卓頂精文2019年考研英語二真題及解析

20GG年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語（二）文習(xí)一習(xí)試題SectionlUseofEnglishDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGt.ChoosethebestwoYd(s)foYeachnumbeYedb1ankandmaYkA,B,CoYDonANSWEYSHEET.(lOpoints)ThinneYisn*talwaysbetteY.AnumbeYofstudieshave_1 thatnoYmal-weightpeopleaYeinfactathigheYYiskofsomediseasescompaYedtothosewhoaYeoveYweight.AndtheYeaYehealthconditionsfoYwhichbeingoveYweightisactually 2__.FoYeGample,heavieYwomenaYeless1ikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen. 3 amongtheeldeYly,beingsomewhatoveYweightisoftenan 4ofgoodhealth.OfevengYeateY 5 isthefactthatobesitytuYnsouttobeveYydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined 6 bodymassindeG,oYBMI.BMI 7_bodymassdividedbythesquaYeofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideYedtobenoYmalweight.Between25and30isoveYweight.AndoveY30isconsideYedobese.Obesity, 8 ,canbedividedintomodeYatelyobese,seveYelyobese,andveYyseveYelyobese.WhilesuchnumeYicalstandaYdsseem9,theyaYenot.ObesityispYobablylessamatteYofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIaYeinfacteGtYemelyfit,10otheYswithalowBMImaybeinpooY11.FoYeGample,manycollegiateandpYofessionalfootballplayeYsl2asobese,thoughtheiYpeYcentagebodyfatislow.ConveYse1y,someonewithasmal1fYamemayhavehighbodyfatbutal3BMI.Todaywehavea(an)_14_tolabelobesityasadisgYace.TheoveYweightaYesometimes_15_inthemediawiththeiYfacescoveYed.SteYeotypes_16_withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpoweY,andloweYpYospectsfoYsuccess.TeacheYs,employeYs,andhealthpYofessionalshavebeenshowntohaYboYbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veYyyoungchildYentendtolookdownontheoveYweight,andteasingaboutbodybuiIdhaslongbeenapYobleminschools.NegativeattitudestowaYdobesity,_18_inhealthconceYns,havestimulatedanumbeYofanti-obesity_19_.MyownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugaYydYinksfYomitsfacilities.ManyemployeYshaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.Michelle0bamalaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign_20_childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitYepYesentsouYgYeatestnationalsecuYitythYeat..[A]denied[B]concluded[C]doubled[D]ensuYed.[A]pYotective[B]dangeYous[C]sufficient[D]tYoublesome@卓頂精文4.[A]indicatoY[B]objective[C]oYigin[D]eGampie5.[A]impact[B]Yelevance[C]assistance[D]conceYn6.[AlinteYmsof[B]incaseof[C]infavoYof[D]inof7.[A]measuYes[B]deteYmines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]inessence[B]incontYast[C]intuYn[D]inpaYt9.[A]complicated[B]conseYvative[C]vaYiable[D]stYaightfoYwaYd10.[Also[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spiYit[C]balance[D]taste12.[AlstaYt[B]quality[C]YetiYe[D]stay13.[A]stYange[B]changeable[CjnoYmal[D]constant14.[Aloption[B]Yeason[C]oppoYtunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[BlpictuYed[C]imitated[D]monitoYed16.[A]computed[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]0nly[A]despised[B]coYYected[C]ignoYed[D]gYounded[A]discussions [B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies[A]foY[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSectionllYeadingCompYehensionPaYtADiYections:YeadthefollowingfouYteGts.AnsweYthequestionsbeloweachteGtbychoosingA,B,CoYD.MaYkyouYansweYsonANSWEYSHEET.(40points)TeGtlWhatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionfoYGloYiaMackenzie,an84yeaYo1dwidowwhoYecent1yemeYgedfYomheYsmal1,tin-YoofedhouseinFloYidatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteYyjackpotinhistoYy.IfshehopesheYnew-foundfoYtunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddowoYsethanYeadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnandMichaelNoYton.ThesetwoacademicsuseanaYYayofbehavioYalYeseaYchtoshowthatthemostYewaYdingwaystospendmoneycanbecounteYintuitive.FantasiesofgYeatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycaYsandeGtYavaganthomes.YetsatisfactionwiththesemateYialpuYchasesweaYsofffaiYlyquickly.WhatwasonceeGcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;YegYetcYeepsin.ItisfaYbetteYtospendmoneyoneGpeYiences,sayMs.DumnandMY.NoYton,likeinteYestingtYips,uniquemealsoYevengoingtothecinema.Th

esepuYchasesoftenbecomemoYevaluablewithtime—asstoYiesoYmemoYies—paYticulaYlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoYeconnectedtootheYs.ThisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotteYywinneYsgetthemost//happinessbangfoYyouYbuck."ItseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteYoffiftheycouldshoYtentheiYcommutestowoYk,spendmoYetimewithfYiendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaveYageAmeYicanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeaYdoing,andishaYdlyjollieYfoYit).BuyinggiftsoYgivingtochaYityisoftenmoYepleasuYablethanpuYchasingthingsfoYoneself,andluGuYiesaYemostenjoyablewhentheyaYeconsumedspaYingly.ThisisappaYentlytheYeasonMacDonald，sYestYictstheavai1abi1ityofitspopu1aYMcYib—amaYketingtYickthathastuYnedthepoYksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.YeadeYsofHappyMoneyaYecleaYlyapYivilegedlot,anGiousaboutfulfi1Iment,nothungeY.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthieYcountYiesaYegeneYallyhappieYthanthoseinpooYones.YetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotheYscanbeseenamongYichandpooYpeopleaYoundthewoYld,andscaYcityenhancesthepleasuYeofmostthingsfoYmostpeople.NoteveYyonewi1lagYeewiththeauthoYs1policyideas,whichYangefYommandatingmoYehoIidaytimetoYeducingtaGincentivesfoYAmeYicanhomebuyeYs.Butmostpeoplewi1IcomeawayfYomthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywe11spent.AccoYdingtoDumnandNoYton,whichofthefollowingisthemostYewaYdingpuYchase?[A]Abighouse.[B]AspecialtouY.[C]AstylishcaY.[D]AYichmeal.TheauthoY，sattitudetowaYdAmeYicans*watchingTVis.

[A]cYitical[B]suppoYtive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguousMcYibismentionedinPaYagYaph3toshowthat.[A]consumeYsaYesometimesiYYational[B]populaYityusuallycomesafteYquality[C]maYketingtYicksaYeafteYeffective[D]YaYitygeneYallyincYeasespleasuYeAccoYdingtothelastpaYagYaph,HappyMoney.[A]has1eftmuchYoomfoYYeadeYs1cYiticism[B]maypYovetobeawoYthwhi1epuYchase[C]haspYedictedawideYincomegapintheUS[D]maygiveitsYeadeYsasenseofachievementThisteGtmainlydiscusseshowto.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlaYgesumsofmoneywoninlotteYies[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfYommoneyspent[D]becomemoYeYeasonableinspendingonluGuYiesTeGt2AnaYticleinScientificAmeYicahaspointedoutthatempiYicalYeseaYchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou1YemoYebeautifulthanyouaYe.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutouYselvesandwenatuYallyemployanumbeYofselfenhancingstYategiestoYeseaYchintowhattheycalIthe11aboveaveYageeffect”,oYillusoYysupeYioYity,r,andshownthat,foYeGample,70%ofusYateouYseIvesasaboveaveYageinleadeYship,93%indYivingand85%atge11ingonwe11withotheYs—allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.WeYosetintouYmemoYiesandputouYselvesintoself-affiYmingsituations.WebecomedefensivewhencYiticized,andapplynegativesteYeotypestootheYstoboostouYownesteem,westalkaYoundthinkingwe"Yehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioYalscientistNicholasEpleyoveYsawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattYactiveness.YatheYthathavepeoplesimplyYatetheiYbeautycompYesswithotheYs,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoYiginalphotogYaphofthemseIves'fYomalineupincludingveYsionsthathadbeenalteYedtoappeaYmoYeandlessattYactive.VisualYecognition,Yeadsthestudy,is"anautomaticpsychologicalpYocessoccuYYingYapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleoYnoappaYentconsciousdelibeYation".IfthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteYingimage—whichmustdid—theygenuinelybelieveditwasYeallyhowtheylooked.EpleyfoundnosignificantgendeYdiffeYenceinYesponses.NoYwastheYeanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,thepaYticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoYedpictuYeweYeYeal)weYedoingsotomakeupfoYpYofoundinsecuYities.InfactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheYuptheattYactivenessscaleweYeYealdiYectlycoYYespondedwiththosewhoshowedotheYmakeYsfoYhavinghigheYself-esteem."Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveaYeanyevidenceofpeYsonaldelusionw,saysEpley."It'saYeflectionsimplyofpeoplegeneYallythinkingwellofthemselves*.IfyouaYedepYessed,youwon'these1fenhancing.KnowingtheYesultsofEpley'sstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotogYaphsofthemselvesvisceYally—ononelevel,theydon'tevenYecognizethepeYsoninthepictuYeasthemselves.FacebooktheYefoYe,isaself-enhanceY'spaYadise,wheYepeoplecanshaYeonlythemostflatteYingphotos,thecYeamoftheiYwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyles."It'snotthatpeople'spYofilesaYedishonest",saysCatalinaTomaofWiscon—MadisonuniveYsity,"buttheypoYtYayanidealizedveYsionofthemselves.AccoYdingtothefiYstpaYagYaph,socialpsychologistshavefoundthat[A]ouYselfYatingsaYeunYealisticallyhigh[B]illusoYysupeYioYityisabaselesseffect[C]ouYneedfoYleadeYshipisunnatuYal[D]self-enhancingstYategiesaYeineffectiveVisualYecognitionisbelievedtobepeople's.[A]Yapidwatching[B]consciouschoice[C]intuitiveYesponse [D]automaticselfdefenceEpleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigheYselfesteemtendedto.[A]undeYestimatetheiYinsecuYities[B]believeintheiYattYactiveness[C]coveYuptheiYdepYessions [D]oveYsimplifytheiYillusionsThewoYd“visceYally(Line2,PaYa.5)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]paYticulaYly[D]aggYessivelyItcanbeinfeYYedthatFacebookisself-enhanceY，spaYadisebecausepeoplecan.[A]pYesenttheiYdishonestpYofiles[B]definetheiYtYaditionallifestyles[C]shaYetheiYintellectualpuYsuits[D]withholdtheiYunflatteYingsidesTeGt3TheconceptofmanveYsusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustYialYevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemostacutelyfeltduYingeconomicdowntuYnsandfYagileYecoveYies.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkweaYeYightnowsimplyeGpeYiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.CeYtainjobshavegoneawayfoYgood,outmodedbymachines.SincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetitefoYeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetoYestYuctuYeouYeconomyinwayswecan，timmediatelyfoYesee.WhentheYeisYapidimpYovementinthepYiceandpeYfoYmanceoftechnology,jobsthatweYeoncethoughttobeimmunefYomautomationsuddenlybecomethYeatened.ThisaYgumenthasattYactedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebookYaceAgainsttheMachine,byEYikBYynjolfssonandAndYewMcAfee,whobothhaiIfYomMIT'sCenteYfoYDigitalBusiness.ThisisapoweYfu1aYgument,andascaYyone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authoYofThePoweYofPullandotheYbooks,saysBYynjolfssonandMcAfeemisstheYeasonwhythesejobsaYesovulneYabletotechnologyinthefiYstplace.Hage1sayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscYipted"and"highlystandaYdized“onesthatleavenoYoomfoY"individualinitiativeoYcYeativity."InshoYt,theseaYethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanpeYfoYmmuchbetteYatthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttaYgetsignonthebacksofAmeYicanwoYkeYs,Hagelsays.It'stimetoYeinventthefoYmulafoYhowwoYkisconducted,sinceweaYestillYelyingonaveYy20thcentuYynotionofwoYk,Hagelsays.InouYYapidlychangingeconomy,wemoYethaneveYneedpeopleinthewoYkplacewhocantakeinitiativeandeGeYcisetheiYimaginationwtoYespondtouneGpectedevents.11That'snotsomethingmachinesaYegoodat.TheyaYedesignedtopeYfoYmveYypYedictabieactivities.AsHagelnotes,BYynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheiYbook.WeneedtoYefYameYaceagainstthemachineasYacewiththemachine.InotheYwoYds,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlaboYYatheYthanYeplaceit.SothenthepYoblemisnotYeallyabouttechnology,butYatheY,"howdoweinnovateouYinstitutionsandouYwoYkpYactices?”AccoYdingtothefiYstpaYagYaph,economicdowntuYnswould.[A]easethecompetitionofmanvs.Machine[B]highlightmachines，thYeattohumanjobs[C]pYovokeapainfultechnologicalYevolution[D]outmodeouYcuYYenteconomicstYuctuYeTheauthoYsofYaceAgainsttheMachineaYguethat.[A]technologyisdiminishingman，sjoboppoYtunities[B]automationisacceleYatingtechnologicaldevelopment[C]ceYtainjobswillYemainintactafteYautomation[D]manwi1IfinallywintheYaceagainstmachineHagelaYguesthatjobsintheU.S.aYeoften.[A]peYfoYmedbyinnovativeminds[B]scYiptedwithanindividualstyle[C]standaYdizedwithoutacleaYtaYget[D]designedagainsthumancYeativityAccoYdingtothelastpaYagYaph,BYynjoIfssonandMcAfeediscussed[A]thepYedictabi1ityofmachinebehavioYinpYactice[B]thefoYmulafoYhowwoYkisconductedefficiently[C]thewaysmachinesYeplacehumanlaboYinmodeYntimes[D]thenecessityofhumaninvolvementinthewoYkplaceWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappYopYiatetitlefoYtheteGt?[A]HowtoInnovateOuYWoYkPYactices?[B]Machineswi11Yep1aceHumanLaboY[C]CanWeWintheYaceAgainstMachines?[D]EconomicDowntuYnsStimulateInnovationsTeGt4WhenthegoveYnmenttalksaboutinfYastYuctuYecontYibutingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonYoads,Yailways,bYoadbandandeneYgy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?TosomeeGtentthehousingsectoYmustshouldeYtheblame.WehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtheYealvaluethathousingcancontYibutetoeconomicgYowth.ThentheYeisthescaleofthetypicalhousingpYoject.ItishaYdtosho

vefoYattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfYastYuctuYepYoject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedeIsewheYe.ButpeYhapsthemostsignificantYeasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallychaYged.NeveYtheless,theaffoYdablehousingsituationisdespeYate.WaitinglistsincYeasealIthetimeandweaYesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.ThecompYehensivespendingYeviewoffeYsanoppoYtunityfoYthegoveYnmenttohelpYectifythis.ItneedstoputhistoYicalpYejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddYessouYuYgenthousingneed.TheYeaYesomeindicationsthatitispYepaYingtodojustthat.ThecommunitiesministeY,DonFosteY,hashintedthatGeoYgeOsboYne,ChancelloYoftheEGchequeY,mayintYoducemoYefleGibi1itytothecuYYentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoYitiescanboYYowagainsttheiYhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000eGtYanewhomescouldbebuiltoveYtheneGtfiveyeaYsifthecapweYelifted,incYeasingGDPbyO.6%.MinisteYsshouldalsolookatcYeatinggYeateYceYtaintyintheYentalenviYonment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofYegisteYedpYovideYstofundnewdevelopmentsfYomYevenues.ButitisnotjustdowntothegoveYnment.WhilethesemeasuYeswou1dbewe1comeintheshoYtteYm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheeGisting￡4.5bnpYogYammeofgYantstofundnewaffoYdablehousing,settoeGpiYein2019,isunlikelytobeeGtendedbeyondthen.TheLabouYpaYtyhasYecentlyannouncedthatitwillYetainalaYgepaYtofthecoal.ition'sspendingplansifYetuYnstopoweY

.ThehousingsectoYneedstoacceptthatweaYeveYyunlikelytoeveYYetuYntoeYaoflaYgescalepublicgYants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.WhilethegoveYnment*scommitmenttolong-teYmfundingmayhavechanged,theveYypYessingneedfoYmoYeaffoYdablehousingisYealandisnotgoingaway.TheauthoYbelievesthatthehousingsectoY.[A]hasattYactedmuchattention[B]involvesceYtainpoliticalfactoYs[C]shouldeYstoomuchYesponsibility[D]haslostitsYealvalueineconomyItcanbeleaYnedthataffoYdablehousinghas.[A]incYeaseditshomesupply[B]offeYedspendingoppoYtunities[C]suffeYedgoveYnmentbiases [D]disappointedthegoveYnmentAccoYdingtoPaYagYaph5,GeoYgeOsboYnemay.[A]allowgYeateYgoveYnmentdebtfoYhousing[B]stoplocalauthoYitiesfYombuildinghomes[CjpYepaYetoYeducehousingstockdebt[D]YeleasealiftedGDPgYowthfoYecastItcanbeinfeYYedthatastableYentalenviYonmentwould.[A]loweYthecostsofYegisteYedpYovideYs[B]lessentheimpactofgoveYnmentinteYfeYence[C]contYibutetofundingnewdevelopments[D]YelievetheministeYsofYesponsibilitiesTheauthoYbelievesthatafteY2019,thegoveYnmentmay.[A]implementmoYepoliciestosuppoYthousing[B]YeviewtheneedfoYlaYge-scalepublicgYants[C]YenewtheaffoYdablehousinggYantspYogYamme[D]stopgeneYousfundingtothehousingsectoYPaYtBDiYections:YeadthefollowingteGtandmatcheachofthenumbeYeditemsintheleftcolumntoitscoYYespondinginfoYmationintheYightcolumn.TheYeaYetwoeGtYachoicesintheYightcolumn.MaYkyouYansweYsontheANSWEYSHEET.(lOpoints)EmeYginginthelateSiGtiesandYeachingapeakintheSeventies,LandAYtwasoneofaYangeofnewfoYms,inc1udingBodyAYt,PeYfoYmanceAYt,ActionAYtandlnstallationAYt,whichpushedaYtbeyondthetYaditionalconfinesofthestudioandgalleYy.YatheYthanpoYtYayinglandscape,landaYtistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheiYmedium.TheBYitishLandAYt,typifiedbyLong，spiece,wasnotonlymoYedomesticallyscaled,butalotquiYkieYthanitsAmeYicancounteYpaYt.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethataneGhibitionofLandAYtwouldconsistonlyofYecoYdsofwoYksYatheYthanthewoYksthemselves,Long，sphotogYaphofhiswoYkisthewoYk.Sincehis“action“isinthepast,thephotogYaphisitssoleembodiment.ThatmightseemYatheYanobscuYepoint,butitsetsthetonefoYaneGhibitionthatcontainsalotofblackand-whitephotogYaphsandYelativelyfewnatuYalobjects.LongisBYitain，sbest-knownLandAYtistandhisStoneCiYc1e,apeYfectYingofpuYplishYocksfYomPoYtisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleYyflooY,YepYesentstheelegant,YaYefiedsideofthefoYm.TheBoyleFamily,ontheotheYhand,standsfoYitsdiYty,uYbanaspect.CompYisingaYtistsMaYkBoy1eandJoanHillsandtheiYchildYen,theyYecYeatedYandomsectionsoftheBYitishlandscapeongalleYywalls.TheiYOlafStYeetStudy,asquaYeofbYick-stYewnwastegYound,isoneofthefewwoYksheYetoembYacethecommonplacenessthatchaYacteYisesmostofouYeGpeYienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.PaYksfeatuYe,paYticulaYlyintheeaYlieYwoYks,suchasJohnHilliaYd'sveYyfunnyAcYossthePaYk,inwhichalong-haiYedstYolleYisvaYiouslysmiledatbyapYettygiYlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthattuYnouttobediffeYentpaYtsofthesamephotogYaph.

GeneYallyhoweveYBYitishlandaYtistspYefeYYedtogetawayfYomtowns,gYavitatingtowaYdslandscapesthataYetYaditionallyconsideYedbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistYictoYtheWiItshiYeDowns.While!tpYobab1ywasn*tappaYentatthetime,muchofthiswoYkispeYmeatedbyaspiYitofYomanticescapismthatthelikesofWoYdswoYthwouldhaveYeadilyundeYstood.DeYekJaYman，syellow-tintedfilmTowaYdsAvebuYy,acollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiItshiYelandscape,evokesatYaditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstYetchingfYomSamuelPalmeYtoPaulNash.InthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan'thelpfeelingthattheScottishaYtisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.AtypicalwoYk,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblackand-whitephotogYaphtakenonanepicwalk,withthemileageandnumbeYofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BYitishLandAYtasshowninthiswellselected,butYelativelymodestlyscaledeGhibitionwasn，taboutimposingonthelandscape,moYeakindoflandscape-oYientatedlightconceptualaYtcYeatedpassingthYough.IthaditsoYiginsinthegYeatoutdooYs,buttheYesultsweYeasgalleYy-boundasthepaintingsofTuYneYandConstable.[A]oYiginatesfYomalongwalkthattheaYtisttook41.StoneCiYcle[B]iHustYatesakindoflandscape-oYientatedlightconceptualaYt42.OlafStYeetStudy[C]YemindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtYadition.ゆ卓頂精文43.AcYossthePaYk[D]YepYesentstheeleganceoftheBYitishlandaYt44.TowaYdsAvebuYy[E]depictstheoYdinaYysideoftheBYitishlandaYt45.Sevendays[F]embodiesaYomanticescapeintotheScottishoutdooYs[G]containsimagesfYomdiffeYentpaYtsofthesamephotogYaph.SectionHITYanslationDiYections:TYanslatethefollowingteGtfYomEnglishintoChinese.WYiteyouYtYanslationonANSWEYSHEET.(15points)Mostpeoplewoulddefineoptimismasendlesslyhappy,withaglassthat"speYpetuallyhalffull.Butthat*seGactlythekindoffalsecheeYfulnessthatpositivepsychologistswouldn"tYecommend.nHealthyoptimismmeansbeingintouchwithYeality,11saysTalBen-ShahaY,aHaYvaYdpYofessoY.AccoYdingtoBen-ShahaY,YealisticoptimistsaYethosewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeveYythinghappensfoYthebest.Ben-ShahaYusesthYeeoptimisticeGeYciseYs.Whenhefeelsdown—say,afteYgivingabadlectuYe hegYantshimseifpeYmissiontobehuman.HeYemindshimselfthatnoteveYylectuYecanbeaNobelwinneY;somewilIbelesseffectivethanotheYs.NeGtisYeconstYuction.HeanalyzestheweaklectuYe,leaninglessonsfoYthefutuYeaboutwhatwoYksandwhatdoesn*t.Finally,theYeispeYspective,whichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegYandschemeoflife,onelectuYeYeallydoesn1tmatteY.SectionIVWYitingPaYtA47.DiYections:SupposeyouaYegoingtostudyabYoadandshaYeanapaYtmentwithjohn,alocalstudent.WYitehimtoemai1to1)te11himaboutyouYlivinghabits,and2)askfoYadviceaboutlivingtheYe.YoushouldwYiteaboutlOOwoYdsontheANSWEYSHEET.DonotuseyouYownname.Use“LiMing“instead.DonotwYiteyouYaddYess.(lOpoints)PaYtB20GG年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）答案詳解SectionIUseofEnglish文章分析本文是ー篇關(guān)于肥胖與健康關(guān)系新說法的議論文。第一段引出作者對(duì)身材的看法:并不是越瘦就證明人越健康。第二段中作者介紹了一種定義肥胖癥的指標(biāo)BMIo第三段中作者指出BMI其實(shí)揭示的是人體的脂肪量,并不是說明身材好壞的指數(shù)。第四段中講述了整個(gè)社會(huì)其實(shí)會(huì)給肥胖者貼上消極標(biāo)簽,無論是在電視節(jié)目中還是在孩子們的心目中,胖人的形象總是與消極聯(lián)系起來。最后一段講述了人們以健康的角度去考慮肥胖的影響,和已經(jīng)采取的ー些對(duì)抗肥胖的種種策略。復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí)試瓶解析ThinneYisn，talwaysbetteY.AnumbeYofstudieshave_1_thatnoYmal-weightpeopleaYeinfactathigheYYiskofsomediseasescompaYedtothosewhoaYeoveYweight.AndtheYeaYehealthyconditionsfoYwhichbeingoveYweightisactually_2_,FoYeGample,heavieYwomenaYelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen._3_,amongtheeldeYly,beingsomewhatoveYweightisoftenan_4_ofgoodhealth.【譯文】太瘦也不總是好事。一些研究已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論:正常體重的人實(shí)際上比ー些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。有些肥胖對(duì)健康還有保護(hù)作用。例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比,不易受到鈣質(zhì)缺乏的影響。同樣的,在老年人中,一定程度上超重是身體健康的標(biāo)志。[A]denied否認(rèn)[B]concluded得出結(jié)論[□doubled兩倍,加倍努力[D]ensuYed確保【答案】B【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【攻擊答案】空格所在句意為“一系列的研究已經(jīng),事實(shí)上,正常體重的人患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要高于超重的人’’〇根據(jù)句義,后面的部分實(shí)際上是研究結(jié)論,因此B項(xiàng)concluded符合題意〇[命題思路】本題根據(jù)上下文所給信息判斷?答案，同時(shí)也考查考生對(duì)相近含義的詞匯辨析。[干擾排除】A項(xiàng)denied“否認(rèn)”，與原文意義相反;C項(xiàng)doubled“翻倍”，與題意較遠(yuǎn);D項(xiàng)ensuYed“確保”，不符合題意,因?yàn)檠芯坎荒艽_保后面的事實(shí)，只能得出后面的事實(shí)作為結(jié)論。[A]pYotective防護(hù)的，保護(hù)的[B]dangeYous危險(xiǎn)的[C]sufficient足夠的，充分的[D]tYoublesome麻煩的【答案】A[考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析[直擊答案】空格所在句意為“對(duì)于某些健康情況，超"重事實(shí)上是有"〇根據(jù)前文研究的結(jié)論,下文的舉例說明是對(duì)該句的具體論述。綜上可知,超重能減少罹患疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，說明超重具有一定的保護(hù)作用。[命題思路】本題根據(jù)上下文所給信息判斷?答案,同時(shí)也考查考生對(duì)形容詞的辨析。[干擾排除】句首以And開頭,說明在語義上該句與上一句是并列相關(guān)的，強(qiáng)調(diào)肥胖對(duì)健康的好處。B項(xiàng)dangeYous“危險(xiǎn)的”,與文章意思相反;C項(xiàng)sufficient“充足的”，D項(xiàng)tYoublesome“麻煩的”,不符合題意。[A]Instead代替,反而[B]HoweveY然而,不管怎樣[□Likewise同樣地[D]TheYefoYe因此[答案】C[考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系【直擊答案】第四、五句話舉例說明。“體重較重的女人患缺鈣的比例低于較瘦的女人。,在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身體健康的”。需要填入的是和前半句表示順接的詞語。A項(xiàng)!nstead和B項(xiàng)HoweveY表示逆接的句息關(guān)系，D項(xiàng)TheYefoYe表示因果關(guān)系。只有C項(xiàng)Likewise“同樣地;也,而且”,表示順接關(guān)系，符合題意。[命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語義關(guān)系的理解?！靖蓴_排除】這個(gè)題目的難點(diǎn)在于為什么不能將最后一句理解為跟上文相反的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系呢，比如:然而,在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身體健康的（克星/障礙），但是下文的第四個(gè)空給的備選詞并沒有類似括號(hào)里我們猜測(cè)的消極含義詞匯,所以,所猜想的轉(zhuǎn)折語義關(guān)系也不成立,只能選表示順接關(guān)系的詞匯likewise。[A]indicatoY指標(biāo)[B]objective目標(biāo)[C]oYigin來源[D]eGample實(shí)例;例證【答案】A【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在句怠為“同樣的,一定程度上超重,經(jīng)常是健康的”〇根據(jù)前面的文章內(nèi)容,已經(jīng)明確指出超重代表了健康,因此超重是健康的指標(biāo)。因此正確答案為A項(xiàng)?！久}鬼路】本題考査對(duì)上下文語義的正確把握。【干擾排除】干擾性強(qiáng)的是B項(xiàng),有考生會(huì)將其理解為“客觀物質(zhì)”,但原文結(jié)構(gòu)中此處需要一個(gè)名詞,objective“客觀的”是形容詞,objective作名詞時(shí)息為“目標(biāo)”,另有考生被形近詞objection“反對(duì)”干擾。OfevengYeateY_5_isthefactthatobesitytuYnsouttobeveYydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined_6_bodymassindeG,oYBMI.BMI_7_bodymassdividedbythesquaYeofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideYedtobenoYmalweight.Between25and30isoveYweight.AndoveY30isconsideYedobese.Obesity,_8_,canbedividedintomodeYatelyobese,seveYelyobese,andveYyseveYelyobese.【譯文】需要更加關(guān)注是,很難對(duì)肥胖加以定義。肥胖經(jīng)常根據(jù)身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)來定義,或叫做BMI,它等于身體重量除以身髙平方。正常成年人的是BMI值應(yīng)該在18―25之間。25—30的話視為超重。30以上視為肥胖。肥胖依次能夠分為中度肥胖、重度肥胖和極度肥胖。impact影響,效果Yelevance相關(guān)性[□assistance輔助[D]conceYn關(guān)系,關(guān)心[答案】D【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“需要更加是,很難對(duì)肥胖加以定義’‘。前文已經(jīng)說到肥胖事實(shí)上有利健康,但是又面臨ー個(gè)問題,到底如何去定義肥胖，因此需?要更加關(guān)注的是對(duì)肥胖的定義,其他選項(xiàng)均不符合題息,所以正確答案為D項(xiàng)。[命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語義的正確把握。【干擾排除】A項(xiàng)impact"影響，效果"，B項(xiàng)Yelevance"4B"^tt”,C項(xiàng)assistance“輔助”此處空格前有evengYeateY來修飾，將這幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的名詞含義代入檢測(cè),都與上文沒有必要的相關(guān)性,所以都不可作為答案。6.inteYmsof依據(jù)，根據(jù)incaseof萬一，假設(shè)infavoYof有利于,支持inYespectof關(guān)于,涉及【答案】A【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【攻擊答案】空格所在句意為“肥胖經(jīng)常體質(zhì)指數(shù),或稱為BMI來定義”。下文根據(jù)BMI指數(shù)的不同對(duì)肥胖進(jìn)行了分級(jí)。由此可知，BMI是一種根據(jù)。A項(xiàng)inteYmsof意為“根據(jù),就而言",符合句息，為正確答案。在醫(yī)學(xué)研究和臨床測(cè)試中經(jīng)常使用BMI作為衡量受試者健康的重要指標(biāo),希望考生能夠記住這一背景知識(shí)，方便日后做題。【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句息的理解,并考査常見詞組的辨析。[干擾排除】B項(xiàng)incaseof“萬一,假設(shè)“，C項(xiàng)infavoYof”贊成,以 來取代”，D項(xiàng)inYespectof“關(guān)于”。將此三?項(xiàng)代入文中,均不苻合題意。這些短語的考查頻率非常高，有些已經(jīng)成為真題中常見的干擾項(xiàng)，同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)要加強(qiáng)記憶。[A]measuYes測(cè)量[B]deteYmines決定[C]equals等同于[D]modifies修改[答案】C【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“BMI體重除以身高的平方”〇此處用文字?jǐn)⑹隽薆MI指數(shù)得出的方法,也就是ー個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)公式,所以equals符合題意?！久}思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解,并考査動(dòng)詞辨析。[干擾排除】A項(xiàng)是強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，有考生看到空格后面是ー些計(jì)算BMI的方法,可能在不太清楚句意的時(shí)候會(huì)聯(lián)想到“測(cè)量”的概念，實(shí)際上這里需要選擇“所指，等同于”的概念。inessence本質(zhì)上incontYast相反intuYn輪流,依次inpaYt部分地【答案】C【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在句怠為〃肥胖 能夠分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和極度肥胖”。根據(jù)語境,本句是將肥胖依次分級(jí),分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng),A項(xiàng)inessence“事實(shí)上,本質(zhì)上“，B項(xiàng)incontYast“相反地’'，C項(xiàng)intuYn“依次’'，D項(xiàng)inpaYt“部分地"，C項(xiàng)符合題息?！久}思路】本題考査對(duì)句意的理解,并考查相似介詞短語辨析?！靖蓴_排除】此處需要一個(gè)插入語來順成上下文的關(guān)系,由于下文也沒有揭示肥胖構(gòu)成的事實(shí),所以A項(xiàng)不成立。上下文不存在對(duì)文關(guān)系，所以不能選B項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)不符合語義。WhilesuchnumeYicalstandaYdsseem_9_,theyaYenot.ObesityispYobablylessamatteYofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIaYeinfacteGtYemelyfit,_10_otheYswithalowBMImaybeinpooY__11_.FoYeGample,manycollegiateandpYofessionalfootballplayeYs_12_asobese,thoughtheiYpeYcentagebodyfatislow.ConveYsely,someonewithasmal1fYamemayhavehighbodyfatbuta_13_BMI.【譯文】雖然這些數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起來直截了當(dāng),實(shí)際卻不是這樣。肥胖相比體重而言,更強(qiáng)調(diào)脂肪含量。有些人BMI值很髙,但是身材卻相當(dāng)好,有些人BMI值雖然低,但是體型卻很差。例如,有些職業(yè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員被認(rèn)為很胖,但是身體脂肪量卻很低。相反,ー些小個(gè)頭的胖子BMI值卻正常。[A]complicated復(fù)雜的,難懂的[B]conseYvative保守的[C]vaYiable可變的,易變的[D]stYaightfoYwaYd簡(jiǎn)單的,直接的【答案】D[考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“相比之下,這樣的數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起來,實(shí)際上不是的”〇這里的數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指肥胖指數(shù)，且下文也講述了BM!指數(shù)的高低弁不與身材的好壞成正比，只是這些數(shù)字看起來好像能反映與身材之間的關(guān)系而已。D項(xiàng)stYaightfoYwaYd“直截了當(dāng)?shù)摹?，符合題意，因此為正確答案。【命題思路】本題考査對(duì)上下文語義的理解,并考査形容詞辨析。[干擾排除】肥胖指數(shù)分為三?類，而且算法比較簡(jiǎn)單，所以A項(xiàng)complicated“復(fù)雜的”不正確。B項(xiàng)conseYvative“保守的”，用于描述ー種數(shù)學(xué)公式,不恰當(dāng)。一名患者或一名受試者的BMI一般是確定的，因此C項(xiàng)vaYiable“可變的”也不符合題意。[A]so所以[B]while然而[C]since既然,自從[D]unless除非[答案】B[考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“一些人有很高的BMI,實(shí)際上身材正好，其他人有較低的BMI指數(shù)，可能 “。從前半句?可看出，有些人的BMI指數(shù)很高,應(yīng)該屬于體重肥胖的人,事實(shí)上身材正好,這里說明的是反常的現(xiàn)象,后半句是其他人的BMI指數(shù)較低,而較差。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有while有轉(zhuǎn)折的含義,其他選項(xiàng)均不苻合題意，所以正確答案為B項(xiàng)。[命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語義關(guān)系的正確把握。[干擾排除】A項(xiàng)表示因果關(guān)系，C項(xiàng)表示原因或讓步關(guān)系,D項(xiàng)表示讓步關(guān)系，都不能體現(xiàn)上下文之間的對(duì)立關(guān)系，非正確答案。[A]shape形狀,身材[B]spiYit精神，心靈[C]balance平衡，勻稱[D]taste味道,品味【答案】A【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析[直擊答案】本句可簡(jiǎn)化為:Some…aYefit,whileotheYs…maybeinpooY.從中可看出前后意義相反,且fit（體型健康的）與inpooY對(duì)應(yīng),與之最相關(guān)是A項(xiàng)shape“外形’',故為正確答案。[命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的正確把握?！靖蓴_排除】根據(jù)上面分析，只要看出前后兩句之間明顯的對(duì)立且對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，將其他干擾答案項(xiàng)代入,“精神”ヽ“均衡”ヽ“品味”都與原文相差較遠(yuǎn),可以排除。[A]staYt開始,啟動(dòng)[B]qualify使有資格,被認(rèn)為[C]YetiYe退休[D]stay停留,堅(jiān)持【答案】B[考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】本旬順應(yīng)前文意義:有一些人體型很好,有些人體型肥胖。接著舉例說有些專業(yè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員 是肥胖的,然而他們的身體脂肪量卻很低。B項(xiàng)qualify“被認(rèn)為’’符合句意,正確。[命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文句意的正確把握?！靖蓴_排除】將A、C、D項(xiàng)代入文中,“開始’‘、“退休’’和“停留'’不符合旬意。[A]stYange奇怪的[B]changeable可改變的[C]noYmal正常的[D]constant不變的,恒定的[答案】C[考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】干擾排除本旬不難理解,因?yàn)榫涫子衏onveYsely與上文構(gòu)成語義對(duì)立,講有些人個(gè)頭小，脂肪量過髙,但是BMI卻〇所需詞匯明顯是積極方向的,C項(xiàng)“正常的”,為正確答案?！久}思路】本題考?查對(duì)上下文句意的正確把握。[干擾排除】根據(jù)句意,排除A、B項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)屬于比較中性的詞，且不符合句意。Todaywehavea(an) 14 tolabelobesityasadisgYace.TheoveYweightaYesometimes 15 inthemediawiththeiYfacescoveYed.SteYeotypes 16 withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwi1IpoweY,andloweYpYospectsfoYsuccess.TeacheYs,employeYs,andhealthpYofessionalshavebeenshowntohaYboYbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veYyyoungchiIdYentendtolookdownontheoveYweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenapYobleminschools.【譯文】今天我們都有向肥胖貼歧視標(biāo)簽的趨勢(shì)。媒體中呈現(xiàn)肥胖者時(shí)通常把他們的臉蓋起來。與肥胖聯(lián)系起來的原型總是包括懶惰,缺乏意志力,對(duì)成功的期望值不高。教師,雇員和健康工作者都是對(duì)肥胖抱有偏見。甚至小孩子也看不起肥胖的者,在學(xué)校嘲笑身材體型不好的同學(xué)一直是ー個(gè)存在的問題。[A]option選擇（權(quán)）[B]Yeason原因[C]oppoYtunity機(jī)會(huì)[D]tendency趨勢(shì)【答案】D【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析【直擊答案】空格所在的后半句:tolabelobesityasdisgYace（給肥胖貼上丟人的標(biāo)簽）,作為空格處的后置定語。下文也在講述媒體、老師、雇員、優(yōu)康工作者和孩子們都傾向于鄙視肥胖癥的。D項(xiàng)符合句意?！久}思路】本題考査對(duì)上下文信息的理解?！靖蓴_排除】將A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng),“選擇（權(quán)）’し“理由’,、“機(jī)會(huì)”代入空格處,均與文意不符。[A]employed雇傭[B]pictuYed描繪[C]imitated模仿[D]monitoYed監(jiān)控[答案】B【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析[直擊答案】上句提到了我們都傾向于給肥胖貼上岐視的標(biāo)簽,空格所在句提到了媒體,媒體中將肥胖者的面部成像都進(jìn)行了面部隱藏處理。根據(jù)語境,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,跟媒體相關(guān)的詞匯只有C項(xiàng)pictuYe“刻畫，描寫，描述”,因此為正確答案?！久}思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查動(dòng)詞辨析?！靖蓴_排除】此處所提供的選項(xiàng)都是過去分詞作theoveYweight的后置定語，A項(xiàng)代入后可理解為“被媒體雇傭的肥胖者”,但是后面的介詞應(yīng)該用byoC、D兩項(xiàng)代入后語義與全文不符。[A]computed計(jì)算[B]combined聯(lián)合[C]settled固定[D]associated聯(lián)系[答案】D[考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析[直擊答案】空格所在句意為“肥胖會(huì)與原型 包括懶惰、缺乏意志力和對(duì)成功的期望值不髙”?？崭窈竺嫣岬降膽卸琛⑷狈σ庵玖蛯?duì)?成功的期望值不髙都是與肥胖進(jìn)行的人為關(guān)聯(lián),分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng),D項(xiàng)associated“聯(lián)系'',符合句意?！久}思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解,并考查動(dòng)詞辨析。[干擾排除】首先在結(jié)構(gòu)上能與with構(gòu)成搭配四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。但是A項(xiàng)因?yàn)榕c原文語義差別較大,可首先排除。B項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“聯(lián)合”,與原文的“聯(lián)系”有細(xì)微的差別,語義上不能說“原型與某些品質(zhì)聯(lián)合‘‘〇17.[A]Even甚至[B]Still仍然[C]Yet然而[D]Only僅僅[答案】A[考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“是 小孩子蔑視超重，而且對(duì)身材的嘲笑一直是學(xué)校的ー個(gè)問題”?？崭袢鄙侃`個(gè)副詞,構(gòu)成與上文的聯(lián)系。上文講到了大人們都在岐視肥胖（敎師、雇員、健康工作者）。根據(jù)語境，此處應(yīng)該填入表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞匯,分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng),只有A項(xiàng)Even“即使”苻合題怠。【命題思路】本題考查上下文的語義關(guān)系。[干擾排除】B項(xiàng)Still表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系時(shí)其后一般要加逗號(hào)。C項(xiàng)Yet用表示上下文的對(duì)?立關(guān)系中。D項(xiàng)Only引導(dǎo)條件關(guān)系，與原文語義不符。NegativeattitudestowaYdobesity,18_inhealthconceYns,havestimulate