考研考博-英語-云南城市建設(shè)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南城市建設(shè)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.問答題

Ashumankindmovesintothethird(A)millennium,itcan(B)rightfullyclaimtohavebrokennewgroundin(C)theirage-old(D)questtomastertheenvironment.

【答案】C;“their”改為“its”。

【解析】考查代詞。句意：隨著人類進(jìn)入第三個千年，人類可以正當(dāng)?shù)芈暦Q其在自古以來對環(huán)境的掌控中開辟了新的道路。It代指上文的“humankind”表示人類，為單數(shù)形式，所以下文也應(yīng)該用相應(yīng)的單數(shù)形式“its”。故將C項的“their”改為“its”。

2.翻譯題

AsanadultIoncedidthesamethingtoSophia,callinghergarbageinEnglishwhensheactedextremelydisrespectfullytowardme.WhenImentionedthatIhaddonethisatadinnerparty,Iwasimmediatelyostracized(excluded).OneguestnamedMarcygotsoupsetshebrokedownintearsandhadtoleaveearly.MyfriendSusan,thehost,triedtorehabilitatemewiththeremainingguests.

ThefactisthatChineseparentscandothingsthatwouldseemunimaginable—evenlegallyactionable(可起訴的)—toWesterners.Chinesemotherscansaytotheirdaughters,“Heyfatty—losesomeweight.”Bycontrast,Westernparentshavetotiptoearoundtheissue,talkingintermsof“health”andneverevermentioningthef-word,andtheirkidsstillendupintherapyforeatingdisorders(進(jìn)食障礙)andnegativeself-image.(IalsoonceheardaWesternfathertoasthisadultdaughterbycallingher“beautifulandincrediblycompetent”.Shelatertoldmethatmadeherfeellikegarbage.)

ChineseparentscanordertheirkidstogetstraightAs.Westernparentscanonlyasktheirkidstotrytheirbest.Chineseparentscansay,“You’relazy.Allyourclassmatesaregettingaheadofyou.”Bycontrast,Westernparentshavetostrugglewiththeirownconflictedfeelingsaboutachievement,andtrytopersuadethemselvesthatthey’renotdisappointedabouthowtheirkidsturnedout.

I’vethoughtlongandhardabouthowChineseparentscangetawaywithwhattheydo.IthinktherearethreebigdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternparentalmind-sets(心態(tài)，思維定式，思維取向).

【答案】【參考譯文】

作為一個成年人，我曾對索菲亞做過同樣的事。當(dāng)她的行為舉止對我極其不敬時，我大聲用英語呵斥她是垃圾。有一次參加晚宴，我無意中提及到這件事，沒想到立刻被在場的客人排斥了。一位叫瑪西的客人竟然難過得哭了起來，不得不提前離開宴會。而我的朋友蘇珊，也就是舉辦晚宴的主人，試圖在留下的客人面前為我打圓場。

事實上，中國父母可以做出一些在西方父母眼里無法想象的事情，甚至可以因為這些事被起訴。例如，中國的媽媽可以跟女兒說“嘿，胖妹，你該減減肥了！”相反，西方父母們對此話題小心翼翼，從“健康”的角度談?wù)?，絕口不提“肥胖”二字。然后他們的孩子最終還是因為飲食失調(diào)和體型不良接受治療。（我曾聽過一位西方父親在為他成年女兒祝酒時，說他女兒“美麗無比，能力非凡”。他女兒事后告訴我，他父親的話讓她覺得自己像垃圾一樣。）

中國父母會要求自己的孩子必須每科都是優(yōu)，而西方父母只讓孩子盡力而為。中國父母會說：“你這么懶，班上的同學(xué)都超過你了?！毕啾戎?，西方父母不得不在孩子的成績問題上與自己的矛盾情緒作斗爭，并試圖說服自己，他們對孩子的表現(xiàn)并不失望。

我想了很久，中國父母怎么能不受懲罰。我想主要是因為中西方父母在心態(tài)上的三大差異。

3.單選題

Whatcouldbemorefrighteningthanaburstoflightningonasummerafternoon?Theskygoesdark,theairgoescold.Then,outofnowherethereisaburstofblindinglightandadeafeningroar,andtheworldiscompletelycoveredinwater.Nowonderancientmanthoughtthatlightningwastheworkofthegods.

Modernscientistsarestillveryimpressed."It'sthemostscaringandmostspectacularthingIknow,”saysMartinUman,professorofelectricalengineeringattheUniversityofFloridaandauthorofseveralbooksonlightning.

Thebolts（閃電）thatcutthroughtheairarereallychannelsforelectricalenergy.Theymeasureabout2inchesacross.Theirlengthmaybeasshortas70metresoraslongas20kilometres.Theyspeedthroughtheairnearlyhalfthespeedoflight.Thisissofastthatwecannotseethattheboltactuallytravelsfromthegrounduptotheclouds.Inthatshortinstant,theelectricityheatstheairaroundituptofivetimesthetemperatureofthesurfaceofthesun.

Althoughthree-quartersofthebolt’senergyisusedupinheat,enoughremainstodeliverafull125millionvolts（伏特）ofelectricity.Ifithitsatree,theblastinstantlyboilsthesap（樹液）sostronglythatthetreeexplodes.Lightninghassometimesmadehugeholesinthegroundandcuthugerocksintotwo.

Althoughonehundredlightningboltsshaketheeartheverysecond—that's8millionaday—noonehasfoundawaytouseallthiselectricity.

Lightninghasmanydisadvantages.Itstartsmillionsofforestfiresanddestroyspropertyworthmillionsofdollarseveryyear.Itisthemajorreasonforelectricityfailures.Butitsbiggestthreatistohumanlife.Lightningkillsmanypeoplebystoppingtheirheartorbreathingwithitselectrichammer.

1.Whydidearlymanthinklightningcomefromthegods?

2.Inwhatwaydoesthebolttravel?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage（）.

4.Whycan’twemakeuseoflightning?

5.What'sthetemperatureoftheairheatedbylightning?

問題1選項

A.Becausehewasfrightened.

B.Becauseitbroughtlight.

C.Becauseitbroughtwatertotheground.

D.Becauseitburstedsuddenlyinthesky.

問題2選項

A.Inalldirections.

B.Fromtheskytotheground.

C.Fromthegroundtothesky.

D.Acrossthesky.

問題3選項

A.Lightningkillslargenumbersofpeopleeveryyear.

B.Lightningisthecauseofmillionsofforestfires.

C.Lightningcausesmillionsofdollars’worthofdamageeveryyear.

D.Lightninghelpstoproducecertainnitrogencompounds.

問題4選項

A.Becausemostoftheenergyfromlightningisconsumedinheatingtheairaroundit.

B.Becausethedurationoflightningistooshort.

C.Becauseitistoodangeroustostoreitsenergy.

D.Becausewehavenotfoundanyefficientwaytocollectitsenergy.

問題5選項

A.It’sashotasthesurfaceofthesun.

B.It’shotterthanthesurfaceofthesun.

C.It’snotsohotasthesurfaceofthesun.

D.It’ssometimeshotterthanthesurfaceofthesun.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段首句提及“還有什么比夏天下午的閃電更可怕的呢?”接著后面主要描述閃電是如何讓人感到害怕的，最后在第一段末句說到“難怪古人認(rèn)為閃電是神的杰作?！庇纱丝芍?，早期人們認(rèn)為閃電來自于神是由于它讓人感到害怕，所以選項A正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段第五句“Thisissofastthatwecannotseethattheboltactuallytravelsfromthegrounduptotheclouds.這是如此之快，以至于我們無法看到閃電實際上是從地面飛到云層上的?！庇纱丝芍?，選項C正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容“閃電有很多缺點。它每年引發(fā)數(shù)百萬起森林火災(zāi)，毀壞價值數(shù)百萬美元的財產(chǎn)。它還是電力故障的主要原因。但它最大的威脅是人類的生命。閃電通過電錘使人的心臟停止跳動或呼吸停止，許多人因此喪命。”由此可知，選項A、B、C在原文均有提及，只有選項D不是文章中的觀點，所以本題選D。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容“盡管每秒鐘有一百個閃電震動地球，也就是一天八百萬次，但是沒有人找到使用所有這些電能的方法?！币簿褪菦]有有效的辦法收集電能，所以選項D符合原文。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Inthatshortinstant,theelectricityheatstheairaroundituptofivetimesthetemperatureofthesurfaceofthesun.在那一瞬間，電流將周圍的空氣加熱到太陽表面溫度的五倍。”也就是比太陽表面的溫度還要高，所以選項B正確。

4.單選題

AccordingtotheBrandFinanceNationBrandsreport,theUSismorethanthreetimesthatof2ndplacedChina,whosebrandvalue（）at$6.35trillion.

問題1選項

A.goesin

B.comesin

C.adhereto

D.adaptto

【答案】B

【解析】A選項goesin表示“參加，被云遮住，放得進(jìn)”；B選項comesin表示“進(jìn)來，到達(dá)，流行起來”；C選項adhereto表示“堅持，粘附，擁護(hù)，追隨”；D選項adaptto表示“使自己適應(yīng)于”。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，whose引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞China，從句中主語為brandvalue（品牌價值），缺少謂語動詞，由此可判斷只有B選項的含義最符合原文句意。故本題正確答案為B選項。句意：根據(jù)《品牌財經(jīng)國家品牌報告》可知，美國的品牌價值是排在第二的中國的三倍多，中國的品牌價值達(dá)到了6.35萬億美元。

5.翻譯題

修剪樹木可能是為了確保樹木有一個所要求的形狀或大小。

傳統(tǒng)上，電視一直是一種大眾轉(zhuǎn)播傳媒。我們對電視最熟悉，因為它以一種相似的形式存在近50年了。

你可以相信，一個作家付出的努力越大，寫作效果就會越好，得到的回報也就越大。

一個婦女當(dāng)她扮演起多重角色的時候，她會感到更加幸福。

很明顯，在一種體制下，如果每一項決定都只是根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣來做，那么，社會就會很難進(jìn)步。

【答案】Thepurposeofpruningtreesistoensurethatthetreeshaveadesignedshapeorsize.

Traditionally,TVhadbeenakindofpopularbroadcastmedia.Wearemostfamiliarwithtelevision,foritisasimilarformofexistencefornearly50years.

Itisbelievedthatthemoreeffortawritermakesthebettereffecthewouldobtainandthegreaterresultshewillreceive.

Awomanwhoplaysmanyroleswouldfeelhappier.

Obviously,inasystem,ifeverydecisionmakingisbasedontraditionalhabits,thesocietywouldbeverydifficulttodevelop.

6.單選題

Thisisthenursewho（

）tomewhenIwasillinhospital.

問題1選項

A.accompanied

B.attended

C.entertained

D.shielded

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。accompany陪伴，伴隨，通常和介詞“by”搭配；attend出席，照顧，照料，通常和介詞“to”搭配；entertain娛樂，招待，通常和介詞“with”搭配；shield遮蔽，防御，通常和介詞“from”搭配。

句意：這就是我生病住院時照顧我的護(hù)士。只有選項B能和介詞“to”搭配，所以正確。

7.單選題

Althoughhehadbeengivenseveraltraffictickets,thedriver（）thathehadnotbeenresponsibleforasingleaccident.

問題1選項

A.defended

B.acknowledged

C.inferred

D.contended

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。defend辯護(hù)；acknowledged承認(rèn)，確認(rèn)；inferred推測；contended主張，為…競爭。句意：盡管他收到了幾張交通罰單，但司機(jī)辯護(hù)稱他對這幾起交通事故都沒有責(zé)任。由Although可知前后兩句是讓步關(guān)系。雖然該司機(jī)收到幾張罰單，但他辯護(hù)….故A項符合句意。

8.單選題

Millionsoffarmers,drawnbytheofemployment,cameintothecity,whichmadetheproblemsoftransportationandhousingevenmoreserious.

問題1選項

A.prosperity

B.prospect

C.expectation

D.withrespectto

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項prosperityn.繁榮，成功；B選項prospectn.前途，預(yù)期；C選項expectationn.期待，預(yù)期，指望；D選項anticipationn.預(yù)料，希望，預(yù)感。根據(jù)句意可知，數(shù)百萬的農(nóng)民，滿懷找工作的希望涌入城市，使得城市里的交通和住房問題變得更加嚴(yán)重。因此，正確答案為C項。

9.單選題

ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound____inthewoodsoffthehighway.

問題1選項

A.vanished

B.scattered

C.abandoned

D.rejected

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.vanished突然消失；絕跡B.scattered分散

C.abandoned丟棄D.rejected拒絕

【答案】C

【考查點】語義銜接

【解題思路】空格前后語義為“Lee一家丟失的汽車被發(fā)現(xiàn)____在高速公路旁的樹林里?！备鶕?jù)前后語義可知，丟失的汽車被別人遺棄在高速公路旁的樹林里，C選項abandoned“丟棄”符合前后語義銜接。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項不符合原文語義銜接。

【句意】Lee一家丟失的汽車被發(fā)現(xiàn)遺棄在高速公路旁的樹林里。

10.單選題

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofaforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.

1.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin______.

2.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans______.

3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan______.

4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso______.

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare______.

問題1選項

A.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

B.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

C.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

D.theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork

問題2選項

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures

問題3選項

A.fulfildelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

B.interactwithhumanbeingverbally

C.havealittlecommonsense

D.respondindependentlytoachangingworld

問題4選項

A.makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

B.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

C.improvefactoryenvironment

D.cultivatehumancreativity

問題5選項

A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

B.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

C.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

D.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“人類的聰明才智最初是在……”。第一段第一句Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.（自人類有了聰明才智以來，人們設(shè)計出了越來越精巧的工具來應(yīng)付危險、無聊、繁重或純粹是骯臟的工作）可推斷，人類的聰明才智最初是設(shè)計工具來解決困難危險的工作。A項“使用機(jī)器來創(chuàng)作科幻小說”，第一段最后一句Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.（如果科學(xué)家們還沒有實現(xiàn)在機(jī)械上創(chuàng)造科幻小說，那么他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個目標(biāo)了）可以知道，機(jī)器創(chuàng)造小說還沒有實現(xiàn)，所以不選；B項“機(jī)器在制造業(yè)中的廣泛使用”，這屬于人類的聰明才智，但不是最初的，不符合題意所以不選；D項“精英們巧妙地處理危險而無聊的工作”，“精英”一詞沒有在文中提及，所以不選；C項“發(fā)明用于困難和危險工作的工具”符合題意，因此C項正確。

2.【試題解析】語義推測題。題干意思是“第二段第一行的詞語gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A選項“課程、規(guī)劃”，B選項“專家”，C選項“設(shè)備”，D選項“生物”?？吹降诙蔚谝恍衪hemodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（現(xiàn)代世界越來越多地充斥著智能的裝置，我們幾乎注意不到它們的存在，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了大量人類勞動），推斷gizmos是一種節(jié)省人類勞動力的裝置；另外后面描述到了工廠的機(jī)械臂，銀行自助柜臺，列車上的機(jī)器人司機(jī)等為人類節(jié)省了大量的勞動力。因此選項C正確。

3.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“設(shè)計出一個什么機(jī)器人能……現(xiàn)在是超出人類能力范圍？”。第三段最后一句DaveLavery說wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld（我們現(xiàn)在還沒法設(shè)計出能有足夠的常識去應(yīng)付一個動態(tài)世界的機(jī)器人）可知，D項“獨立應(yīng)對變化的世界”正確。A項“完成精細(xì)的任務(wù)，如進(jìn)行腦部手術(shù)”在第二段提到過，人類為了節(jié)省勞動力制造出很多智能設(shè)備，因此此項不選；B項“用言語與人類互動”這一項在文中沒有提到，因此不選；C項“有一點常識”干擾項，人類制造具有足夠常識的機(jī)器人目的是為了應(yīng)對多變的世界，有一點常識不是人類制造該機(jī)器人的目的，所以不選。因此該題D項正確。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“除了節(jié)省勞動力以外，機(jī)器人還可以……”。第三段第二句DaveLavery說whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror（我們知道如何告訴機(jī)器人去處理一個特定的錯誤），以及第五段第二句提到theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.（他們已經(jīng)制造出在可控的工廠環(huán)境中能以不到一毫米的精確度識別機(jī)器面板上的誤差的機(jī)器人），由此可知機(jī)器人除了節(jié)省勞動力以外還可以處理一些錯誤。A項“自己做決定”，第三段第一句提到Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewith…tomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge（但是如果機(jī)器人要達(dá)到節(jié)省人工的下一個階段，它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作，而且還要能夠自己做出至少幾個決定——這些目標(biāo)引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)）可知，讓機(jī)器人自己做決定還只是一個挑戰(zhàn)，并沒有實現(xiàn)，所以此項錯誤；C項“改善工廠環(huán)境”，文中沒有提到機(jī)器人可以改善環(huán)境，所以不選；D項“培養(yǎng)人類創(chuàng)造力”文中也沒提到。因此該題B項正確。

5.【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子來論證機(jī)器人是……”。最后一段第一句提到thehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated（人類大腦中大約1000億個神經(jīng)細(xì)胞比之前想象的更有天賦，人類的感知也比之前想象的更復(fù)雜）可知，機(jī)器人與人類大腦相比，機(jī)器人的智能和感知能力還相差甚遠(yuǎn)，因為人類可以在瞬間識別出猴子的面孔而機(jī)器人做不到。A項“有望復(fù)制人類大腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)”，最后一句提到ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability（地球上最先進(jìn)的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)都無法達(dá)到這種能力）可知機(jī)器人要做到復(fù)制人類大腦還做不到，此項錯誤；B項“能夠立即感知到異常情況”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是來證明人類大腦的感知能力比機(jī)器人更快，因此此項不選；D項“最好在受控環(huán)境中使用”，文中只是提到機(jī)器人可以在可控的環(huán)境中識別出精確的誤差，沒有建議在受控環(huán)境中使用，所以此項不選。故該題C項正確。

11.單選題

（）theirterms,wewouldgobankrupt.

問題1選項

A.Ifweaccept

B.Ifweshouldaccept

C.Ifwehadaccepted

D.Ifwearetoaccept

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣常見的三種形式：與過去事實相反的假設(shè)，從句用“had+過去分詞”，主句用“should（would，could，might）+have+過去分詞”；與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)，從句的謂語動詞用過去式，系動詞用were，主句的謂語用“should+動詞原形”；與將來事實相反的假設(shè)，從句的謂語動詞用“should（wereto）+動詞原形”，主句用“should+動詞原形”。句意：假如我們接受他們的條件的話，我們就會破產(chǎn)。表示的是與將來事實相反的假設(shè)，因此B選項正確。

12.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese

ThereisonelastquestionImustdealwithinthischapter.Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral?Anotherwayofputtingtheproblemisasfollows:Isthereanyclearfoundationorbasisformorality—cananyreasonsbefoundforhumanbeingstobegoodanddorightactsratherthanbebadanddowrongacts?

Alloftheargumentsputfortharecompellingandvalidtosomeextent,providedthatfreequestioningofthemoralprescriptionsthattheyhaveestablishedorthattheysupportisallowedandencouraged.Ihavealreadypointedoutsomeofthedifficultiesassociatedwithestablishingareligiousbasisformorality,butproblemsexistwiththeothertwoargumentsaswell.（1）

Theself-interestargumentcanbeaproblemwhenotherinterestsconflictwithit:oftenitisdifficulttoconvincesomeonewhoseesobviousbenefitsinactingimmorallyinaparticularsituationthatitisinhisorherself-interesttodootherwise.Moralityestablishedbytraditionandlawisproblematicbecauseitisdifficultbothtochangeandtoquestionsuccessfully.Thislackofquestioningsometimesencouragesblindobediencetheimmoralpractices.Itencouragesthebeliefthatbecausesomethinghasbeendoneacertainwayforhundredsofyears,itmustberight.

（2）Arethereanyotherreasonswecangiveastowhyhumanbeingsshouldbemoral?Ifweexaminehumannatureasempiricallyandrationallyaswecan,wediscoverthatallhumanbeingshavemanyneeds,desires,goals,andobjectivesincommon.Forexample,peoplegenerallyseemtoneedfriendship,love,happiness,freedom,peace,creativity,andstabilityintheirlives,notonlyforthemselvesbutforothers,too.（3）

Itdoesn’ttakemuchfurtherexaminationtodiscoverthatinordertosatisfytheseneeds,peoplemustestablishandfollowmoralprinciplesthatencouragethemtocooperatewithoneanotherandthatfreethemfromfearthattheywilllosetheirlives,bemutilated,orbestolenfrom,liedto,cheated,severelyrestricted,orimprisoned.

Itismycontention,then,thatmoralityhascomeaboutbecauseofhumanneedsandthrougharecognitionoftheimportanceoflivingtogetherinaco-operativeandsignificantway.Iamnottryingtosuggestthatallhumanbeingscanbeconvincedthattheyshouldbemoral,oreventhatitwillalwaysbeineachindividual’sself-interesttobemoral.Idobelieve,however,thatthequestion“Whyshouldhumanbeingsbemoral”generallycanbestbeansweredbythestatementthatadheringtomoralprinciplesenableshumanbeingstolivetheirlivesaspeacefully,happily,creatively,andmeaningfullyasispossible.

Also,asImentionedwhendiscussinglawandmorality,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseintheteachingofethicsinlawschools.Thesametypesofcourseshavebeenestablishedatmedicalschools,andtherehasbeenanincreaseinbioethicsandotherethicscommitteesinhospitalsandvariousbusinesses.Forexample,JamesO’Toolehasbeenconductingvalues-basedleadershipseminarsforCEOsandothermanagersinbusiness.Onemightask.“Doesthismeanthatwearebecomingmoreethical,orthatwewillbe,astheseethicsbegintofilterdowntothegeneralpopulace?”Certainlyitisadmirablethatsomanyevenpoliticians—areinterestedinvaluesandinimprovingtheethicallevelinAmerica.Mymajorconcerniswithhowsuperficialallofthisis,especiallyasitcomesfrompoliticianstryingtogetelected.Idon’tdoubtthatsomeofthesepoliticiansaresincere,butsome-timesIwonderwhosevaluestheywishtoimpose,andalsoIwonderhowmuchtraininganyofthesepeoplehavehadinethics.

（4）Yetregardlessofhowpopular,superficiallyornot,ethicsmaybecome,itcertainlyshouldbethemostimportantaspectofyourlife.Afterall,whatcouldbemoreimportantthanlearninghowtolivemoreethicallyandimprovingthequalityofyourlifeandthelivesofothersaroundyou?AsAlbertEinsteinsaid,“Themostimportanthumanendeavoristhestrivingformoralityinouractions.Ourinnerbalanceandevenourveryexistencedependonit.Onlymoralityinouractionscangivebeautyanddignitytolife.”

（5）Moralitydealsbasicallywithhumansandhowtheyrelatetootherbeings,bothhumanandnonhuman.Itdealswithhowhumanstreatotherbeingssoastopromotemutualwelfare,growth,creativity,andmeaningandtostriveforwhatisgoodoverwhatisbadandwhatisrightoverwhatiswrong.

【答案】1.當(dāng)與他人利益發(fā)生沖突時，利己主義的觀點就會成為一個問題：在某特定情形下，若不按道德行事，某人會明顯受益，因此，往往很難說服此人遵守道德規(guī)范對他或她有益。

2.至于人類為何需要遵守道德規(guī)范，我們還能給出其他的理由嗎？如果我們能夠盡可能地憑借經(jīng)驗或理性審視人性，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)所有人類都有很多相似的需求、欲望、目標(biāo)和目的。

3.不需要進(jìn)一步調(diào)查就能發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類為了滿足這些需求，必須樹立和遵循道德規(guī)范。這會鼓勵他們與他人進(jìn)行合作，幫助他們擺脫可能會喪命、致殘，或者遭他人偷竊、撒謊、欺騙、嚴(yán)重地受限制或囚禁等帶來的恐懼。

4.然而無論倫理是否受歡迎或者膚淺，它可能成為，也一定應(yīng)是你的生活中最重要的一面。畢竟，學(xué)習(xí)如何更符合倫理道德地生活，以及改善你的以及身邊人的生活質(zhì)量，難道還有比這更重要的事嗎？

5.道德主要是關(guān)于人，以及他們與其他人或人類以外其他事物之間的關(guān)系。它涉及人類如何對待其他人或物，從而促進(jìn)共同的福利、發(fā)展、創(chuàng)造力和意義，以及為了好戰(zhàn)勝壞和正義戰(zhàn)勝邪惡而努力。

13.單選題

Theseinstruments,whichbreakupstructuresonlytoexaminethemmorefully,demonstratehowdetailscanbe（）andseparatedfromthewhole.

問題1選項

A.amplified

B.magnified

C.exemplified

D.signified

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。amplify“擴(kuò)大，放大”，多指將聲音或者電流放大；magnify“放大”，多指通過放大鏡等物品將影像擴(kuò)大；exemplify“示例”；signify“表示，意指”。句意：通過將設(shè)備打開而進(jìn)行更詳細(xì)的檢查，這些工具展示了如何將細(xì)節(jié)擴(kuò)大并把它們從整體中區(qū)分開來。選項B符合題意。

14.單選題

Animportantpropertyofscientifictheoryisitsabilityto（）furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.

問題1選項

A.stimulate

B.renovate

C.arouse

D.advocate

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。stimulate刺激，鼓舞；renovate革新，修復(fù)；arouse引起，喚醒；advocate主張，擁護(hù)。句意：科學(xué)理論的一個重要特性是它能夠激發(fā)對特定主題的進(jìn)一步研究和思考。選項A符合句意。

15.單選題

Youmustn'tallowyourworktobecomesloppy,butratheryoushouldtrytoimproveit.

問題1選項

A.falloff

B.comeoff

C.putoff

D.wearoff

【答案】A

【解析】動詞短語辨析。句意:你不應(yīng)該讓你的工作水平下滑，而應(yīng)當(dāng)努力提高。、

falloff:下降，降低。comeoff:舉行，達(dá)到效果。Putoff：推遲，延遲。Wearoff:麿損，逐漸消逝。sloppy:馬虎的，草率的，粗心的。故A與原文相符。

16.單選題

Whowouldhavethoughtwewouldbecomeaplanetof“ologies”？There’sbiology,psychology,herpetology,etymology,andgeologyjusttonameafew.However,one“ology”trulyhelpsustounderstandthemostpartofourplanet,ourenvironment.Ecology(whichisfilledwithecologists)isthestudyofecosystemsandthebeingsandorganismsthatinhabitthoseecosystems.Justthink,inconditionofbees,deerandotherorganisms,youareimportanttoecologists.

Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.Theycanbeassmallasapatchofglassoraslargeastheentirebiosphere.Themanyvarietiesofplantsandanimalsthatexistinourplanetecosystemsareimportanttoourecosystems.Plantsinparticularprovideoxygenandnutrientsallorganismsneedtosurvive.Theseproducershavetheabilitytousethesun’senergytoproducefood(thinkphotosynthesis).Thisiswheretheanimalsandconsumersbecomeimportant.Theanimalsgettheirenergybyeatingtheplantsandotherorganismswithintheecosystem.Withouttheproducersandconsumers,decomposerswouldnothaveajob.Asyoumayhaveguests,decomposers,likebacteria,stepinbrokendown,theorganicmaterialsareabsorbedbythesoilandgasesaresentbackintoouratmosphere.ThewholeprocessisreadytostartagainthroughtheEarth’snaturalcycles.Therehastobeabalanceofproducers,consumers,decomposersinordertoremainabalancedecosystem.

Remember,allorganismsneedmatterandenergytosurvive.Anecosystemisbalancedwhenmatterandenergymoveefficientlythroughthoseecosystems.Justasyourbackpackhasalimitonthenumberofhugetextbooksitcancarryatanygiventime,allecosystemshavealimitonthepopulationstheycanmaintain.Carryingcapacityisthelargestpopulationanecosystemcansupportatanyparticulartime.Thesupportofthispopulationdependsontheamountofresources(matterandenergy)thatareavailableandthemovementofthoseresourceswithinthatecosystem.Ifenergyandmatteraremovingefficientlythroughanecosystem,thenthecurrentpopulationofplantsandanimalshasnotreachedbeyondtheecosystem’scarryingcapacity.Onceresourcesdwindleoranimalpopulationsincreasedramatically,theecosystemmaynotbeabletosupportthosepopulations.Fortunately,naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems:ecologicalresponsestochange,energytransfer,andfoodchainsandfoodwebs.

1.Thepurposeofstartingthearticlewiththeword-ending“ology”(Line1,Paragraph1)is（）.

2.Accordingtothisarticle,theecosystems（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,theword“producers”(Line3,Paragraph2)refersto（）.

4.Wecaninferfromthearticlethatintheecosystemthejobforthe“decomposer”(Lines6,Paragraph2)isto（）.

5.Accordingtothearticle,（）hasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceoftheecosystems.

問題1選項

A.totracetheoriginof“ology”

B.togiveanexampleforthemeaningof“ology”

C.tointroducetheterm“ecology”

D.toillustratetheimportanceofbalancingtheecosystems

問題2選項

A.areindangerofbeingdestroyed

B.areverysmallinsize

C.referonlytotheentirebiosphere

D.varygreatlyinsizeandlocation

問題3選項

A.plants

B.animals

C.ecologists

D.consumers

問題4選項

A.absorbthesun’senergy

B.produceoxygenandnutrients

C.breakdownthedungandtheremainsofdeadorgan

D.eattheplantsandanimals

問題5選項

A.humanbeings

B.theenvironment

C.animalsandplants

D.nature

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)原文可知，作者之所以用后綴“ology”開始文章，目的在于引出本文的主題：生態(tài)學(xué)。選項C正確。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.”生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是大小和位置不同的群體，選項D與原文表述一致。

3.詞義推斷題。結(jié)合上下文及句意可知，“producers”即上句提及的“Plants”。選項A正確。

4.信息推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第三句“分解者，如細(xì)菌，進(jìn)入分解，有機(jī)物質(zhì)被土壤吸收，氣體被送回我們的大氣層。”選項C動物的糞便和殘骸均屬于有機(jī)物，所以正確。

5.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems...”可知選項D正確。

17.單選題

Inthemovieheplaysalovingand（）fathertryingtobringuptwoteenagechildrenonhisown.

問題1選項

A.sensitive

B.senseless

C.sensual

D.sensuous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。sensitive“敏感的”；senseless“愚蠢的，無知的”；sensual“感覺的；肉欲的”；sensuous“感覺上的，感官的”。句意：在電影中他扮演了一個有愛而又敏感的父親，他要獨自一人撫養(yǎng)兩個孩子。選項A符合題意。

18.單選題

Democrituswasfascinatedbythequestionofwhatprincipleunderlaythematerialuniverseanddevelopedasolutionthatrevealedthebrillianceofhisthought.Everymaterialthing,Democritusbelieved,ismadeupofafinitenumberofdiscreteparticles,oratoms,ashecalledthem,whosejoiningtogetherandsubsequentseparationaccountforthecomingtobeofthingsandfortheirpassingaway.Theatomsthemselves,hesaid,areinfiniteinnumberandeternal.Theymove,accordingtoanecessarymotion,inthevoid,whichwewouldcallspace.

MostofthemaintenetsoftheatomismofDemocrituswereastonishinglymodern.First,theatomswereinvisiblysmall.Theywereallofthesamestuff,ornature,buttheycameinamultitudeofdifferentshapesandsizes.Thoughimpermeable(Democritusdidnotknowthatatomscouldbesplit),theyactedupononeanother,aggregatingandclingingtooneanothersoastoproducethegreatvarietyofbodiesthatwesee.Thespaceou