”及D項“在歸納推理能力喪失方面，男女老年人大約是一致的”不正確。C項“在老年婦女中，歸納推理與基本數(shù)學(xué)能力因年齡增長而喪失的程度是一樣”,文中沒有提及。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第六段第三句:Oneofthedrasticdeclinesforwomenprovedtobeinverbalcomprehension,whilethatabilitydroppedrelativelylittleintothe70s,itplummetedbyaboutone-quarterduringthe80s(女人遭受的最嚴(yán)重智力下降之一被證明是在語言理解能力上，它在女人邁入70歲時下降的相對較少，但等他們到80歲的時，它就會很快下降差不多25%)及第三題的分析“85歲女人的數(shù)學(xué)運算能力也會大大降低”得知正確答案為A“使用數(shù)字及理解語言”。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第四段第三句說DrJackRowe是“aleadingexpertinthefield”(老年學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的前沿專家)。第四句說:DrRoweheadsaresearchnetworkonsuccessfulagingsponsoredbytheMacArthurFoundation(DrRowe領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個受MacArthur基金贊助的有關(guān)成功老齡化的研究網(wǎng)絡(luò))。由此可知C項“是一個協(xié)調(diào)緊密的研究協(xié)會的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，該協(xié)會研究如何保持老年健康”正確。

6.語義題。題干意思為:在老年人中，人與人之間的差異都很大：一組人的年齡越大，組員之間的差異就更大。因此E項“人類群體中成員間的整體相似性隨年齡的増加而減少”正確。

7.推理判斷題。第七段:“Crystallized”memory,ie,vocabularyorotherknowledgeaccumulatedovertheyearsholdsupverywellintooldage(固態(tài)記憶指經(jīng)年累積的詞匯或其它知識，其能很好地保持到年老時)。因此A項“上周報紙的一個標(biāo)題”不屬于固態(tài)記憶。

8.推理判斷題。DrSchaie的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):Therateofdeclinediffersforvariousmentalfacultiesanddiffersinmenandwomen(不同智力水平的下降率不同，男女的下降率也不同)。DrRichardMons的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):differentkindsofmemorydifferintheirvulnerabilitytoaging(不同類型的記憶在其易老化性上有所不同)。DouglasPowellandKeanWhitla的研究方式:designedacomputerizedtestofmentalskillslikelong-termandshort-termmemory,attention,reasoningandcalculation(設(shè)計了一個關(guān)于長期和短期記憶、注意力、推理和計算等心理技能的計算機測試);comparesaperson’sscorewithnormsforothersofthesameage,forpeoplewhoarestillinmiddleageandforothersintheirownprofessionalgroup(將一個人的分?jǐn)?shù)與其他同齡人、中年人和其他專業(yè)人士的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行比較)。因此可知這些人的研究方向是有重疊的，故C項“將有可能證實DrSchaie的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)，卻會讓DrMons的發(fā)現(xiàn)失效”正確。

9.推理判斷題。第九段:asuccessfulcareerorsomeotherinvolvementthroughlifeandcontinuingkeenmentalinterestsafterretirement（一份成功的事業(yè)或生活中的其它活動，退休后保持強烈的精神情趣）及whoadapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces（容易適應(yīng)變化，喜歡學(xué)習(xí)新東西與去新的地方）,這些都被DrSchaie認(rèn)為是在年老時精神功能良好的預(yù)示，研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)僅僅與具有這些特點的人生活都是受益的（Thestudyalsofoundthatsimplylivingwithsomeonewiththesecharacteristicsisbeneficial）,并且DrSchaie說“Ithelpstohaveahigh-functioningspouse（有一個高功能的配偶是有幫助的）。因此如果向DrSchaie征求關(guān)于尋找伴侶的意見,他更會建議“與一個充滿活力與好奇心的人結(jié)婚”。

10.主旨大意題。文章主要講老年人的智力變化與其年齡增長的關(guān)系知C項“概述了在了解年齡增長與智力活動之間的關(guān)系方面取得的最新進展”正確。

11.主旨大意題。題干意思是:假如一般人不太可能知道geron是希臘語的詞根，意思是“老人”（見第22行），我們可以合理地推斷這篇文章針對的人群是。該文章主要講老年人的智力變化與其年齡增長的關(guān)系,而且專業(yè)性不是很強。因此D項“接受過大學(xué)教育并對老年學(xué)研究進展感興趣的的讀者”正確。

12.詞義題。Challenging所在句:Thefindingsarechallengingsomebasicassumptions,likethebeliefthatsuchdeclineisanaturalpartoftheagingprocess,irrespectiveofgeneralhealth(這些發(fā)現(xiàn)對一些基本假設(shè)提出了挑戰(zhàn)，比如認(rèn)為這種下降是衰老過程的自然組成部分，與一般健康狀況無關(guān)),因此這里的challenging為動詞,因此D項“質(zhì)疑”正確。

13.詞義題。cognitive（認(rèn)知的，認(rèn)識的）本身是形容詞，可以直接排除B項(動詞,表示…),C項與E項(名詞,表示…)。Cognitive所在句:From20to30percentofpeopleintheir80swhovolunteerforcognitivetestingperformaswellasvolunteersintheir30sand40s,whoarepresumablyintheirmentalprime(在80多歲自愿參加認(rèn)知測試的人中，有20%到30%的人表現(xiàn)出色，30多歲和40多歲的人也表現(xiàn)出色，他們大概處于精神發(fā)育的最佳時期)。因此A項“與認(rèn)識與判斷行為相關(guān)的一個形容詞”正確。

14.詞義題。對aflexibleattitude的解釋為:adapteasilytochange,wholikelearningnewthingsandenjoygoingtonewplaces(容易適應(yīng)變化，喜歡學(xué)習(xí)新東西與去新的地方)。故flexible的意思為“靈活多變”。其反義詞為E項“僵硬的，死板的”。

15.詞義題。Promising所在句:Havingaflexibleattitudeinmiddleagewasalsoapromisingindicator(中年時態(tài)度靈活也是一個很有前途的指標(biāo))。因此Promising表示”有希望的，有前途的”。故選C“有力地暗示可能結(jié)果”。

4.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(1)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.

Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof”.Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(2)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.

Anthropologyisafieldstudyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.(3)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(4)Tylordefinedcultureas“...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(5)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.

【答案】1.而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，然后讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類自己獨特的想法和想象。

2.社會科學(xué)是知識探索的一個分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類及其行為。

3.強調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學(xué)。

4.泰勒把文化定義為“……是一個復(fù)合整體，它包括人作為社會成員所獲得的信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其他能力和習(xí)慣”。

5.因此，人類學(xué)中“文化”概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個抽象概念，它使得大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識成為可能。

5.單選題

______naturemeansalllivingplantsandanimals.

問題1選項

A.Scientific

B.Animate

C.Good

D.Large

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項Scientific“科學(xué)的”；B選項Animate“有生命的”；C選項Good“良好的”；D選項Large“大量的；廣泛的”。句意：______的物種是指所有有生命的動植物。根據(jù)語境，B選項Animate“有生命的”比較符合語境，這里是在解釋有生命的物種是什么，符合題意。因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

Singaporehasonly226squaremilesofkind,butitstandsforemostamongthenationsofSouthEastAsiainhaving（）.

問題1選項

A.anannualgrowthratemaintainedofover6%

B.maintainedanannualeconomicgrowthrateofover6%

C.maintainedover6%ofannualeconomicgrowthrate

D.6%ofannualgrowthrateofeconomicsmaintained

【答案】C

【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)辨析。A選項anannualgrowthratemaintainedofover6%“經(jīng)濟年均增長保持在6%以上”；B選項maintainedanannualeconomicgrowthrateofover6%“保持年均經(jīng)濟增長6倍以上”；C選項maintainedover6%ofannualeconomicgrowthrate“經(jīng)濟增速保持在6%以上”；D選項6%ofannualgrowthrateofeconomicsmaintained“經(jīng)濟保持年均6%的增長速度”。句意：新加坡只有226平方英里的土地，但它在東南亞國家中擁有重要的地位……，結(jié)合句意，可知選項C正確。

7.單選題

Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.

Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thatsleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David.“Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8hoursorevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”

Perhapsthemostmercilessrubberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunitymount,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram.“Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”

Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David.“Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”

1.Peopleinthe18thand19thcenturiesusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanightbecausetheyhad_______.

2.AccordingtoDr.David,Americans_______.

3.ManyAmericansbelievethat_______.

4.Theword“subjects”inthelastparagraphrefersto______.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatoneshouldsleepasmanyhoursasisnecessaryto_______.

問題1選項

A.nodriveandambition

B.noelectriclighting

C.thebestsleephabits

D.somethingtodointheevening

問題2選項

A.areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressureoflife

B.oftenneglecttheconsequencesofsleepdeficit

C.donotknowhowtorelaxthemselvesproperly

D.cangetbyon6.5hoursofsleep

問題3選項

A.sleepisthefirstthingthatcanbesacrificedwhenoneisbusy

B.theyneedmoresleeptocopewiththecomplexitiesofeverydaylife

C.tosleepissomethingonecandoatanytimeoftheday

D.enoughsleeppromotespeople’sdriveandambition

問題4選項

A.theperformancetestsusedinthestudyofsleepdeficit

B.specialbranchesofknowledgethatarebeingstudied

C.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeingstudied

D.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

問題5選項

A.improveone’smemorydramatically

B.beconsidereddynamicbyotherpeople

C.maintainone’sdailyschedule

D.feelenergeticandperformadequately

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Thebeginningofoursleepdeficitcrisiscanbetracedtotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.（我們睡眠不足危機的開始可以追溯到一個世紀(jì)前燈泡的發(fā)明。）”以及后文的“Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.（當(dāng)天很黑，我們晚上在農(nóng)場無所事事的時候，最好的睡眠習(xí)慣曾經(jīng)強加在我們身上。）”，由此可知那時因為晚上因為沒有照明所以農(nóng)場里沒有事情可做，人們不得不養(yǎng)成了睡9.5個小時的睡眠習(xí)慣，所以B選項“無電氣照明”符合題意。A選項“沒有動力和野心”文中沒有提到，C選項“最佳睡眠習(xí)慣”不符合題意；D選項“晚上有事要做”說法錯誤，文中說到了他們晚上無事可做。因此B選項正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“Peoplecheatontheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit...Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyn