考研考博-英語(yǔ)-新余學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-新余學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Though（）inSanFrancisco,DaveMitchellhadalwayspreferredtorecordtheplainfactsofsmall-townlife.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.raised

B.grown

C.developed

D.cultivated

【答案】A

【解析】考査動(dòng)詞辨析。raised養(yǎng)育；grown増長(zhǎng)；developed培養(yǎng),

發(fā)展；cultivated耕作,

種植。句意：雖然戴夫·米切爾在舊金山長(zhǎng)大，但他更喜歡記錄小鎮(zhèn)生活的平凡生活。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

2.單選題

II.LegalHistory

ThereisalargelyforgottenstorytobetoldofU.S.legalimperialisminChina,despiteChina’slocationfaroutsideofAmerica’sterritorialborders.Thestory’sprotagonistisaratherarcanesoundinglegaldoctrine,extraterritorialjurisdiction.Exclusiveterritorialjurisdictionisoneofthedefiningfeaturesofthesovereigntyofthemodernnation-state.Withlimitedexceptions,itiswhereapersonisthatdetermineswhatlawappliestohimorher.However,whenastateassertsextraterritorialjurisdiction,itclaimstherighttoapplyitslawsbeyondthebordersofitsterritory.

Toanticipatethestory,theextraordinarytreatythatlaidthefoundationforAmericanextraterritorialitywasnegotiatedbyCalebCushing,thefirstAmericanministertoChinaaswellasaMassachusettscongressman,alawyer,andafutureattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStates.CushingwaschargedbyPresidentJohnTylerwiththepre-textualmissionofgoingtoPekingtoinquireaftertheemperor’shealthandtocarryoutthepresident’swishesforhislongevity.BackedbyhisownlittlearmadaaswellasthepresenceoftheU.S.navalforcesinthePacific,CushingpersuadedtheQingEmpiretoenterintoaTreatyofPeace,Amity,andCommercewiththeUnitedStates.ThetreatywassignedonJuly3,1844,inthevillageofWanghiainMacao.Underitsterms,ChinawasobligatedtoallowAmericanstotradefreelyinCantonaswellasinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.Moreover,AmericansobtainedtherightofextraterritorialjurisdictioninChina.From1844until1943,U.S.citizensinChinawereformallysubjectonlytothelawsoftheUnitedStates.Stateddifferently,whenAmericansenteredChina,Americanlawtraveledwiththem,effectivelyattachingtotheirverybodies.

Howdidtherelativelyrecentlyemancipatedworld’sleadinganti-colonialpowerreconcileitsextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinawithChiefJusticeMarshall’sringingstatementin1812,“Thejurisdictionofanationwithinitsterritoryisnecessarilyexclusiveandabsolute…beingaliketheattributeofeverysovereignandincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower”?ItturnsoutthattheforgottencenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinaisastorynotonlyaboutChinaandtheUnitedStatesbutalsoofinternationallaw.Thisessayisthusalsoastoryaboutlaw’soperationtransnationally,andacasestudyofhowlawdynamicallybothconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereignsatbothnationalandinternationallevels.

1.Whichoneofthefollowingisextraterritorialjurisdictionaccordingtotheauthor?

2.WhichdescriptionaboutCalebCushingisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

3.WhatisNOTincludedinthe1844Sino-Americabilateraltreaty?

4.ThecontradictionbetweentheAmericanextraterritorialityandJusticeMarshall’sstatementin1812canbereconciledwhen___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.CountryAimposesfinetoitsowncitizenwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA

B.CountryAimposesfinetoacitizenofCountryBwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA

C.CountryAchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB

D.CountryBchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.HewasaMassachusettscongressman.

B.HewasthefirstAmericanenvoytoChina.

C.Hewasalawyer.

D.HewastheattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStatesbeforevisitedChina.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.WhenAmericansenteredChina,theyallcarriedUSlaws.

B.AmericanswereallowedtotradefreelyinCanton.

C.Americanswereallowedtotradefreelyinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.

D.UScitizensinChinawerenotsubjecttoChineselaws.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictionisforgotten

B.onelooksattheissuefrominternationallevel

C.everysovereignisincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower

D.lawdynamicallyconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereigns

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末尾Moreover,AmericansobtainedtherightofextraterritorialjurisdictioninChina.From1844until1943,U.S.citizensinChinawereformallysubjectonlytothelawsoftheUnitedStates.Stateddifferently,whenAmericansenteredChina,Americanlawtraveledwiththem,effectivelyattachingtotheirverybodies.（此外，美國(guó)人在中國(guó)獲得了治外法權(quán)。從1844年到1943年，在中國(guó)的美國(guó)公民在形式上只受美國(guó)法律的約束。換言之，當(dāng)美國(guó)人進(jìn)入中國(guó)，美國(guó)法律與他們同行，有效地依附于他們的身體）可知在中國(guó)的美國(guó)人只需要遵守美國(guó)的法律，可選C選項(xiàng)“A國(guó)對(duì)在B國(guó)犯罪的A國(guó)公民追究犯罪責(zé)任”；A選項(xiàng)“A國(guó)對(duì)違反A國(guó)交通規(guī)則的本國(guó)公民處以罰款”，B選項(xiàng)“A國(guó)對(duì)B國(guó)違反A國(guó)交通規(guī)則的公民處以罰款”以及D選項(xiàng)“B國(guó)對(duì)在B國(guó)犯罪的A國(guó)公民追究犯罪責(zé)任”都不符合治外法權(quán)的定義。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞CalebCushing定位到第二段Toanticipatethestory,theextraordinarytreatythatlaidthefoundationforAmericanextraterritorialitywasnegotiatedbyCalebCushing,thefirstAmericanministertoChinaaswellasaMassachusettscongressman,alawyer,andafutureattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStates.（為了預(yù)測(cè)這個(gè)故事，美國(guó)首任駐華大使卡萊布?庫(kù)欣談判達(dá)成了為美國(guó)治外法權(quán)奠定基礎(chǔ)的特別條約?？ㄈR布?庫(kù)欣曾是馬薩諸塞州的國(guó)會(huì)議員、律師，后來(lái)還擔(dān)任過(guò)美國(guó)司法部長(zhǎng)）可知D選項(xiàng)“他在訪問(wèn)中國(guó)之前曾擔(dān)任美國(guó)司法部長(zhǎng)”和原文不符，原文并沒(méi)有說(shuō)他是在訪問(wèn)中國(guó)之前擔(dān)任美國(guó)司法部長(zhǎng)；A選項(xiàng)“他是馬薩諸塞州的國(guó)會(huì)議員”，B選項(xiàng)“他是第一位美國(guó)駐華使節(jié)”以及C選項(xiàng)“他是律師”都符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Underitsterms,ChinawasobligatedtoallowAmericanstotradefreelyinCantonaswellasinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.Moreover,AmericansobtainedtherightofextraterritorialjurisdictioninChina.From1844until1943,U.S.citizensinChinawereformallysubjectonlytothelawsoftheUnitedStates.Stateddifferently,whenAmericansenteredChina,Americanlawtraveledwiththem,effectivelyattachingtotheirverybodies.（根據(jù)其條款，中國(guó)有義務(wù)允許美國(guó)人在廣州以及其他四個(gè)以前關(guān)閉的港口自由貿(mào)易。此外，美國(guó)人在中國(guó)獲得了治外法權(quán)。從1844年到1943年，美國(guó)在華公民正式只受美國(guó)法律的約束。換言之，當(dāng)美國(guó)人進(jìn)入中國(guó)，美國(guó)法律與他們同行，有效地依附于他們的身體）可知B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人被允許在廣東自由貿(mào)易”，C選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)人被允許在其他四個(gè)以前關(guān)閉的港口自由貿(mào)易”以及D選項(xiàng)“在中國(guó)的美國(guó)公民不受中國(guó)法律的約束”在原文提及；A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)美國(guó)人進(jìn)入中國(guó)時(shí)，他們都帶著美國(guó)的法律”并不是中美雙邊條約中的內(nèi)容，只是原文的比喻。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后一段末尾ItturnsoutthattheforgottencenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinaisastorynotonlyaboutChinaandtheUnitedStatesbutalsoofinternationallaw.Thisessayisthusalsoastoryaboutlaw’soperationtransnationally,andacasestudyofhowlawdynamicallybothconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereignsatbothnationalandinternationallevels.（事實(shí)證明，被遺忘的美國(guó)在華治外法權(quán)世紀(jì)，不僅是一個(gè)關(guān)于中美兩國(guó)的故事，也是一個(gè)關(guān)于國(guó)際法的故事。因此，本文也是一個(gè)關(guān)于法律跨國(guó)運(yùn)作的故事，也是一個(gè)關(guān)于法律如何在國(guó)家和國(guó)際層面上動(dòng)態(tài)地構(gòu)成和解構(gòu)主權(quán)的案例研究）可知美國(guó)的治外法權(quán)與馬歇爾1812年的聲明之間的矛盾可以在從國(guó)際層面看問(wèn)題時(shí)得到調(diào)和，選B選項(xiàng)“從國(guó)際層面看問(wèn)題”；A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)治外法權(quán)的世紀(jì)被遺忘了”，C選項(xiàng)“每一個(gè)主權(quán)國(guó)家都沒(méi)有能力授予域外權(quán)力”，D選項(xiàng)“法律動(dòng)態(tài)地構(gòu)成和構(gòu)成主權(quán)”并不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.翻譯題

II.(本題3段，每段10分)

HumanisticpsychologyHumanisticpsychologistsbelievethatbehavioristsareover-concernedwiththescientificstudyandanalysisoftheactionsofmanasanorganism,totheneglectofbasicaspectsofmanasafeeling,thinkingindividual,andthattoomucheffortisspentinlaboratoryresearch,whichquantifiesandreduceshumanbehaviortoitselements.Humanistsalsotakeissuewiththedeterministicorientationofpsychoanalysis,whichpostulatesthatman’searlyexperiencesanddrivesdeterminehisbehavior.Humaniststendtobelievethattheindividualisresponsibleforhislifeandactionsandmaytimecreativelychangehisattitudesorbehaviorthroughawarenessandwill.Thehumanistisconcernedwiththefullestgrowthoftheindividualintheareasoflove,fulfillment,self-worth,andautonomy;maturationisconsideredaprocessduringwhichoneestablishesandfollowsone’ssystemofvalues.

ExperimentmethodTheexperimentisaresearchinwhichtheinvestigatormanipulatesavariablecarefullycontrolledconditionsandobserveswhetheranychangesoccurinasecondvariableasaresult.Thus,thepurposeofanexperimentistofindouthowonevariable,let’scallitX,affectsanothervariable,whichwe’llcallY.Inthisformulation,werefertoXastheindependentvariabletoYasthedependentvariable.Anindependentvariableisaconditionoreventthatanexperimentervariesinordertoseeitsimpactonanothervariable.Agoodshortcutforsortingouttheindependentvariablesinexperimentsistofitthevariablesintotheequation“HowXaffectsY.”

IntelligenceIntelligencereferstocognitiveabilitiesofanindividualtolearnfromexperience,toreasonwell,andtocopeeffectivelywiththedemandsofdailyliving.Inshort,intelligencehastodowithhowwellapersonisabletousecognitionincopingwiththeworld.Thetermintelligencewasnotinwidespreaduseuntilitwaspopularizedinthelate1800sbythewritingsofSirFrancisGalton.GaltonwasacousinofCharlesDarwin,thescientistcreditedfordevelopingthetheoryofevolutionbasedonnaturalselectionofinheritedcharacteristics.Galtonbelievedthatintellectualabilitywasinherited,andhetriedunsuccessfullytodevelopanintelligencetesttouseinhisresearch.Althoughhewasunsuccessfulinhisownresearch,Galtongavepsychologytheconceptofintelligence.

【答案】人本心理學(xué)4.單選題

Wemusttakepartinphysicallaborinorderto（）ourselvesmorecloselywiththeworkingpeople.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.combine

B.incorporate

C.involve

D.identify

【答案】D

【解析】identifyoneselfwith表示“與……密切聯(lián)系”“到……中去”的意思；incorporatewith意為“與……合作（結(jié)合）”；combinewith意為“與……聯(lián)合”；involveoneselfin意為“參與”“卷入”，不與with搭配。本句意為：我們必須參加體力勞動(dòng)，目的是更好地與群眾打成一片?！芭c……打成一片”還可以用integrateoneselfwith。

5.單選題

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmangersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.

Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.

1.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysexceptto（

）.

2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1,paragraph2?

3.ItcanbereferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

B.identifyaproblem.

C.bringtogetherdisparatefacts.

D.stipulatecleargoals.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.

B.Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.

C.Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.

D.Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.

B.ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.

C.ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

D.ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblemsManagerXdoesnot.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.

B.Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.

C.Managers’intuitionwinkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.

D.Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Anassertionisnudeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven.

B.Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

C.Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

D.Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.文章第二段提到高級(jí)經(jīng)理們有五種方式來(lái)使用直覺(jué)：1.他們直覺(jué)得感到有問(wèn)題存在；2.他們依靠直覺(jué)迅速做出訓(xùn)練有素的行為模式；3.利用直覺(jué)來(lái)對(duì)圖片進(jìn)行加工，對(duì)碎片信息進(jìn)行整合；4.使用直覺(jué)來(lái)進(jìn)行理性分析；5.使用直覺(jué)來(lái)避開(kāi)深入的分析并立即想出一個(gè)可行的方案。選項(xiàng)A符合第五點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)B符合第一點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)C符合第三點(diǎn)。因此，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.文章第二段第一句Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese提到Isenberg調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)理們依賴于直覺(jué)既不是理性的對(duì)立面，也不是反復(fù)無(wú)常的借口。所以選項(xiàng)D“這些作者誤解了在做商業(yè)決定時(shí)經(jīng)理們?nèi)绾问褂弥庇X(jué)”符合題意。

3.本題的題干是假設(shè)經(jīng)理X使用直覺(jué)做決定，而經(jīng)理Y使用正式的分析，他們最大的不同是下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)。文章倒數(shù)第二段提到直覺(jué)型經(jīng)理認(rèn)為思考與形容不可分割（Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting）。文章最后一句提到行為只是確定問(wèn)題，而不是實(shí)施方案，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.文章提到直覺(jué)型的經(jīng)理們認(rèn)為想和做不可分割，高級(jí)經(jīng)理們總是在不同的實(shí)際案例中學(xué)習(xí)更多解決問(wèn)題的方法，然后利用這些實(shí)踐得來(lái)的方法對(duì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行更深入的了解（seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue），選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.文章第一段提到很多高級(jí)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人不按照傳統(tǒng)模式而依靠直覺(jué)（Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodelof…Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitionto），選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

Self-esteemiswhatpeoplethinkaboutthemselves—whetherornottheyfeelvaluedandwhenfamilymembershaveself-respect,pride,andbeliefinthemselves,thishighself-esteemmakesitpossibletocopewiththeeverydayproblemsofgrowingup.

Successfulparentbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyexist.Throughtouchandtoneofvoiceparentstelltheirinfantswhetherornottheyarevalued,special,andloved,anditisthesemessagesthatformthebasisofthechild’sself-esteem.Whenchildrengrowupwithloveandaremadetofeellovabledespitetheirmistakesandfailures,theyareabletointeractwithothersinaresponsible,honest,andlovingway.Ahealthyself-esteemisaresourceforcopingwhendifficultiesarise,makingiteasiertoseeaproblemastemporary,manageable,andsomethingfromwhichtheindividualcanemerge.

If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers.Ultimatelytheiractionsinvitethistreatment,andtheirself-defeatingbehaviorturnsexpectationsintoreality.Theydonothavethepersonalresourcestohandleeverydayproblemsinahealthyway,andlifemaybeviewedasjustonecrisisafteranother.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardsthemselvesandothers.Theseindividualsgrowuptoliveisolated,lonelylives,lackingtheabilitytogivethelovethattheyhaveneverreceived.

Self-esteemisakindofenergy,andwhenitishigh,peoplefeelliketheycanhandleanything.Itiswhatonefeelswhenspecialthingsarehappeningoreverythingisgoinggreat.Awordofpraise,asmile,agoodgradeonareportcard,ordoingsomethingthatcreatespridewithinoneselfcancreatetheenergy.Whenfeelingsabouttheselfhavebeenthreatenedandself-esteemislow,everythingbecomesmoreofaneffort.Itisdifficulttohear,see,orthinkclearly,andothersseemrude,inconsiderate,andrough.Theproblemisnotwithothers,itiswiththeself?butoftenitisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized.

Childrenneedhelpunderstandingthattheirself-esteemandtheself-esteemofthosetheyinteractwithhaveadirecteffectoneachother.Forexample,alittlegirlcomeshomefromschoolandsays,“Ineedlivings,‘causemyfeelingsgothurttoday.’”Themotherrespondstothechild’sneedtobeheldandloved.Ifinsteadthemothersaidshewastoobusytoholdthelittlegirl,theoutcomewouldhavebeendifferent.

Theinfant’sself-esteemistotallydependentonfamilymembers,anditisnotuntilaboutthetimethechildentersschoolthatoutsideforcescontributetofeelingsabouttheself.Achildmustalsolearnthatamajorresourceforahealthyself-esteemcomesfromwithin.Someparentsraisetheirchildrentodependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcementthroughpracticessuchaspayingforgoodgradesonreportcardsorexchangingspecialprivilegesforgoodbehavior.Thechildlearnstorelyonotherstomaintainahighself-esteemandisnotpreparedtoliveinaworldinwhichdesirablebehaviordoesnotautomaticallyproduceatangiblerewardsuchasasmile,money,orspecialprivileges.

Maintainingahealthyself-esteemisachallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.Onefamilyfoundthattheycouldhelpeachotheridentifypositiveattitudes.Oneeveningduringanelectricstormthefamilygatheredaroundthekitchentable,andeachpersonwrotedowntwothingsthattheylikedabouteachfamilymember.Thesepiecesofpaperwerefoldedandgiventotheappropriateperson,whoonebyoneopenedtheirspecialmessages.Thefatherlatercommented,“Itwasquiteanexperience,openingeachlittlepieceofpaperandreadingthemessage.Istillhavethosegifts,andwhenI’vehadareallybadday,IreadthroughthemandIalwayscomeawayfeelingbetter.

Thefoundationofahealthyfamilydependsontheabilityoftheparentstocommunicatemessagesoflove,trust,andself-worthtoeachchild.Thisisthebasisonwhichself-esteemisbuilt,andasthechildgrows,self-esteemisreflectedinthewayheorsheinteractswithothers.

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem（）.

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself?esteem?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesociety

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeople

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimself

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothers

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.toteachhowtolovethechildren

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteem

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteem

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachother

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem______.1.根據(jù)這篇文章，一個(gè)有自尊的人______。

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesocietyA.經(jīng)常遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeopleB.總是對(duì)自己和別人保持冷漠

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimselfC.對(duì)自己有自豪感和信心

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothersD.傾向于利用別人

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章第一段“自尊是人們對(duì)自己的看法，不管他們是否受到重視，當(dāng)家庭成員有自尊、自豪和自信時(shí)，這種高度的自尊（thishighself-esteem）使人們有可能處理成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中的日常問(wèn)題”，從中可知，thishighself-esteem（這種高度的自尊）指的就是自尊、自豪和自信，所以一個(gè)有自尊的人對(duì)自己有自豪感和自信心，C項(xiàng)“對(duì)自己有自豪感和信心”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)”和B項(xiàng)“總是對(duì)自己和別人保持冷漠”，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，缺乏自尊的人會(huì)對(duì)自己和他人保持冷漠，變得孤立，從而反推，擁有自尊的人會(huì)積極與人交往，這兩項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“傾向于利用別人”沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself-esteem?2.父母應(yīng)該采用哪一種有效的方法來(lái)培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊？

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.A.為成績(jī)單上的好成績(jī)付錢。

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.B.為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物。

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.C.不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對(duì)他表?yè)P(yáng)和微笑。

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.D.即使孩子犯了錯(cuò)誤和失敗，也要愛(ài)他。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二和第三句“通過(guò)觸摸和聲音的語(yǔ)調(diào)，父母告訴嬰兒，他們是否受到重視，是否特別，是否被愛(ài)，正是這些信息形成了孩子自尊的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)孩子們?cè)趷?ài)中成長(zhǎng)，盡管他們犯過(guò)錯(cuò)誤和失敗，但他們覺(jué)得自己是可愛(ài)的，他們就能以負(fù)責(zé)任、誠(chéng)實(shí)和愛(ài)的方式與他人交往?！?，從中可知，如果孩子們?cè)趷?ài)的氛圍中成長(zhǎng)，即使出錯(cuò)和失敗的情況下仍然被父母愛(ài)護(hù)和關(guān)心，他們與人相處就更有責(zé)任心，更誠(chéng)實(shí)和更具有愛(ài)心；綜合推斷，D項(xiàng)“即使孩子犯了錯(cuò)誤和失敗，也要愛(ài)他”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“為成績(jī)單上的好成績(jī)付錢”和B項(xiàng)“為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物”根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，健康自尊的主要來(lái)源是內(nèi)在的，而為表現(xiàn)好的孩子買禮物或付錢都是一種外部影響，并不是一種培養(yǎng)健康自尊的有效的方法，這兩項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對(duì)他表?yè)P(yáng)和微笑”，原文沒(méi)有提到不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對(duì)他表?yè)P(yáng)，該項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?3.下列哪一項(xiàng)是正確的？

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.A.好的父母告訴孩子，他們被愛(ài)沒(méi)有其他原因，只是因?yàn)樗麄兪亲约旱暮⒆印?/p>

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.B.如果一個(gè)孩子沒(méi)有被愛(ài)或被重視，他將來(lái)可能不能很好地處理日常問(wèn)題。

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.C.外在強(qiáng)化比內(nèi)在強(qiáng)化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用。

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.D.一個(gè)人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無(wú)關(guān)。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“成功的父母首先要告訴孩子，他們被愛(ài)不是因?yàn)閯e的原因，而只是因?yàn)樗麄兊拇嬖凇笨芍?，A項(xiàng)“好的父母告訴的孩子，他們被愛(ài)沒(méi)有其他原因，只是因?yàn)樗麄兪亲约旱暮⒆印迸c原文相符。故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B項(xiàng)“如果一個(gè)孩子沒(méi)有被愛(ài)或被重視，他將來(lái)可能不能很好地處理日常問(wèn)題”，根據(jù)原文第三段內(nèi)容可知，如果一個(gè)孩子在沒(méi)有愛(ài)和自我價(jià)值感的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大，他們會(huì)缺乏健康的自尊，對(duì)日常問(wèn)題的處理方式也不一樣，并不是不能很好處理，所以該項(xiàng)中的“不能很好地處理日常問(wèn)題”并不符合原文，屬于曲解原文；

C項(xiàng)“外在強(qiáng)化比內(nèi)在強(qiáng)化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用”，根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容，該段提到健康自尊的主要來(lái)源是內(nèi)在的，有些家長(zhǎng)把孩子培養(yǎng)成依賴外部強(qiáng)化而不是內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化的人，會(huì)讓孩子們沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好生活在一個(gè)理想的行為不能自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生有形回報(bào)的世界里，所以內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化比外部強(qiáng)化對(duì)培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊更重要，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無(wú)關(guān)”，根據(jù)第五段第一句“孩子們需要幫助理解，他們的自尊和與他們交往的人的自尊對(duì)彼此有直接影響”可知，該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis______.4.作者寫這篇文章的主要觀點(diǎn)是______。

A.toteachhowtolovethechildrenA.教孩子如何去愛(ài)

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteemB.強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteemC.來(lái)說(shuō)明自尊的好處

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachotherD.幫助家庭成員互相理解

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章最后一段的內(nèi)容：健康家庭的基礎(chǔ)取決于父母是否有能力向每個(gè)孩子傳達(dá)愛(ài)、信任和自我價(jià)值的信息。這是自尊建立的基礎(chǔ)，隨著孩子的成長(zhǎng)，自尊反映在他或她與他人互動(dòng)的方式上。結(jié)合全文對(duì)于父母如何培養(yǎng)孩子自尊以及擁有健康自尊的作用的描述，綜合推斷作者的目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用。B項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“教孩子如何去愛(ài)”、C項(xiàng)“來(lái)說(shuō)明自尊的好處”和D項(xiàng)“幫助家庭成員互相理解”只是段落內(nèi)提及，屬于以偏概全。

7.單選題

Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thehistoryofsocialwork.

B.Socialworkasaprofession.

C.Academicdegreesrequiredofsocialworkapplicants.

D.TheaimoftheNationalAssociationofSocialWorkers.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theytrytochangepeople’ssocialbehavior.

B.Theyraisepeople’sawarenessofenvironment.

C.Theycreatealotofopportunitiesfortheunemployed.

D.Theyhelpenhancethewell-beingoftheunderprivileged.21.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveallmadeadifferencethroughtheirwork.

B.TheyareallmembersoftheNationalAssociation.

C.Theyallhaveanacademicdegreeinsocialwork.

D.Theyhaveallreceivedstrictclinicaltraining.22.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Socialworks,joboptionsandresponsibilities.

B.Waysforsocialworkerstomeetpeople’sneeds.

C.Theimportanceoftrainingforsocialworkers.

D.Thepromotionofsocialworkers’socialstatus.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】RecordingTwo

Hi,I’mElizabethHoffler,MasterofSocialWork.I’masocialworker,alobbyistandaspecialassistanttotheExecutiveDirectorattheNationalAssociationofSocialWorkers.[19]Todaywearegoingtobetalkingaboutbecomingasocialworker.Socialworkisthehelpingprofession.[20]Itsprimarymissionistoenhancehumanwell-beingandhelpmeetthebasicneedsofallpeople,withaparticularfocusonthosewhoarevulnerable,oppressed,andlivinginpoverty.Weoftendealwithcomplexhumanneeds.Socialworkisdifferentfromotherprofessions,becausewefocusonthepersonandenvironment.Wedealwiththeexternalfactorsthatimpactaperson’ssituationandoutlook.Andwecreateopportunityforassessmentandinterventiontohelpclientsandcommunitiescopeeffectivelywiththeirrealityandchangethatrealitywhennecessary.Inthousandsofwayssocialworkershelpotherpeople—peoplefrom