2022年在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試真題卷82測(cè)

2022年在職攻讀碩士聯(lián)考考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時(shí)間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號(hào):題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題(共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個(gè)最符合題意).HomepricessiidinNovember,raisingquestionsaboutwhetherthehousingrecoveryisrobustenoughtomaintainasustainedturnaround.FromOctobertoNovember,homepricesfelI0.2%after(1)0.1%inOctober,accordingtoareportTuesdaybyStandard&Poor’s/0ase-ShiIler’shomepriceindex.(2)fiveofthe20metroareas(3)bytheindexsawpriceincreasesforthemonth.Ona(n)(4)basis,priceswere5.3%lowerinNovemberthaninNovember2008.Priceswerethesameasinlate2003."Whatwe’veseen(5)thepastcoupIeofmonthsisthatthepaceof(6)hasfallendown,"saysMaureenMaitlandofStandard&Poor’s."Somemarketshave(7)Isthatbecausewehaven’t(8)theforecIosure(回贖權(quán)的取消)eyeIeBecauseofunempIoymentWe’renotseeingthe(9)wewereseeinginthelastsummermonths."Metroareasthathaveseenaretreatinhomeprices(10)Seattle,Charlotte,LasVegasandTampa.AlIfour(11)gainstheymadeinrecentmonths(12). (13) ,forthe20-metroindex,theannualrateofdecIineisimproving.That(14),withotherrecenthousingreportsthatshowprices(15)oraccelerating,couldpointto(16)thehousingmarketisstartingto(17)itsfooting,someeconomistssay.Existinghomesalepriceswere$178300inDecember,whichis1.5%higherthanDecember2008,accordingtoareportthisweekbytheNationaIAssociationofRealtors.Thatwasthefirstyear-over-year(18)inmedianpricesinceAugust2007."Themost(19)thingwecansayisnotonlythemarketisstabiIizing,butwe’veseenthathousingdemandisstrong,"saysBernardBaumohI,withtheEconomicOutIookGroup."Housingprobablywi11continuetocIimbupwardsthroughthesummer,(20)itcouldsiipalittleasthetaxcreditexpires.\()A.ThenB.ThusOnIySo2.Manywillknowthattheword"；muscle"；comesfromtheLatinfor"；mouse"；(ripplingundertheskin,sotospeak).Butwhatabout"；chagrin"；,derivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleather,orscalysharkskin.Or"；lens"；whichcomesfromtheLatin"；lentil"；or"；window"meaning"eyeofwind"；inoldNorseLookedatclosely,thelanguagecomesapartinimages,likethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables.NotthatHenryHitchings&rsquo；sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowords,absorbingthem,forgettingwheretheycamefrom,andmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexotics,crossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage&rsquo；sownborders,aboutupwardanddownwardmobility,aboutwordslosingtheirroots,turningupinnewsurroundings,orlyinginwait,like"；duvet"；whichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnson,fortheirmoment.Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesof"saffron"；,"crimson"and"；sugar"；speakofEngland&rsquo；smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehaveftquot；cheque"；and"；tariff"；fromthissourcetoo,plus"；arithmetic"；and"；algorithm"；-justaswehave"；etch"；and"sketch"；fromtheDutch,musicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystage,thebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemove,aboutinvasion,refugees,immigrants,traders,colonistsandexplorers.Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook&rsquo；ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrike,though.Thereisafeeling,occasionally,ofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusages,orofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesake,afterall,ofnotmuchmorethana"；gong"；ora"；moccasin"；.Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor&rsquo；szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-"；carp"；and"；zest"；included.Whateverishybrid,fluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim.EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaise,butoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeign"；corruption"；.Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveits"；manly"；pre-Normanorigins,eventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines："；wheel-saddle"；forbicycle,"；painlore"；forpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It&rsquo；s"；Globish"；now,thelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsit,acausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionally,butalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot.WhatisthetrendintheEnglishlanguagethatthisbookemphasizes?A.TheEnglishlanguageisbecomingassimilatedwithotherlanguagesB.DifferencesbetweenlanguagesaremoreandmoreobviousTheEnglishlanguageisalwaysabsorbingwordsfromotherlanguagesandturningthemintoitsownTheEnglishlanguageisgraduallylosingitslinguisticvitalityWithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincash,itraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydepIoyingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchanneIJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009,it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008,saysJosephLaVorgna,chiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeakIeveIandofficia11ystarttoexpanduntiIthesecondquarterof2011.(LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincIudesphysicaIequipmentandsoftware,butnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproduct,one-thirdthesizeofcapitaIsending’scontributiontoGDP,hesays.)"Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspending,andeventua11ythatwi11resultinhiring,"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88bi11ionbeIowpeak,hesaysempIoyment"shouIdbefartheraIongthanitis."Companiesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarkets,whichrequireshiringnewworkers,saysJohnChailenger,chiefexecutiveofficerofChailonger,Gray&Christmas,anempIoymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118,209newemployeesthroughAugust,accordingtodataco11ectedbythefirm.Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigfifcalculated,chances,includingambitiouscapitaIprojects,hiringnewworkers,andexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment,accordingtogrowth-orientedmutuaIfundmanagerscontactedbyB.Ifthere’sacommondenominator,it’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemand,whetherduetonewtrendsintechnoIogyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.OthernamescamefromaIistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuIy2010compiIedbyChailenger,Gray&Christmas."Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygen,nitrogen,orhydrogentoourcustomers,"saysJamesSawyer,Praxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothem,whichensurewewi11getagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestment,regardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing."SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohaveIivedthroughafewbusinesseyeIesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospend,saysAramGreen,managerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmalICapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infact,it’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’\JohnChailongersuggeststhat().A.alIcompaniesarethinkingofexpandingcapitalspendingB.empIoymentwiIIleadtotheincreaseofcapitalspendingC.somecompaniesarereadytohirenewworkersforthenewmarketD.capitalspendingwi11putcompaniesinadangeroussituationAlmosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman&rsquo；snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto&rsquo；conquerspace&rsquo；andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.(41)(42)Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinreality,alltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressus,theirspectators,withamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"；mightisright"；.(43)Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth&rsquo；sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcerned,thepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearch,wecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomes,itisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.(44)Forthefirsttimeinhishistory,manhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansuffering,yethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.(45)Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright；theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan&rsquo；tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.42()Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.B.Poverty,hunger,diseaseandwarareman&rsquo；sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.Ontheotherhand,peoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-how,acquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbit,willbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacar,wewouldconsiderhimmad.5.HomepricessiidinNovember,raisingquestionsaboutwhetherthehousingrecoveryisrobustenoughtomaintainasustainedturnaround.FromOctobertoNovember,homepricesfelI0.2%after(1)0.1%inOctober,accordingtoareportTuesdaybyStandard&Poor’s/Case-ShiIler’shomepriceindex.(2)fiveofthe20metroareas(3)bytheindexsawpriceincreasesforthemonth.Ona(n)(4)basis,priceswere5.3%lowerinNovemberthaninNovember2008.Priceswerethesameasinlate2003."Whatwe’veseen(5)thepastcoupIeofmonthsisthatthepaceof(6)hasfaIlendown,"saysMaureenMaitlandofStandard&Poor’s."Somemarketshave(7)Isthatbecausewehaven’t(8)theforeclosure(回贖權(quán)的取消)eyeIeBecauseofunempIoymentWe’renotseeingthe(9)wewereseeinginthelastsummermonths."Metroareasthathaveseenaretreatinhomeprices(10)SeattIe,Charlotte,LasVegasand*Tampa.AlIfour(11)gainstheymadeinrecentmonths(12). (13) ,forthe20-metroindex,theannualrateofdecIineisimproving.That(14),withotherrecenthousingreportsthatshowprices(15)oraccelerating,couldpointto(16)thehousingmarketisstartingto(17)itsfooting,someeconomistssay.Existinghomesalepriceswere$178300inDecember,whichis1.5%higherthanDecember2008,accordingtoareportthisweekbytheNationaIAssociationofRealtors.Thatwasthefirstyear-over-year(18)inmedianpricesinceAugust2007."Themost(19)thingwecansayisnotonlythemarketisstabiIizing,butwe’veseenthathousingdemandisstrong,"saysBernardBaumohI,withtheEconomicOutIookGroup."Housingprobablywi11continuetocIimbupwardsthroughthesummer,(20)itcouldslipalittleasthetaxcreditexpires.\3()documentedretracedincreasedtracked6.Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman&rsquo；snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto&rsquo；conquerspace&rsquo；andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.(41)(42)Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinreality,alltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressus,theirspectators,withamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"；mightisright"；.(43)Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth&rsquo；sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcerned,thepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearch,wecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomes,itisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar.(44)Forthefirsttimeinhishistory,manhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansuffering,yethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits.(45)Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright；theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan&rsquo；tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself.43()Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears.Poverty,hunger,diseaseandwarareman&rsquo；sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace.Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe.Ontheotherhand,peoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular.Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-how,acquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbit,willbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth.Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacar,wewouldconsiderhimmad.7.RememberthedayswhencompaniessuchasMicrosoftandMc-Kinseytookimmensesatisfactionfromsubjectingjobcandidatestomind-crunchingstrategysessionsIfyouthoughtthatwasrough,imagineaninterviewinwhichnoamountofresearchorquestioningofinsiderswi11help.ImagineinsteadthatalIyoucandoishaveaheaIthybreakfast,pickoutyournicestsuit,andhopeforthebest.Inthenewinterview,they’renotjusttestingwhatyouknow.They’realsotestingwhoyouare.It’scalledthesituationaIinterview,andit’squicklybecomingamustinthejob-seekingworld.Inthepost-EnroncuItureofcaution,corporationsarefocusingonanobviousinsight:thatagoId-pIatedresumeandwinningpersonalityareaboutasaccurateindeterminingjobperformanceasWalIStreetanalystsareinpickingstocks.Now,withshareholderscrutiny,hiringslowdowns,andexpense-reducing,nomanagercanaffordtohirethewrongperson.Hundredsofcompaniesareswitchingtothenewmethods.WhereastheconventionaIinterviewhasbeenfoundtobeonly7%accurateinpredictingjobperformance,situationalinterviewsdeliveraratingof54%—themostofanyinterviewingtooI.Thesituationaltechnique’ssuperioritystemsfromitsabiIitytotripupeventhewittiestofinterviewees.Ofcourse,everyapplicantmustdisplayahealthydoseofoccupationaIknow-how,butbehaviorandethicalbackboneplayabigrole.Forexample,aprospectiveanaIystataWalIStreetbankmighthavetoface,say,acustomerwithanaccountargument.It’snothappeningonpaper,butinrealtime—withmanagersandexpertswatchingnearby.Theinterviewerplaystheroleofafiercecustomeronthephone,angryaboutmoneylostwhenatradewasn’texecutedontime.It’ssetupasanobviousmistakeonthebanker’spart.Interviewerswatchthecandidates’reactions:howtheyprocessthecompIexaccountinformation,theirabilitytotalkthecIientdown,whattheirbodyIanguagedisplaysabouttheirownshortcomings,andwhichwordstheychoose.Inthisinstance,notbeinghonestaboutthemistakeorshowingangerorfrustration—nomatterhowglowingyourresume—meansyou’reout.Behavioralinterviewsarealsobeingroundedoutbyothertoolsthat,untiIrecently,hadbeenreservedforelitehires.PersonaIity-testingoutfitCaliper,forexampIe,whichprobescandidatesforemotionaI-inteIIigenceskillsandjobabiIity,hasseenitsbusinessjump20%thisyear.Clearly,thenewinterviewisn’twithoutitsdrawbacks.CompaniesruntheriskofarousinghostiIityincandidates,whomayfeelasifsomeIinehasbeencrossedintopersonalterritory.Moreover,sortiecompaniesworryaboutthefairnessofpersonalitytests.Theyhavetomakesuretherearenoinherentgenderorracialbiasesinthetest.Inthesituationalinterview,job-seekershaveto().bedressedupintheheightoffashionbeexaminedinprofessionalexperiencesdemonstratetheirpersonalitiesandknowIedgeD.presenteIegantIywrittenandpolishedresumesTobeagoodfriend,youhavetogiveofyourself,nonethelessnotsomuchthatyouloseyourself.Thisisaprettypredictablerecipeforhappiness.Givingtoothers&mdash；areliablewayoffosteringfriendships&mdash；makesushappierthantakingthingsforourselves.InthelightofresearchledbyDr.ElizabethDunnattheUniversityofBritishColumbia,moneycanpurchasehappiness...ontheprerequisitethatyouutilizeitonotherpeople.Researchersadministeredthreestudiesconsecutively.First,theysurveyedmorethan600Americansandfoundthatspendingmoneyongiftsandcharitiesledtogreaterhappinessthanspendingmoneyononeself.Subsequentlytheyprobedintoworkerswhohadjustreceivedbonusesandobservedthattheirhappinessdidnothingeonthesizeoftheirbonusbutonthedecisiontheymadeaboutwhattodowithwhateveramountofmoneytheyreceived.Thosewhospentmoreoftheirbonusonotherswerehappierthanthosewhospentthemoneyonthemselves.Finally,theresearcherssimplydistributedmoneytoagoodmanysubjects,instructingsometospendthemoneyonthemselvesandotherstospendthemoneyonothers.Attheendoftheday,theoneswhospentmoneyonotherswereagooddealhappier.Asaconsequence,havingfriendsandtreatingthemgenerouslyisclearlyawinningstrategyinlife.ButwhataboutinbusinesslfyouwatchevenasingleepisodeofanyrealityTVshowbasedonacompetition,suchasTheApprentice,you&rsquo；11hearasinglephrasecropupmoreoftenthananyother："；I&rsquo；mnotheretomakefriends!"；IsthattrueArewebetteroffbeingcutthroatthancollaborativeOnceyou&rsquo；reonthejob,havingabestfriendatworkisastrongpredictorofensuingsuccess.Peoplemightdefine"；best"；loosely(thinkofthisaskindergartenwhereyoucanhavemorethanone"；best"；friend),butaccordingtoaGallupOrganizationstudyofmorethan5millionworkersover35,56%ofthepeoplewhosaytheyhaveabestfriendatworkareengaged,productive,andsuccessfulwhileonly8%oftheoneswhodon&rsquo；tare.Anotherremarkablestudy,spanningdecades,revealedthatfriendshipsinhighschoolwereaneffectivepredictorofincreasedwagesinadulthood&mdash；tothetuneof2%perpersonwhoconsideredyouaclosefriend.Toputitotherwise,ifinhighschoolthreepeopleregardedyouasoneoftheirclosestsame-sexfriends,yourearningsinadulthoodworkwouldbe6%higher.Thehappytruthisthatthecompetitorswhosaythey&rsquo；renotheretomakefriendsdon&rsquo；twineventually.That&rsquo；strueforrealityTV,forbusiness,andforlifeaswell.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthethreeconsecutivestudies1?()A.Moneydoesn&rsquo；tmatterwhenitcomestocultivatingfriendship.B.Thesizeofone&rsquo；sbonusmakesnodifferencetotheoneconcerned.C.Givingmoneytostrangerscanbringushappiness.D.Moneyspentonotherscanbringusmuchhappiness.WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8tri11ionincash,itraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchanneIJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009,it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008,saysJosephLaVorgna,chiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeakIeveIandofficiallystarttoexpanduntiIthesecondquarterof2011.(LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincIudesphysicalequipmentandsoftware,butnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproduct,one-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDP,hesays.)"ThetrendandmomentumhavedefiniteIyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspending,andeventua11ythatwi11resultinhiring,"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88bi11ionbeIowpeak,hesaysempIoyment"shouIdbefartheraIongthanitis."Companiesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarkets,whichrequireshiringnewworkers,saysJohnChailenger,chiefexecutiveofficerofChailenger,Gray&Christmas,anempIoymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118,209newempIoyeesthroughAugust,accordingtodataco11ectedbythefirm.Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbig,ifcalculated,chances,includingambitiouscapitaIprojects,hiringnewworkers,andexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment,accordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyB.Ifthere’sacommondenominator,it’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemand,whetherduetonewtrendsintechnoIogyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.OthernamescamefromaIistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuIy2010compiIedbyChailengervGray&Ghristmas."Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygen,nitrogen,orhydrogentoourcustomers,"saysJamesSawyer,Praxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothem,whichensurewewi11getagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestment,regardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing."SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohaveIivedthroughafewbusinesseyeIesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospend,saysAramGreen,managerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmalICapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infact,it’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’\ThephraseM