考研考博-英語-北京航空航天大學(xué)北海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京航空航天大學(xué)北海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill（

）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

問題1選項

A.conform

B.confirm

C.confine

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。conform意為“遵守，遵從，服從”；confirm意為“確認，批準”；confine意為“限制”；confront意為“面對”。

句意：在任何一個文化環(huán)境中的絕大多數(shù)人都會遵守那種文化的既定標準。

2.單選題

Somecityplannersbelievethateachcityis（）:inotherwords,becauseofculturaldifferences,onecitycan'tsimplycopyothers.

問題1選項

A.separated

B.cutoff

C.unique

D.integrated

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。separated“分開的”；cutoff“切斷，中斷”；unique“獨特的，獨一無二的”；integrated“綜合的，完整的”。根據(jù)冒號后面的內(nèi)容：由于文化差異，一個城市不能簡單地復(fù)制其他城市。由此可知，一些城市規(guī)劃者認為每個城市都是獨一無二的。所以選項C正確。

3.單選題

Theprospectofincreasedpricehasalready（

）worries.

問題1選項

A.provoked

B.irritated

C.inspired

D.hoisted

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。provoke“激起，挑起，引起”；irritate“刺激，使興奮，激怒”；inspire“激發(fā)，鼓舞，啟示”；hoist“把……吊起，升起”。句意：價格上漲的前景已經(jīng)引起了人們的擔(dān)憂。A項符合題意。

4.單選題

VinceCable’sdecisionnottocometoOxfordbecauseofapeacefulprotestisoneofthemostcowardlyactsbyaBritishpoliticianinlivingmemory.

問題1選項

A.sensible

B.effective

C.fearful

D.cautious

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.sensible明智的，理智的B.effective有效的

C.fearful懼怕的，膽怯的，擔(dān)心的D.cautious小心的，謹慎的（謹慎說話和行事，尤其是為了避免危險或錯誤）

【答案】C

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】cowardly的意思為“膽小的，怯懦的”，指的是因為和平示威而決定不去牛津大學(xué)是懦弱的行為，fearful與之詞義相近，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】文斯?凱布爾因為和平示威而決定不去牛津大學(xué)，這是人們記憶中英國政治家最懦弱的行為之一。

5.單選題

Whatexactlyisalie?Isitanythingwesaywhichweknowisuntrue?Orisitsomethingmorethanthat?Forexample,supposeafriendwantstoborrowsomemoneyfromyou.Yousay,"IwishIcouldhelpyoubutI'mshortofmoneymyself."Infact,youarenotshortofmoneybutyourfriendisinthehabitofnotpayinghisdebtsandyoudon'twanttohurthisfeelingsbyremindinghimofthis.Isthisreallyalie?

ProfessorJerealdJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahasmadeascientificstudyoflying.Accordingtohim,womenarebetterliarsthanmen,particularlywhentellinga"whitelie",suchaswhenawomanatapartytellsanotherwomanthatshelikesherdresswhenshereallythinksitlooksawful.However,thisisonlyonesideofthestory.Otherresearcherssaythatmenaremorelikelytotellmoreseriouslies,suchasmakingapromisewhichtheyhavenointentionoffulfilling.Thisisthekindofliepoliticiansandbusinessmenaresupposedtobeparticularlyskilledat:theliefromwhichtheliarhopestoprofitorgaininsomeway.

Researchhasalsobeendoneintothewayofpeople'sbehaviorchangesinanumberofsmall,apparentlyunimportantwayswhentheylie.Ithasbeenfoundthatiftheyaresittingdownatthetime,theytendtomoveaboutintheirchairsmorethanusual.Tothetrainedobservertheyaresaying“IwishIweresomewhereelsenow”.Theyalsotendtotouchcertainpartsofthefacemoreoften,inparticularthenose.Oneexplanationofthismaybethatlyingcausesaslightincreaseinbloodpressure.Thetipofthenoseisverysensitivetosuchchangesandtheincreasedpressuremakesititch（癢）.

AnothergesturewhichgivesliarsawayiswhatthewriterDesmondMorrisinhisbookManWatchingcalls“themouthcover”.Hesaysthereareseveraltypicalformsofthis,suchascoveringpartofthemouthwithfingers,touchingtheupper-liporputtingafingerofthehandatonesideofthemouth.Suchagesturecanbeinterpretedasanunconsciousattemptonthepartoftheliartostophimselforherselffromlying.

Ofcourse,suchgesturesasrubbingthenoseorcoveringthemouth,ormovingaboutinachaircannotbetakenasproofthatthespeakerislying.Theysimplytendtooccurmorefrequentlyinthissituation.Itisnotonegesturealonethatgivestheliarawaybutawholenumberofthings,and,inparticular,thecontextinwhichthelieistold.

1.Onesometimestellsone'sfrienda“whitelie”becauseonewantsto

（

）.

2.Oneresearchsuggeststhatwomen（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat

（

）.

4.Peoplemayrubtheirnoseswhentheyliebecause

（

）.

5.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.makeaprofitfromtheotherperson

B.avoidoffendingtheotherperson

C.convincetheotherperson

D.havesomefun

問題2選項

A.generallylifefarmorethanmen

B.tendtotellmoreseriousliesthanmen

C.makemorepromisestheycanfulfillthanmen

D.arebetterattellinglessseriousliesthanmen

問題3選項

A.politicianstendtotellintentionallies

B.menarelessskilledattellinglies

C.businessmenseldombreaktheirpromises

D.womentendtomakefalsepromises

問題4選項

A.theysufferfromhighbloodpressureatthetime

B.thenoseisthemostsensitivepartofthehumanbody

C.thenoserevealstheliarmoreeasilythantheotherpartsoftheface

D.theydosoinordertostopthemselvesfromtellingmorelies

問題5選項

A.liescaneasilybedetectedbycarefulobservers

B.liesareusuallyaccompaniedbystrangegestures

C.peopleareabletotellaliewhentheyhearotherslying

D.aliarmaygiveawayhisorherintentionunconsciously

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)下文的舉例：比如一個女士在派對上對另一個女士說，她喜歡她的衣服，而實際上她覺得它看起來很糟糕。由此可推測，這樣說是為了避免冒犯他人，選項B正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Otherresearcherssaythatmenaremorelikelytotellmoreseriouslies...”其他研究人員表示，男性更有可能說一些更嚴重的謊言。選項D是對原文的反向表達，意思是一致的，所以正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Thisisthekindofliepoliticiansandbusinessmenaresupposedtobeparticularlyskilledat:theliefromwhichtheliarhopestoprofitorgaininsomeway.”這是政客和商人應(yīng)該特別擅長的謊言：說謊者希望從謊言中獲利或在某些方面得到好處。由此可推測，政客們傾向于故意說謊，選項A符合原文。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段的最后兩句“Oneexplanationofthismaybethatlyingcausesaslightincreaseinbloodpressure.Thetipofthenoseisverysensitivetosuchchangesandtheincreasedpressuremakesititch.”對此的一種解釋可能是說謊會導(dǎo)致血壓輕微升高。鼻尖對于這種變化非常敏感，血壓增加會使它發(fā)癢。選項A符合原文。

5.推理判斷題。本題可采用排除法。選項A和C在文中沒有提及；選項B符合原文；選項D無法直接從文中的信息推導(dǎo)出來，所以選項B更恰當。

6.單選題

Inanenvironmentallyconscioustweakonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable,growingnumbersofpeopleareskippingoutongrocerystoresandevenfarmersmarketsandinsteadgoingrighttothesourcebybuyingsharesoffarms.

Ononeofthefarms,hereabout35mileswestofChicago,SteveTriskowasweedingbeetstheotherdayandcuttingbackashadetreesobabytomatoescouldgetsunlight.Mr.Triskoisaretiredcomputerconsultantwhoownssharesinthefour-acreErehwonFarm.

“Wedecidedthatit’sinourinteresttohaveasmallfarmsucceed,andhavethembeabletohaveasustainablefarmproducinggoodfood,”Mr.Triskosaid.

PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.About150peoplehaveboughtsharesinErehwon—inessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.

TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.Therewerefewerthan100suchfarmsintheearly1990s,butinthelastseveralyearsthenumbershavegrowntocloseto1,500,accordingtoacademicexpertswhohavefollowedthetrend.

“Ithinkpeoplearebecomingmorelocal-minded,andthisfitsrightintothat,”saidNicholeD.Nazelrod,programcoordinatorattheFultonCenterforSustainableLivingatWilsonCollegeinChambersburg,Pa.,anationalclearinghouseforcommunity-supportedfarms.“Peopleareseeingwaystocometogetherandworktogethertomakethissuccessful.”

TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.Arrangementsoffresh-cutblossomstwiceamonthcanbeincludedforanextra$120—orforthedeluxepackage,$220will“feedthesoul”withweeklybouquetsofliliesandsunflowersandotherlocalblooms.

Shareholdersarenotrequiredtoworkthefields,buttheycaniftheywant,andmanydo.Mr.Triskosaidhisfamilyknowsthatwithouthisvolunteerlaborandagreementtoshareinthefinancialriskofraisingcrops,thesmallorganicfarmmightnotsurvive.“It’sveryhardforthemtomakeendsmeet,”hesaid,“soIdecidedtogooutandhelp.Weharvest,water,pullweeds,whatevertheyneeddoing.”

Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward—startedwithtwoshareholders,reacheditsgoalof140lastyear,andnowhasraiseditstargettoabout200members.

1.Accordingtothepassage,growingnumbersofpeoplebuysharesoffarmsbecausethey（）.

2.ErehwonFarmdiffersfromthetraditionalfarmsinthatitis（）.

3.Wemayinferfromthepassagethatcommunity-sponsoredfarm（）.

4.TheaverageshareholdersofErehwonFarmareentitledto（）.

5.ItisimpliedthatErehwonFarm（）.

問題1選項

A.areconsciousofenvironmentalproblems

B.abandonthetypicalwayofgettingfoodtothetable

C.nolongerdependongrocerystoresandfarmersmarkets

D.liketogrowvegetablesthemselvesinthesuburbanfarms

問題2選項

A.verysmall

B.veryefficient

C.community-supportedagriculture

D.sharedbypeoplefromdifferentplaces

問題3選項

A.isanewconceptemergingintheU.S.A

B.hastocombatwithsmall-scalefarming

C.isgraduallytakingshapeinAmericanagriculture

D.isverypopularasboomingagricultureintheU.S.A

問題4選項

A.cometogetherandworktogetheronthefarm

B.getaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetables

C.enjoypackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900

D.buy$120-$220fresh-cutblossomstwiceamonth

問題5選項

A.comesfromthebackwardspelledword“nowhere”

B.isafictionalnameandthereisnosuchafarmintheU.S.A

C.it’sveryhardtosurviveowingtoitssmallsize

D.developssoundly,inspiteofitsfinancialdifficulties

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第一自然段的內(nèi)容“環(huán)保意識改變了將食物端上桌的傳統(tǒng)方式，相反，越來越多的人轉(zhuǎn)向了雜貨店甚至農(nóng)貿(mào)市場，通過購買農(nóng)場的股份來直接獲取來源?！庇纱丝芍?，越來越多的人買農(nóng)場股份是受到環(huán)保意識的影響，所以選項A正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“PartofaloosebutgrowingnetworkmostlymobilizedontheInternet,Erehwonisparticipatinginwhatisknownascommunity-supportedagriculture.Erehwon是松散卻不斷壯大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分，主要通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)動員起來，他參與的是所謂的社區(qū)支持農(nóng)業(yè)?！币约氨径巫詈笠痪洹癷nessence,hiringpersonalfarmersandturningtheoldnotionofsharecroppingonitshead.從本質(zhì)上說，就是雇傭私人農(nóng)場主，顛覆舊的佃農(nóng)制度?！庇纱丝芍?，Erehwon農(nóng)場和傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)場的不同之處在于它是社區(qū)支持的農(nóng)業(yè)，選項C符合原文。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第五段第一句“TheconceptwasimportedfromEuropeandAsiainthe1980sasanalternativemarketingandfinancingarrangementtohelpcombattheoftenprohibitivecostsofsmall-scalefarming.這一概念是在20世紀80年代從歐洲和亞洲引進的，作為一種替代性的銷售和籌資安排，來幫助克服小規(guī)模農(nóng)業(yè)通常高昂的費用。”由此可知，這不是一個新的概念，而且是來幫助而不是來和小規(guī)模農(nóng)場競爭的，所以選項A和選項B均表述錯誤；根據(jù)本段第二句“Butuntilrecently,itwasslowtotakeroot.但直到最近，它才慢慢生根發(fā)芽”可知，這一概念剛剛生根發(fā)芽，還沒有初步成形，所以選項C錯誤；根據(jù)本段最后一句的內(nèi)容可知，像Erehwon這樣的農(nóng)場由以前的不到100家到現(xiàn)在增長到接近1500家，說明社區(qū)支持的農(nóng)業(yè)在美國蓬勃發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)非常受歡迎。所以選項D符合原文。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的第一句“TheshareholdersofErehwonFarmhaveopenaccesstothelandandaguaranteedpercentageoftheseason’sharvestoffruitandvegetablesforpackagesthatrangefromabout$300to$900.ErehwonFarm的股東可以自由使用土地，并保證獲得當季水果和蔬菜收成的一定比例，金額從300美元到900美元不等。”由此可知，選項B符合原文。選項A目前還沒有實現(xiàn)；選項C曲解了原文的意思；選項D不是普通股東享有的權(quán)利，所以只有選項B正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Erehwon—theword“nowhere”spelledbackward…Erehwon這個詞是由‘nowhere’倒著寫的”，由此可知，選項A符合原文。選項B在文中沒有信息提及；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，Erehwon農(nóng)場不是由于規(guī)模小而無法生存，屬于曲解原文句意，所以選項C不正確；原文也沒有提及財政問題，所以選項D也不正確。

7.翻譯題

緊跟世界新軍事革命加速發(fā)展的潮流，積極穩(wěn)妥進行國防和軍隊改革，推動中國特色軍事變革深入發(fā)展。堅持以創(chuàng)新發(fā)展軍事理論為先導(dǎo)，著力提高國防科技工業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力，深入推進軍隊組織形態(tài)現(xiàn)代化，構(gòu)建中國特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。高度關(guān)注海洋、太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間安全，積極運籌和平時期軍事力量運用，不斷拓展和深化軍事斗爭準備，提高以打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。

【答案】答：

Weshouldcloselyfollowthenewglobalmilitaryrevolutionthatisgatheringpace,advancereformofournationaldefenseandarmedforcesinabothactiveandprudentway,anddeepenmilitarytransformationwithChinesecharacteristics.Withinnovativemilitarytheoriestakingthelead,weshouldenhanceourcapacityforinnovationindefense-orientedresearchandindustries,modernizethemilitaryorganizationalstructure,andbuildasystemofmodernmilitaryforceswithChinesecharacteristics.Weshouldattachgreatimportancetomaritime,spaceandcyberspacesecurity.Weshouldmakeactiveplanningfortheuseofmilitaryforcesinpeacetime,expandandintensifymilitarypreparedness,andenhancethecapabilitytoaccomplishawiderangeofmilitarytasks,themostimportantofwhichistowinlocalwarinaninformationage.

8.單選題

Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodel,though,isbankrupt.

Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.

Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalscience,psychology,chemistryandphysicsarenotcertain,buttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeit,ethicalinquiryproceedslikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparents,teachers,andsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluations,possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay“l(fā)earnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’“theories”orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare“tested”;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.

Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwrong,goodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.

Weareleftwithintherealworld,tryingtocopewithourselves,witheachother,withtheworld,andwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.

Ifweunderstandethicsinthisway,wecansee,Ithink,therealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingthealiment,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.

21.Ethicalprinciplesaregenerallythoughttobe________.

22.Inwhatwayisethicssimilartolanguageuse?

23.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatwemaylearnmoralprinciples“thehardway”?

24.Itisimpliedinthetextthatarelativisticviewofethnics________.

25.Theauthorassertsthatthetruevalueofethicaltheoryliesin________.

問題1選項

A.explicitlyclear

B.implicitlyvague

C.certainbutnon-rational

D.relativebutnotsubjective

問題2選項

A.Bothhaverulestodeterminetheoptimalchoiceunderacircumstance.

B.Bothvaryaccordingtothecontexttheyareapplicableto.

C.Bothareobjective,notsubjective,entities.

D.Similarsetsofrulescanbeappliedinquitedifferentsituations.

問題3選項

A.Wereevaluateourpreviouslyheldbeliefsaswegrowolder.

B.Werefutesomemoralprinciplesonlyafterwefindtheminconsistent.

C.Weacquireasenseofrightandwrongfromreallifelessons.

D.Weactbyignoringourinheritedaltruistictendencies.

問題4選項

A.canonlybeacquiredafterreallifelessons

B.oftengenerateunacceptableconsequences

C.ismorematureandrational

D.istooabstracttobeofanypracticalvalue

問題5選項

A.itsprescriptivepower

B.itsdiagnosticfunction

C.itseffectivenessinresolvingmoraldilemmas

D.itsrelevancetothesituation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】21.實施細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.（我們假定道德標準需要確定性的密封，否則它就是非理性的。），可知道德標準被視為非常明確，絕對，并且不是非理性的，A選項“明確清晰的”正確。B選項“隱隱約約，模糊”，C選項“確定但非理性”錯誤和D選項“相對但不主觀”錯誤。因此A選項正確。

22.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四句Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.（雖然一個句子或短語在某種情況下是正當?shù)?，但這并不意味著它在類似的情況下自動適用。），可知道德和語言沒有固定和絕對的使用方法，而是要根據(jù)情況而定，也沒有特定情況，B選項“兩者都根據(jù)它們適用的背景而不同”正確，A選項“兩者都有在特定情況下決定最佳選擇的規(guī)則”錯誤。C選項“兩者都是客觀的，而不是主觀的實體”：根據(jù)第二段最后一句Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.（然而，語言的使用并不是主觀的。），作者說的然而，可知作者想要表達的是語言是客觀的，而道德不是客觀的，故錯誤。D選項“類似的規(guī)則可以應(yīng)用于相當不同的情況”：沒有提到類似的規(guī)則的用法，屬于過度推斷，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

23.語義推測題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第四句Wemay“l(fā)earnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.（我們可能會“吃了苦頭才明白”，有些行為會產(chǎn)生不可接受的后果。），行為產(chǎn)生后果，這里指的是在實際生活中檢驗對錯，B選項“我們駁斥一些道德原則，只是在我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們不一致之后”錯誤和C選項“我們從現(xiàn)實生活的教訓(xùn)中獲得對與錯的意識”正確。A選項“隨著年齡的增長，我們會重新評估以前持有的信念”：根據(jù)第三段第五、六句Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.（隨著年齡的增長，我們會接觸到不同的觀點。這些可能會引導(dǎo)我們重新評估目前持有的信念。），可知重新評估以前持有的信念和接觸不同觀點有關(guān)，重新評估不是駁斥，故錯誤。D選項“我們通過忽視我們遺傳的利他主義傾向來行動”：根據(jù)第三段第七句possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.（這可能是因為遺傳的利他主義傾向。），可知并沒有忽視利他主義，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.（但是我們也沒有一個有利的位置，讓我們成為哲學(xué)相對主義者。）和第五段最后一句Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.（我們也沒有確定語言正確用法的算法，但這并不會讓我們因為再也不能交流而絕望地舉手投降。），可知相對主義的觀念里，事情沒有固定的解決辦法，有時也會遇到困境，但是總體來說會積極面對，C選項“更加成熟和理性”正確。A選項“只有在真正的生活教訓(xùn)后才能獲得”：根據(jù)第三段第五、六句Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.（隨著年齡的增長，我們會接觸到不同的觀點。這些可能會引導(dǎo)我們重新評估目前持有的信念。），可知不同的觀點也會對此有幫助，故錯誤。B選項“經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生不可接受的后果”：根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第四句Wemay“l(fā)earnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.（我們可能會“吃了苦頭才明白”，有些行為會產(chǎn)生不可接受的后果。），可知不可接受的后果由某些行為產(chǎn)生，與相對主義無關(guān)，故錯誤。D選項“太抽象了，沒有任何實用價值”：根據(jù)第六段最后一句Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.（倫理理論之所以重要，并不是因為它們解決了所有的道德困境，而是因為它們幫助我們注意到道德問題的顯著特征，并幫助我們在情境中理解這些問題。），可知相對主義在實際生活中有價值，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

25.語義推測題。根據(jù)第六段最后一句Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.（倫理理論之所以重要，并不是因為它們解決了所有的道德困境，而是因為它們幫助我們注意到道德問題的顯著特征，并幫助我們在情境中理解這些問題。），可知道德論的真正意義是幫助我們在情境中理解問題，不能直接解決問題，D選項“與情況的相關(guān)性”正確，C選項“解決道德困境的有效性”錯誤。A選項“指令權(quán)”和B選項“診斷功能”：根據(jù)第六段第三、四句Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingthealiment,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.（他們認為我們應(yīng)該像使用膏藥一樣應(yīng)用倫理原則：診斷出食物后，我們使用適當?shù)姆罅?。但這是一個錯誤。），可知道德論和藥不是一回事，診斷以后就可以開藥，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

9.寫作題

Nowadaysthewaymanypeopleinteractwitheachotherhaschangedbecauseoftechnology.Inwhatwayshastechnologyaffectedthewaypeoplecommunicatewitheachother?Hasthisbecomeapositiveornegativedevelopment?Youmustwritelogicallyandshowyourclearpointofviewwithsufficientsupportingpoints.Youmaymakeuseofanyrelevantexamplesfromyourknowledgeorexperience.Youshouldhaveyourowntitleandwriteatleast200words.

【答案】略。

10.單選題

Governmentisaninstitutionresultingfromman’sgroupwayoflifewhichmaintainsasetofsocialcontrolsinordertopreventchaos.Inasmall,homogeneous,simplesociety,thesesocialcontrolscanbeimposedandenforcedbythefamilyorclan.Butinalarge,heterogeneouscomplexsociety,theinstitutionofgovernmenttakesoverthisfunction.

Forpurposesofanalysis,socialcontrolmaybedividedintomoralcontrolandpoliticalcontrol.Moralcontrolderivesfromtheinternalizedbeliefsandvaluesofasocietyandregulations,eachindividual’sbehaviorwithouttheuseofoutsideenforcement.Politicalcontroldoesinvolveenforcementfromtheoutsidesincetheindividualisnotalwayscertainthattheruleheisfollowingisjustandright.Hefollowsittoconform,toavoidpunishment,ortoreceivesocialrewards.

Politicalcontrolisanoutgrowthofmoralcontrol,anditseffectivenessdependsonthewillingnessofthemembersofsocietytoacceptthegovernment’sauthorityasjustandright.Agovernmentthatisforcedtocoerceorthreatenmostofitsmembersintoacceptingpoliticalcontrolnotbackedwithmoralcontrolwillnotsurvivelong.Inaddition,awidediscrepancybetweenmoralandpoliticalcontrolwillresultinaconditionofgenerallawlessness.SuchaconditionhasoccurredintheUnitedStatesonseveraloccasionsandisnowevidentamongsomegroupsofsocietyaccordingto“TheRootsofLawlessness”byhistorianHenrySteeleCommander.

Government,amajorsocialinstitution,maybeviewedasasetofproceduresbywhichasocietyrealizesagoodportionofitsgoals.Governmentisfurtheruniqueasaninstitutionbecauseitservestoreinforcethefunctionofotherinstitutions.Thus,individualsviolatingtherulesandregulationoftheeconomic,educational,orfamilyinstitutionsmustultimatelyfacethepunitivepowerofgovernment.

1.Aconditioncharacterizedbytheabsenceofsocialorganizationandsocialcontrol,andbythebeliefthatpoliticalauthorityisunnecessaryis（）.

2.Theinternalizedformofsocialcontrolis（）.

3.Legitimatepowerrightfullyexercisediscalled（）.

4.WhichstatementisNOTcorrect?

問題1選項

A.moralcontrol

B.politicalpower

C.anarchy

D.authority

問題2選項

A.commitment

B.power

C.authority

D.government

問題3選項

A.authority

B.charisma

C.legitimacy

D.morality

問題4選項

A.Politicalcontrolmustoccasionallybecontrolledbyanoutsideforce.

B.Politicalcontrolcanexistwithoutmoralcontrolinasociety.

C.Politicalcontrolreinforcemoralcontrol.

D.Politicalcontrolemanatesfromwithin.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段第一句“Governmentisaninstitutionresultingfromman’sgroupwayoflifewhichmaintainsasetofsocialcontrolsinordertopreventchaos.”政府是人類群體生活方式所產(chǎn)生的機構(gòu),它維持著一系列的社會控制以防止混亂。反過來說,缺乏社會組織和社會控制,認為政治權(quán)威是不必要的,是無政府的狀態(tài)。所以選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)第一段的第一句可知,社會控制的內(nèi)在化形式是政府。選項D正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段第一句“Politicalcontrolisanoutgrowthofmoralcontrol,anditseffectivenessdependsonthewillingnessofthemembersofsocietytoacceptthegovernment’sauthorityasjustandright.”政治控制是道德控制的產(chǎn)物,它的有效性取決于社會成員是否愿意把政府的權(quán)威看作是正當?shù)暮驼x的東西。所以正當行使合法權(quán)力被稱為權(quán)威。選項A正確。

4.根據(jù)第三段第二句“Agovernmentthatisforcedtocoerceorthreatenmostofitsmembersintoacceptingpoliticalcontrolnotbackedwithmoralcontrolwillnotsurvivelong.”被迫威逼大多數(shù)成員接受沒有道德控制支持的政治控制的政府不會長久。也就是說,政治控制不能在沒有道德控制的社會中存在。選項B與之剛好相反,所以不正確。

11.單選題

Inthepasttenyearsskyscrapershavedeveloped（）inChicagoandNewYorkCity.

問題1選項

A.homogeneously

B.simultaneously

C.spontaneously

D.harmoniously

【答案】B

【解析】homogeneously均勻地;simultaneously同時地,同步地;spontaneously自發(fā)地;harmoniously和諧地。句意為,在過去的十年里,摩天大樓在紐約和芝加哥同步發(fā)展起來了。

12.單選題

Thatmanclaimedtobea(n)（）ofConfucius.

問題1選項

A.descending

B.ascending

C.descendant

D.offspring

【答案】C

【解析】近義詞辨析。Descending“下降”，ascending“上升”，descendant“后裔；子孫”，offspring“后代；產(chǎn)物”，offspring作復(fù)數(shù)，句意：那個人自稱是孔子的后代。所以C符合題意。

13.單選題

Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbe（

）atthemanager’soffice.

問題1選項

A.declared

B.obtained

C.reclaimed

D.recognized

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。declare“申報，宣布”；obtain“獲得，得到”；reclaim“取回，開拓”；recognize“承認，識別”。句意：通知上說錢包已經(jīng)被找到并且可以在經(jīng)理辦公室領(lǐng)回。選項C符合題意。

14.問答題

Inspiteof(A)hisaged(B)appearance,hismovementswereasspirited(C)asayoungman(D).

【答案】試題答案：D;ayoungman’s

【解析】考查比較級。as...as意為“與……一樣”，hismovements（他的動作）不能與ayoungman（年輕人）進行比較，應(yīng)與ayoungman’smovements比較，為了避免重復(fù)，此處可將ayoungman’smovements中的movements省略，改為ayoungman’s。

15.單選題

Youmayfeelexhaustedunderstressfulbrainwork,heavyphysicallabororpanicanddisconsolatemoods.

問題1選項

A.pitiful

B.cordial

C.dismal

D.rough

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.pitiful令人同情的；可憐的B.cordial熱情友好的；和藹可親的

C.dismal憂郁的；凄涼的D.rough粗糙的；不平滑的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)所修飾的名詞mood可知，disconsolate是和情緒相關(guān)的形容詞，根據(jù)前文的feelexhausted（感到筋疲力盡）可推斷，disconsolate的詞義和負面情緒相關(guān)，只有C項詞義與人本身的負面情緒相關(guān)，故該題選擇C項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項詞義不符合句中所選詞匯。

【句意】在緊張的腦力勞動、繁重的體力勞動或恐慌、憂郁的情緒下，你可能會感到精疲力竭。

16.單選題

Judgesmustbefirm,fairand（

）intheirapplicationofthelaw.

問題1選項

A.normal

B.virtual

C.consistent

D.incessant

【答案】C

【解析】考察形容詞辨析。normal“正常的”；virtual“虛擬的”；consistent“一致的”；incessant“持續(xù)不斷的”。句意：法官在實施法律時，必須做到堅定、公正、一致。選項C符合句意。

17.單選題

Whentraveling,youareadvisedtotaketravelers'checks,whichprovideasecure_______tocarryingyourmoneyincash.

問題1選項

A.substitute

B.selection

C.inference

D.alternative

【答案】D

【解析】substitute替代物；preference偏愛；selection選擇，指從相當數(shù)量中進行選擇，強調(diào)數(shù)量多和慎重的判斷和鑒別；alternative可供選擇的，強調(diào)在兩個中選一個。句意：旅游的時候建議你帶上旅行支票，作為攜帶現(xiàn)金的一個安全替代方式。選項D正確。

18.單選題

11.

問題1選項

A.Discussingacase.

B.Defyingadiagnosis.

C.Performingasurgery.

D.Talkingwiththepatient.

【答案】A

【解析】W:What’sthemostlikelydiagnosisinthiscase?

M:Mostprobablytuberculosis.

W:What'sagainstthatdiagnosis?

M:Well,theinfectedhasn’thadanychangeinthehabitorlostweight.

Q:Whataretheydoingnow?

【解析】對話討論的是某種病例的diagnosis(癥狀)。

19.翻譯題

任何形式的腦力鍛煉都比窩在沙發(fā)上看電視要好。但最能產(chǎn)生積極影響的鍛煉活動絕不是簡單和輕松的活動：永無休止地玩游戲，或者看歷史頻道的最新記錄長片可能是不夠的。就像肌肉越用越強健一樣，腦力訓(xùn)練可以使你的心智技能和記憶力保持張力。不要過得太舒服。走出舒適區(qū)，時不時挑戰(zhàn)一下你的心智技能，比如到你從來沒有去過的城市旅游，這會使你在陌生的環(huán)境里不斷探索。

【答案】【參考譯文】AnyformofmentalexerciseisbetterthanwatchingTVonthesofa.Buttheexerciseactivitiesthatcanhavethemostpositiveimpactarebynomeanssimpleandeasyactivities:itmaynotbeenoughtoplaygamesendlesslyorwatchthelatestdocumentaryfeaturefilmsonthehistorychannel.Justasmusclesbecomestrongerwithuse,mentaltrainingcankeepyourmentalskillsa