PPT自然崩落法（全英文）9

SUBLEVELCAVINGCONTENTSSLCDESIGNCONCEPTSDRAWTHEORYSLCDESIGNLAYOUTDEBATEDesignrulesDrawiskingCriticalissuestobeansweredbeforegeotechnicaldesign:-Howmuchdevelopmentforhowmuchrecovery?-Howmuchsupportforhowmuchrecovery?-SLC/blockcavetonnagecut-off?-SLCsustainingdevelopmentrateforreqtonnage?-hardorsoftcavingenvironment?1000msoftcavegeotechnicalcut-offInter-activedrawbecomesharderatdepthRecoveryharderatdepthWastegradebecomebetteratdepth(muckpilesalting)Norightorwrong,justprobabilitiesofsucessSLCBALANCECONCEPTSupportDrawBlastingProductionDrawtheoryHowthebrokengroundisdrawn/flowsDrawpointspacing’’storeducedilution/increaserecoveryStillnotwellunderstoodPhysicalmodels/bunkers-Kvapli&Jenike1960’sMathematic/numericalplasticflow–Pariseau1960’sFullscalemarkertests––Kvapli,Just&Janelid1960’sPhysicalmodelsLaubscher,Tayloretc-1970-1980’’sKvapilcurvesrevisited/Laubscher-Bull&2000ICS2001-presentPhysicalmodelsPFCRingmarkertrialsYENGE1980“theflowofcavedorecannotbedescribedsatisfactorybytheoriesdevelopedfortheflowofothergranularmaterialssuchassandpowderandserialgrains““DrawtheoryBestwehavegottodayWewillneversolvematerialvariabilityWemaygetcloserDesign’’smustbetemperwith-Commonsense-ExperienceTwodesigntheories-kvapil-LaubscherFlowofmaterialBasicdrawtheoryEllipsoidareasEliposideformationMainpointsTwozones-DRAWOREXTRACTIONellipsoid(MATERIALREMOVED)-Limitellipsoid(materialmovement/loosens)Drawzone-Koperzoneincenter-shearzoneatthesidesPoints:-materialmovesfasterincentre-Finermaterialslimmerdrawzone-coarsermaterialwidedrawzone-drawzonewidthrelatedtomaterial/drawpointsizeSLCDesignClassificationMRMRbased2classes:Softcaves<class3Hardcaves>class3SUPPORTDESIGNSLCDESIGNLayoutsbasedondrawandblastingreqAbovereqdrawpointsclosetogetherWiderdrawpointsViolatesthelayoutstressrulesOperationaldepthlimitsoftcavesGreatersupportHardcavesbrowinstabilitySUSTAININGDEVELOPLEMENTDesignLayoutsbasedondrawKvapliLaubscherDrawinteractionSublevelheightDrawpointspacingFlatwidedrawpointsbacksLowerdriftheightsSublevelheigth:-Development-DrillingaccuracyDraw-interactionFLATBACKSLowdriftheight/ringangleKvapilLayoutdesignonbins/observationsprecisedeterminationofspacingCorrectionwithextractionelipsoid/IDZAppliescorrectionsfordriftbackprofile/oreUsesgraphsandformulaDeterminesSublevelheightDriftspacingDiggingdepth/burdencorrectionofsimmingofellipsoidforheigthKvapilDriftwidth,determinedfromgroundconditions-MRMRclass4max4.5m(better3.8m)-MRMRClass3>max6.0mApplydriftcorrectionDeterminesublevelheigthDeterminewidthofextractionellipsoidDeterminedepthofextractionellipsoidDeterminedriftcenterspacingDriftcorrectionEllipsoidwidthDigwidthCavegradingKvapligradings110%extractionClass1,80%(ore)<30%wasteClass2,75%(ore)<35%wasteClass3,65%(ore(<45%wasteReferas70/30or60/40Dilutionentryabout40%materialdrawnRemarksOldsystemExactnumberCloserspacingHasbeenchallengedICSmaysuggestthatthismaynotbewrongCloserdrawpointspacingGradingoftypesofdrawReductionofdrawpointsizewithdrawheigth18mthecut-offLaubscherBin&observationsShabanieIsolateddrawzonediameterconceptIDZ=LimitellipsoidIncreasedinteraction/spacingduetoaboveDrawpointspacing=IDZxinteractionfactorLaubscherbinsDrawpointwidthsDilutionentrygraphsDilutionentrygraphLaubscherIDZconceptInteractionfactor?NodirectuseMainblockcavingRequiresskillUsefragmentationsizeRangeofdrawpointspacingsMissingdataBullandPage2000,SLCdesignrationaleNewmodelofbehaviorOldbintheorylayoutscausedmethodproblemsEmbracedYenge’sstatementExcessivedilution&lowrecoveryAboveledtoSLCbeingunpopularRecentevidenceshowedbetterrecoveriesDrawbehaviorwassimilartoblockcavingLayoutswerebasedonLaubscherviewAdvancedtheconceptofIsolated/interactivedraw14.5mdrawpointspacingRecoveryimprovements:-moreinteractivelayouts-StrictapplicationofdrawstandardsInteractive/isolateddrawDrawstandardsBullRulesorcommandments-Alignmentoffaces(3-5faces)-Uniformdrawofblastedmaterial-Goodblastingstandards-Goodroadways/support-BogacrossfullwidthoffaceDrawstandardsBullRulesorcommandments-Alignmentoffaces(3-5faces)-Uniformdrawofblastedmaterial-Goodblastingstandards-Goodroadways/support-BogacrossfullwidthoffaceDrawstandardsBullRulesorcommandments-Alignmentoffaces(3-5faces)-Uniformdrawofblastedmaterial-Goodblastingstandards-Goodroadways/support-BogacrossfullwidthoffaceCumulativedilutiion15-24%(40%)Metalrecoveries90-100%Dilutionentrypoint50%(20%)Bull&pageChallengedDoesnotworkCriticsisunfairDesignphilosophyissuesDowedesignmine’swithhumansystemerrorGreyarearegardingthe14.5mdrawpoint(Massmin200546Fig8):-8mto10mapartinteractivedraw-10mto18mgrayarea(nocommentdegreasingeffectiveness)-18misolateddrawconditionsInteractionofinteractionfactorsnotclearSLCClassificationMRMRbased2classes:Softcaves<class3Hardcaves>class3SUPPORTDESIGNSLCClassificationMRMRbased2classes:Softcaves<class3Hardcaves>class3SUPPORTDESIGNDRAWPOINTSPACINGDS=IDZxINTERACTIONFACTORInteractionfactorsRangefrom1.2to1.6Blockcavesnomuckpileconfinement=1.5Recentlayouts4caves(25m)Dilution30%extraction76to98%Class4Drawpoints4.5to6mwideSpacingbetween11to14.5m85to98%extraction=IFof1.2to1.376to85%extraction=1.3to1.514.5m=1.613.5=1.5Bull&page>12mdrawpointspacing?Questions:-whatinteractionfactorused?-howsensitivetodrawcontrolstandard?-Probabilityofachievingtheabove?(30%)-Gainscomparedtoisolateddrawlayout-recovery/dilution,sustaindev.CAPEXNotwrongProbabilistic/riskforrecoveryGoodanswersnotopinionrequired13mlayoutspacing=recoveryvsCAPEXfordevINCO/STOBIEIsolateddrawsituation200225mx25mlayoutsHustruid/LKABlargesublevelsbadfordilutionReducecostswidelyspaceddrawpointsandsublevelsIsthisbadNoInsitugradeoftheringCut-offofshut-offgradeDrawinteractionisasecondaryissueMuckpilesaltingovertimeWhattoyoucalldilutionCONFUSED?DifferenceapproachesNotwrongHowdowedesignasublevelcave?WhatapproachshouldbeusedApproacheconomicnotgeotechnicalUselayoutthatgivesbestreturnIssues:-projectcapital/sustainingdevvsrecovery-Canyoudeveloplayoutforinteraction-Greyareapossiblebyrisky-sizeofcavevsSustainsubleveldev11mton/yrcave26kmsdev/yr15mx15mlayout11mton/yrcave16kmdev/yr18mx30mlayoutWillpillarsbestableatdepthWaste/dilutionWhatiswaste?RockLowgradeoreHighgradeorenotrecoveredMaterialoutsidetheringprofileSaltingincreaseswithdepthDrawenvironmentore+wasteWastecapWastesaltedwithorefromaboveSLCwasteheavilysaltedwithoresaltingClassicSLCdrawtheoryIsolateddraw&bul