考研考博-英語-南京審計大學(xué)金審學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南京審計大學(xué)金審學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

UnlessyoulivedthroughtheEisenhowerera,itmaybehardtoimaginetheimpactoftheon-screensightofsneeringhigh-schoolstudentschallengingadultswithswitch-blades.Butin1950sAmerica,killingwasstillseenassomethingrareandhorrible,somethingdonebysoldiersinbattle,bylawmen,bygangsters,orbytheoccasionalpsychopath.

Homicidesinmovies,eventhoseconsideredviolent,wereinfrequent.Thosefilmspresentedjuveniledelinquencymoreasthethreadofrebellionanddisobediencethanofoutrightviolence.

TheideaofAmericanteenagersaskillerswasbeyondcompression.Thechangein1957whenawaveofteen-street-gangkillinginNewYorkCity(22inthefirstsixmonthsoftheyear)spurredtheemergencydeploymentofsixhundredPoliceAcademycadetsinawaronteenstreetcrime.Thoughteenviolencesoonlostitsplaceinnewsheadlinestoothercrises,itdidnotgoaway.

Thirty-fiveyearslaterAmericaisinthegripofaviolenceepidemicthathastransformedthecountryintooneofthemostdangerousnationsonearth.Thenationalhomiciderate,correctedforpopulationgrowth,increasedalmostexactly100percentfrom1950to1990.Inmajorcitiestheincreasehasbeenmuchhigher.InLosAngelesCountythe1953homicidetotalwas82.In1992,withapopulationalmostdoubled,thetotalwas2,512一anincreaseofover1,000percent.Thesearestaggeringincreasebyanymeasure,withtheone-yeartollforL.A.CountyexceedingthedeathsinoverfifteenyearsofconflictinNorthernIreland.

Youthcrimeaccountsforadisproportionatenumberofthesekillings.That’smorethantwicethenumberrecordedadecadeearlier,reflectingthefact,accordingtoFBIreports,thatthenumberofyouthswhocommittedmurderwithgunswasup79percentinonedecade.Clearlysomethinghasgonehorriblywrong.Inlookingforarootcause,oneofthemostobviousdifferencesinthesocialandculturalfabricbetweenpost-WorldWarIIandpre-WorldWarIIAmericaisthemassiveandpervasiveexposureofAmericanyouthtotelevision.Sincethe1950s,behavioralscientistsandmedicalresearchershavebeenexaminingscreenviolenceasapossiblecausativeelementinAmerica’sspiralingviolentcrimerate.Thereiscompellingevidenceofadirect,demonstrablelink.HomicidehasbecomethesecondleadingcauseamongAfrican-Americanyouth.In1992theUSsurgeongeneralcitedviolenceastheleadingcauseofinjurytowomenaged15to44,andtheUSCentersforDiseaseControlconsiderviolenceapublichealthissue,tobetreatedasanepidemic.

1.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

3.Amajorreasonforyouthcrimeincreaseis（）.

4.Itisafact,in1992,that（）.

5.Theword“spiraling”（Para.5）iscloseinmeaningto（）.

問題1選項

A.fromthe1950sonhigh-schoolstudentshavebeenathreattothesafetyofadults

B.inthe1950sonlysomegun-menusedgunasweapons

C.itwasinthelate1950sthatviolencewasfrequent

D.youthcrimebeganinthe1950s

問題2選項

A.Thereweremorethan22killingsofteenagersinNewYork,in1957.

B.Thewaveofteenmurderurgedpolicementotakeaquickaction.

C.ViolencewassoemergentthatevensixhundredstudentsofPoliceAcademywereturnedtoforhelp.

D.SixhundredstudentsofPoliceAcademywereinvolvedinthestreetcrime.

問題3選項

A.populationgrowstoomuch

B.youngpeopleareexposedtoomuchtoscreenviolence

C.violenceisapublicissue

D.theeconomicbackground

問題4選項

A.populationinLosAngeleswasof2,512people

B.homicidetotaled352inLosAngeles

C.homicideroseupto2,512inLosAngeles

D.populationinLosAngeleswasover1,512

問題5選項

A.moving

B.changing

C.rising

D.falling

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知沒有提及高中生對成年人的安全構(gòu)成威脅,所以選項A錯誤;選項B在文中也沒有提及;根據(jù)二三段的內(nèi)容,在20世紀(jì)50年代的美國很難想象青少年犯罪,然而確實發(fā)生了,“TheideaofAmericanteenagersaskillerswasbeyondcompression.”由此可以推斷,選項D正確。原文主要說的是青少年犯罪而不是暴力,所以選項C不正確。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Thechangein1957...teenstreetcrime.”1957年,紐約市發(fā)生了一起青少年街頭幫派殺人事件(今年前6個月有22起),促使600名警察學(xué)院學(xué)員緊急部署,以打擊青少年街頭犯罪。所以選項D錯誤。

3.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段“Sincethe1950s,behavioralscientists...demonstrablelink.”自20世紀(jì)50年代以來,行為科學(xué)家和醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員一直在研究銀幕暴力,認(rèn)為它可能是美國不斷上升的暴力犯罪率的原因之一。有令人信服的證據(jù)表明,兩者之間存在直接的聯(lián)系。所以選項B正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)兩句“InLosAngelesCounty...ofover1,000percent.”1953年洛杉磯縣共有82個殺人犯。1992年,殺人犯總數(shù)達(dá)到2512,幾乎翻了一番——增加超過1000%。選項C正確。

5.詞義理解題。根據(jù)原文句意可知,“spiraling”指急劇增長的。選項C與之意思相近。

2.單選題

Medicinedependsonotherfieldsforbasicinformation,particularlysomeoftheirspecializedbranches.

問題1選項

A.conventionally

B.obviously

C.inevitably

D.especially

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項conventionally“通?！保籅選項obviously“明顯地”；C選項inevitably“不可避免地”；D選項especially“尤其”。句意：醫(yī)學(xué)依賴于其他領(lǐng)域的基本信息，特別是某些領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)信息分支。表達(dá)的是“特別”的意思，因此D選項符合題意。

3.單選題

ForperplexedpolicymakersinWashington,theymeantscramblingfromonepolicytoanotherinanefforttorespondtoahighlyconfusingeconomicsituation.

問題1選項

A.disturbed

B.puzzled

C.irritated

D.enchanted

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.disturbed有精神病的，心理不正常的B.puzzled困惑的，迷惑不解的

C.irritated煩惱的，惱怒的D.enchanted中魔法的，著了魔的

【答案】B

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】perplexed的意思為“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修飾policymakers，指的是這些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也沒搞清楚狀況，puzzled與之詞義相近，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】對于華盛頓困惑的決策者來說，這意味著匆忙地從一項政策轉(zhuǎn)向另一項政策，以應(yīng)對高度混亂的經(jīng)濟形勢。

4.單選題

PitythosewhoaspiretoputtheinitialsPhDaftertheirnames.After16yearsofcloselysupervisededucation,prospectivedoctorsofphilosophyareleftmoreorlessalonetowritetheequivalentofalargebook.Mostsocial-sciencepostgraduateshavestillnotcompletedtheirthesesbythetimetheirgrantrunsoutafterthreeyears.Theymustthengetajobandfinishintheirsparetime,whichcanoftentakeafurtherthreeyears.Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubject,whichhasblightedtheirholidaysandminedtheirevenings.

TheEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil,whichgivesgrantstopostgraduatesocialscientists,wantstogetbettervalueformoneybycuttingshortthisagony.Itwouldliketoseefastercompletionrates:untilrecently,onlyabout25%ofPhDcandidateswerefinishingwithinfouryears.TheESRC’sresponsehasbeentostopPhDgrantstoallinstitutionswheretheproportiontakinglessthanfouryearsisbelow10%;inthefirstyearofthispolicythenationalaverageshotupto39%.TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics-includingOxfordUniversity,theLondonSchoolofEconomicsandtheLondonBusinessSchool.

Predictably,howlsofprotesthavecomefromtheuniversities,whoviewtheblacklistingofwholeinstitutionsasarbitraryandnegative.Theypointoutthatmanyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.Thecollegessaythereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.

TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims.Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirstpieceofseriousresearch.Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies.

TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime.Themostitcandoistotrytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways.Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyle,ofthesis,too.

1.Bythetimenewdoctorsgetajobandtrytofinishtheirthesesinsparetime（

）.

2.OxfordUniversitywouldbeexcludedoutofthoseuniversitiesthatreceivePhDgrantsfromESRC,becausethecompletionrateofitsPhDstudents’theseswithinfouryearsislowerthan

（

）.

3.AllthefollowingstatementsaretheargumentsagainstESRC’spolicyexcept

（

）.

4.TheESRCwouldprefer（

）.

5.WhattheESRCcandoisto（

）.

問題1選項

A.mostofthemdiedofsomesickness

B.theirholidaysandeveningshavebeenruinedbytheirjobs.

C.mostofthemarecompletelytiredofthenarrowlydefinedsubject

D.mostoftheirgrantsrunout.

問題2選項

A.25%

B.40%

C.39%

D.10%

問題3選項

A.alltheinstitutionsontheblacklistarearbitraryandnegative.

B.thereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.

C.manyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.

D.somepolytechnicsarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.

問題4選項

A.thatthestudentswerecarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudiesratherthanbeingtrainedasresearchers.

B.toseehigherstandardsofPhDstudents’thesesandmoreambitiousdoctoraltopics.

C.moresystematicteachingofresearchskillstofewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedoninexperiencedyoungPhDstudents.

D.thatPhDstudentswerelessmodestintheiraims.

問題5選項

A.forcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime

B.trytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways

C.dictatethestandardofthesisreacquiredbyexternalexaminers

D.notethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandlesselaboratestyleofthesis

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞newdoctors定位至第一段:Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubject,whichhasblightedtheirholidaysandminedtheirevenings(到那吋候，新一批將要畢業(yè)的博士生就會對狹隘的論文主題感到極其厭倦，并且這樣的論文會毀掉他們的假期，占據(jù)他們的夜晚)。因此C項“他們中的大部分都徹底厭倦了狹隘的論文主題”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞OxfordUniversity定位至第二段:TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics—includingOxfordUniversity...(經(jīng)濟與社會研究委員會覺得自己的堅持被證明是正確的，于是準(zhǔn)備在接下來的兩年內(nèi)將畢業(yè)率門檻提升至40%,如果不提升畢業(yè)率，那么73所大學(xué)和專科學(xué)院中有55所院校將不能獲得補貼，其中包括牛津大學(xué)……)。由此可知如果牛津大學(xué)博士生的畢業(yè)率低于40%的話，將得不到補貼。故選B。

3.判斷推理題。四個選項都能在第三段中找到原話,但是PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance(只有兩個在讀博士生的科技?？圃盒１г拐f學(xué)生成績的不穩(wěn)定性讓他們很被動)這部分不針對ESRC政策。故選D。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第四段指出:Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirstpieceofseriousresearch(更愿意看到對參與第一項嚴(yán)肅研究的青年男女進(jìn)行更系統(tǒng)的研究技能教學(xué)，減少不切實際的期望),因此C項“更系統(tǒng)地教授研究技能，減少對缺乏經(jīng)驗的年輕博士生的不切實際的期望”正確。根據(jù)第四段中的Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies(因此，在未來，只有在確定學(xué)生接受研究人員培訓(xùn)，而不是進(jìn)行純粹的基于知識的研究時，才會發(fā)放助學(xué)金)可知選項A意思表示剛好與原文相反；根據(jù)文章第四段中的TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims(ESRC認(rèn)為，如果博士生在目標(biāo)上更加謙虛，這可能不是一件壞事。)可知選項D與原文意思相反，并且根據(jù)原文關(guān)鍵詞modestintheiraims可知選項B也與原文意思相反。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章最后一段指出:TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime(ESRC不能規(guī)定外部考官要求的論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也不能強迫各部門給畢業(yè)生更多的教學(xué)時間)，故A和C錯誤。根據(jù)Themostitcandoistotrytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways(它最能做到的就是試圖說服大學(xué)改變他們的方式)可知選項B正確；而根據(jù)最后一句話Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyle,ofthesis,too(固執(zhí)的教授應(yīng)該意識到學(xué)生們也需要更多的研究培訓(xùn)和不那么復(fù)雜的論文風(fēng)格)可知選項D是Recalcitrantprofessors“固執(zhí)的教授”應(yīng)該做的而不是ESRC，所以選項D也不對，故答案選項為B。

5.單選題

Myhusbandatea____breakfastbeforehesetoffforhisremotefarmhouse.

問題1選項

A.prime

B.convenient

C.hearty

D.heady

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項“prime”，意為“最初的，首位的”；B選項“convenient”，意為“方便的，附近的”；C選項“hearty”，意為“衷心的，強健的，營養(yǎng)豐富的，豐盛的”；D選項“heady”，意為“頑固的，任性的”。句意：我的丈夫在啟程去偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)舍之前，享用了一頓豐盛的早餐。因此，C選項符合題意。

6.單選題

TheyaregoingtoLondon,buttheir（）destinationisRome.

問題1選項

A.ultimate

B.prime

C.next

D.cardinal

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。ultimate“最終的”；prime“主要的，最好的”；next“接下來的”；cardinal“主要的，基本的；深紅色的”。句意：他們打算去倫敦，但是他們最終的目的地是羅馬。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

（

）asleep,theinjuredwasreallyawakeandlistening.

問題1選項

A.Althoughpretendingtobe

B.Being

C.Tobe

D.While

【答案】A

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。空格處所在句子后半句句意：這個傷員清醒并且在認(rèn)真聽著?？芍崭裉帒?yīng)該是表示假裝睡著，選項A符合題意。

8.單選題

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

問題1選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

問題2選項

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

問題3選項

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

問題4選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

問題5選項

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。本題有兩個問題。第一個是“哪一種佛教擴大了菩薩的范疇”，第四段最后一句說到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”擴大了菩薩的范疇；第二個問題，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩薩與佛在藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正說到了兩者在藝術(shù)方面的區(qū)別“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在藝術(shù)上，菩薩和佛最明顯的區(qū)別是他們的服飾：菩薩穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第2題:2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。本題同樣有兩個問題。第一個問題“哪種佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展以達(dá)到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句說到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）強調(diào)自我修養(yǎng)，以達(dá)到涅槃的目的，即不再輪回，因此是小乘佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展達(dá)到涅槃；第二個問題“什么是涅槃”，因為涅槃是佛教強調(diào)的個人發(fā)展目的，因此涅槃與佛有關(guān)，第三段中說到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一個看到世界終極本質(zhì)的人，因此不再受制于輪回，也就是生、死和重生的循環(huán)，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循環(huán)。對比選項發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項符合題意。

第3題:3.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中受到父親庇護(hù)的Siddhartha出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，釋迦牟尼在出生時，被預(yù)言他或?qū)⑹钦鞣澜绲慕y(tǒng)治者，或?qū)⑹且粋€完全開悟的人。他的父親希望他成為像自己一樣的統(tǒng)治者，想讓他免受痛苦而努力保護(hù)他。對比選項可知D選項正確。

第4題:4.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。本題又是兩個問題。第一個問題“什么樣的佛教在佛陀死后500年才興盛起來，而且主要在東方發(fā)展得更遠(yuǎn)”，第四段第三句說到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年內(nèi)，另一種佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起來；它最終在中國（作為禪宗和藏傳佛教）和韓國、日本（作為禪宗）興盛起來。第二個問題“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句說到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目標(biāo)不是為涅槃，而是為宇宙中的每一個眾生成佛（開悟）。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第5題:5.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段中說到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在薩馬斯的鹿園里進(jìn)行了他的第一次教導(dǎo)，闡述了四圣諦的內(nèi)容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…對比選項可知C選項正確。

9.單選題

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

TheMITSloanSchoolofManagementstronglybelievesthatitspurposeistogivestudentsthetoolstheywillneedtobeeffectivechangeagentsintherestoftheircareers.Todothisitisnecessarytostartoffwithanunderstandingoftheessentialdrivingforcesthatwillbeforcingorganizationstochange.Changeisnotrandom,thereareunderlyingprocesses.Threecentraldrivingforces—thegrowthoftheworldeconomy,thechangingnatureoftheworkforce,andthearrivalofgenuinetechnologicalcompetition—arenowatwork.

Theglobalizationoftheworldcapitalmarketsthathasoccurredinthepast20yearswillbereplicatedrightacrosstheeconomyinthenextdecade.Theneedtoproducegoodsandservicesatqualitylevelspreviouslythoughtimpossibletoobtaininmassproductionandthespreadinguseofparticipatorymanagementtechniqueswillrequireaworkforcewithmuchhigherlevelsofeducationandskills.Managersareincreasinglyshiftingfroma“don’tthink,dowhatyouaretold”toa“think,Iamnotgoingtotellyouwhattodo”styleofmanagement.

Tobeontopofthissituation,tomorrow’smanagerswillhavetohaveastrongbackgroundinorganizationalpsychology,humanrelations,andlaboreconomics.TheMITSloanSchoolofManagementattemptstoadvanceourunderstandingintheseareasthroughresearchandthenquicklybringsthefruitsofthisnewresearchtoourstudentssothattheycanbeleading-edgemanagerswhenitcomestothehumansideoftheequation.

WhatthismeansisthatAmericanmanagershavetounderstandtheforcesof,technicalchangeinwaysthatwerenotnecessaryinthepast.Conversely,managersfromtherestoftheworldknowthatitisnowpossibleforthemtodominatetheirAmericancompetitoriftheyunderstandtheforcesoftechnicalchangebetterthantheirAmericancompetitorsdo.

Intheworldoftomorrowmanagerscannotbetechnologicallyilliterateregardlessoftheirfunctionaltaskswithinthefirm.Iftheydon’tunderstandwhatisgoingonandtechnologyeffectivelybecomesablackbox,theywillfailtomakethechangesthatthosewhodounderstandwhatisgoingoninsidetheblackboxmake.Theywillbelosers,notwinners.

11.Whatisitessentialforstudentstounderstandthedrivingforcesthatcanforceorganizationstochange?

12.Whatwillbeneededtoproducequalifiedgoodsandservicesinmassproductionandthespreadinguseofparticipatorymanagementtechniques?

13.WhatdoestheMITSloanSchoolofManagementattempttodoinitsresearch?

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