考研考博-英語-蘭州科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-蘭州科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountyhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,andhence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

2.Theauthoruses“l(fā)abormarketproblems”inlines1-2torefertowhichofthefollowing?

3.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

5.Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatingeffectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersontheincomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftennotfeltby（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering?

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty?

C.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment?

D.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities?

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theoverallcausesofpoverty.

B.Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce.

C.Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods.

D.Shortagesofjobsprovidingadequateincome.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s

B.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

C.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow

D.therenowisagreaterproportionofelderlyandhandicappedpeopleamongthoseinpoverty

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.

B.Acompromiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasanevilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.

C.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

D.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theemployedpoor

B.dependentchildreninsingle-earnerfamilies

C.workerswhobecomedisabled

D.retiredworkers

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。第一段作者提出在很多方面，我們的社會統(tǒng)計(jì)夸大了失業(yè)的困苦程度。而在第二段又指出然而我們的社會統(tǒng)計(jì)也在很多方面低估了勞動力市場相關(guān)的困苦。文章主要是針對這倆方面進(jìn)行分析。因此D項(xiàng)“社會統(tǒng)計(jì)如何就由低工資和不充足的雇傭機(jī)會導(dǎo)致的困苦程度給出一個(gè)不清楚的描寫”比較能概括文章大意。

第2題:判斷推理題。文章開頭提出:Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?(有多少人真的因?yàn)閯趧?wù)市場問題而受苦？)。第二段又指出:Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship(然而我們的社會統(tǒng)計(jì)也在很多方面低估了勞動力市場相關(guān)的困苦)。后面又提及unemployment(失業(yè))和Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemployment(低工資和反復(fù)的或持續(xù)很久的失業(yè))。由此可推測，“l(fā)abormarketproblems”指“缺乏提供充足收入的工作”。

第3題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位至第一段:Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930'swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners...(如今的失業(yè)沒有20世紀(jì)30年代的失業(yè)那樣悲慘的結(jié)果，那時(shí)大多數(shù)的失業(yè)者是主要的養(yǎng)家糊口者)。

第4題:判斷推理題。題干意為:下列哪一項(xiàng)建議最適合作者提出的問題?最后一段指出:Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems(在這場辯論中，只有一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是一致的，那就是現(xiàn)有的貧困、就業(yè)和收入統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)不足以作為衡量勞動力市場問題后果的主要運(yùn)用之一，（即衡量勞動力市場問題的后果）是不充分的)。由此推測C項(xiàng)“新的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)應(yīng)該被開發(fā)來衡量失業(yè)和工資支付不足的就業(yè)導(dǎo)致的受苦程度”正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。題干意為:作者指出，涉及收入轉(zhuǎn)移的社會項(xiàng)目對低收入人群收入水平的緩解作用，往往沒有對…受益。Finally,incometransfersinourcountyhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor(最后，收入轉(zhuǎn)移在我們的國家一直關(guān)注老人、殘疾人和依靠他人者，從而忽視了上班的窮人的需求…)。由此可推測，A項(xiàng)“被雇傭的窮人”正確。

2.單選題

Certainanimalbehaviors,suchasmatingrituals,seemtobe_______，andtherefore____externalfactorssuchasclimatechanges,foodsupply,orthepresenceofotheranimalsofthesamespecies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.learned...immuneto

B.innate...unaffectedby

C.intricate...belongto

D.specific...confusedwith

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義和動詞詞組解析。learned“有學(xué)問的”；innate“與生俱來的”；intricate“復(fù)雜的，錯(cuò)綜的”；specific“明確的，詳細(xì)的”。immuneto“不受……影響的”；unaffectedby“不受影響的”；belongto“屬于”；confusedwith“對……困惑”。句意：一些動物的行為，比如交配行為，似乎是與生俱來的，不受外來因素影響的，比如氣候變化，食物供給或者同一物種其他動物的存在。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

Sometimes,whilelivinginaforeigncountry,onecravesaspecialdishfromhome.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.desires

B.eats

C.prepares

D.orders

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞義辨析。crave表示“渴望，懇求”；A項(xiàng)desire“想要，渴望”，B項(xiàng)eat“吃”，C項(xiàng)prepare“準(zhǔn)備”，D項(xiàng)order“命令，下單”。句意：生活在異國他鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，有時(shí)會想吃家鄉(xiāng)的特色菜。因此A項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它們（不文明群體的語言）落后于我們的西方語言，通常不是在完全滿足所有語言所需要的聲音模式或語法結(jié)構(gòu)上，而只是在反映說話者所知道的對象和活動的詞匯上?！庇纱丝芍c西方語言相比，不文明群體的語言在詞匯方面受到限制，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第二段的內(nèi)容“對于專業(yè)的人類學(xué)家來說，文化之間沒有本質(zhì)上的優(yōu)越，正如對于專業(yè)的語言學(xué)家來說，語言之間也沒有本質(zhì)上的等級關(guān)系?！庇纱丝芍x項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第三段一、二句的內(nèi)容“人們曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為落后群體的語言是野蠻的、不發(fā)達(dá)的語言形式，主要由咕噥和呻吟組成。雖然語言可能是從一系列的咕噥和呻吟開始的，但對‘落后’語言的研究證實(shí)，現(xiàn)在的口語語言都不符合這一描述?！币簿褪钦f，咕噥和呻吟的語言形式現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不存在了，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的語言似乎都有擴(kuò)充詞匯的機(jī)制，它們可以把已經(jīng)存在的詞匯組合在一起，也可以從其他語言中借用詞匯并使其適應(yīng)自己的系統(tǒng)?！庇纱丝芍?，作者認(rèn)為語言無論文明與否，都有擴(kuò)大詞匯量的潛力，選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文最后一段的內(nèi)容“這種對語言的研究，反過來又為人類學(xué)家的主張?zhí)峁┝诵碌木€索，即所有的文化都應(yīng)該被獨(dú)立地看待，沒有等級或?qū)蛹壍挠^念?！边x項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C在文中沒有信息體現(xiàn)；D選項(xiàng)是原文明確提出的觀點(diǎn)，不符合題干的意思。B選項(xiàng)“對語言的研究強(qiáng)化了人類學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，即文化之間沒有等級之分”與最后一段表達(dá)的意思一致，所以正確。

5.單選題

YouandIagreetomeetatfour-thirty,Ishowupat4:33.Idon’tsayanything,becausethat’scloseenoughtosatisfyoursocialcontract.Onlyafterfiveminutesdoyouexpectmetosay,“Sorry,I’mlate.”AttenminutesIoweyouanexplanation,“Thefreewayexitwasclosed.Ihadtogofourmilesoutofmyway.”AftertwentyminutesIhavetomakeafullandseriousapology.AfterfortyminutesI’dbetternotshowupatall.

Thatsortofthing—formallyobservedandneverexplicitlystated—drivespeoplefromotherculturescrazy.Anthropologistslistthetoughestthingstocopewithinaforeignland.Secondonlytolanguageisthewaywedealwithtime.

Nowpsychologistslookatourviewoftimeanotherway.Theygointoseveralcountriesandmeasurethepaceoflife.Theymeasuretheaccuracyofbankclocksandhowfastcitydwellerswalk.Theytimetransactionsinbanksandpostoffices.Theyseehowlongpeoplelaketoanswerquestions.

Japanesekeepthefastestpace.Americansareaclosesecond.ItaliansandIndonesiansareatthebottomofthelist.Italiansgivelonganswerstoyourquestions.Indonesiansdon’tgiveafigaboutstingtheirbankclocks.AmongAmericancities,BostonandKansasCityarefastest.NewYorkisupthere,ofcourse,butwekeepafasterpacehereinHouston.California’s“l(fā)aidback”reputationisdeserved.TheslowestpaceofalliskeptinLosAngeles.

Finally,welookatheartdisease.That’stricky,becauseotherfactorsareinvolved.Ourheart’sgreatestenemyistobacco.Butheartdiseasealsocorrelateswiththepacewekeep.Smokerswhodrivethemselvesarereallyaskingforit.

Nowit’s4:55.I’mstrolling,unhurriedtowardour4:30meeting.I’mthinkingsomethingaboutIsaacWatts,theEnglishpoet,wrote:

Time,whatanemptyvapouritis;

Anddayshowswifttheyare!

SwiftasanIndianarrowflies,

Orlikeashootingstar.

Thattensionsoaksthroughourviewoftime.Canweseetimeasanemptyvapor?Ordoourtechnologiesdefinetimeandbindustoin?Inatechnology-denseworld,wetoooftenlettimeturnintoanIndianarrow—oneaimedatourheart.

Sotheclockticks,andweask:Istimeanarrowwemustdodgeorvaporwecanignore?Ifwe’resmart,welivebytheclockonlywhenwehaveto.Otherwise,wesitbackandplay.Weknowhowtolettinebeonlyvapor,afterall.

1.InAmericayouhavetoapologizesincerelyifyouare________.

2.Weknowfromthepassagethat________.

3.IntheUnitedStates,thepaceoflifeisquiterelaxedin________.

4.Whichsentencecorrectlyrestates“Smokerswhodrivethemselvesarereallyrallyaskingforit”?

5.Whattheauthorwantstotellusisthat________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.5minuteslate

B.20minuteslate

C.40minuteslate

D.10minuteslate

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Indonesiansdonotmeasuretheaccuracyofbankclocks

B.Japanesekeepafairlyfastpace

C.thepaceoflifeinAmericaisthefastest

D.Italianslaketheirtimeindoingthings

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.California

B.Houston

C.LosAngeles

D.NewYork

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Smokersshouldnotdrivecarsbecausetheygetintoaccidentseasily.

B.Smokerswhohaveheartdiseaseshouldnotdrivethemselves.

C.Smokerswhoworktoohardwillsoonfindthemselvesdownwithhearttrouble.

D.Smokerswhodrivetheirowncarsarereallyaskingfortrouble.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.peoplewithhearttroubleshouldnotsmoke

B.timeisdangerousinthatitislikeanarrowaimedatourhearts

C.livingbytheclockinourtechnology-denseworldcouldbefatal

D.weshouldavoidhavingeverymomentofourliferuledbytheclock

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段AftertwentyminutesIhavetomakeafullandseriousapology.AfterfortyminutesI’dbetternotshowupatall.（在遲到20分鐘后，我必須真誠道歉。在遲到40分鐘后，我最好不露面。），所以B選項(xiàng)“遲到20分鐘”正確。A選項(xiàng)“遲到5分鐘”對應(yīng)文章第一段，此處提到在遲到五分鐘后，我應(yīng)該說“對不起，我來遲了”，與題干不符，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；C選項(xiàng)“遲到40分鐘”對應(yīng)第二段“遲到40分鐘后，我最好不露面”，與題干意思不符，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；D選項(xiàng)“遲到10分鐘”對應(yīng)第二段“在遲到10分鐘后，我欠你一個(gè)解釋”，與題干意思不符，屬于出處錯(cuò)位。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段Japanesekeepthefastestpace.Americansareaclosesecond.ItaliansandIndonesiansareatthebottomofthelist.Italiansgivelonganswerstoyourquestions.Indonesiansdon’tgiveafigaboutsettingtheirbankclocks.（日本人回答問題的速度最快。美國人緊隨其后。意大利人和印尼人排在最后。意大利人對你的問題回答很長。印尼人對設(shè)置銀行時(shí)鐘毫不在意。），由日本人回答問題的速度可推斷出日本人的生活節(jié)奏很快，所以B選項(xiàng)“日本人的節(jié)奏相當(dāng)快”正確。A選項(xiàng)“印度尼西亞人不會測量銀行時(shí)鐘的準(zhǔn)確性”說法錯(cuò)誤，此處只提到印度尼西亞人對銀行設(shè)置的時(shí)鐘不理會，并沒有提到時(shí)鐘的準(zhǔn)確性測量，屬于曲解原文；C選項(xiàng)“美國的生活節(jié)奏是最快的”說法錯(cuò)誤，此處說到日本的生活節(jié)奏最快，美國第二，屬于反向干擾；D選項(xiàng)“意大利人做事很費(fèi)時(shí)”說法錯(cuò)誤，此處只提到意大利人在銀行回答問題的答案很長，并不意味著他們做所有的事情都費(fèi)時(shí)，屬于曲解原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段AmongAmericancities,BostonandKansasCityarefastest.NewYorkisupthere,ofcourse,butwekeepafasterpacehereinHouston.California’s“l(fā)aid-back”reputationisdeserved.TheslowestpaceofalliskeptinLosAngeles.（在美國城市中，波士頓和堪薩斯城的生活節(jié)奏是最快的。當(dāng)然，紐約在這方面一直領(lǐng)先，但休斯敦的節(jié)奏比紐約更快。加利福利亞“悠閑”的名聲當(dāng)之無愧。最慢的是洛杉磯。），由此可知洛杉磯是美國生活節(jié)奏最輕松的，所以C選項(xiàng)“洛杉磯”正確。A選項(xiàng)“加利福利亞”，雖然此處提到了加利福利亞的生活很輕松，但不是最輕松的，故不選，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；B選項(xiàng)“休斯頓”，此處說到紐約的生活節(jié)奏一直很快，休斯頓比紐約更快一點(diǎn)，而題干中問的是生活最輕松的地方，故B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)“紐約”都不選，屬于反向干擾。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段Finally,welookatheartdisease.That’stricky,becauseotherfactorsareinvolved.Ourheart’sgreatestenemyistobacco.Butheartdiseasealsocorrelateswiththepacewekeep.Smokerswhodrivethemselvesarereallyaskingforit.（最后，我們來看看心臟病。這很棘手，因?yàn)檫€涉及到其他因素。我們心中最大的敵人是煙草。但心臟病也與我們保持的節(jié)奏有關(guān)。自己開車的吸煙者真的是自找麻煩），由此可推斷出患有心臟病的吸煙者不應(yīng)該自己開車，所以B選項(xiàng)“患有心臟病的吸煙者不應(yīng)該自己開車”正確。A選項(xiàng)“吸煙者不應(yīng)該開車，因?yàn)樗麄兒苋菀壮鍪鹿省焙虳選項(xiàng)“自己開車的煙民真是自找麻煩”此處都有提到，但是吸煙者開車并不會有什么危險(xiǎn)，除非他患有心臟病，A、D選項(xiàng)都沒有體現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)，屬于曲解原文；C選項(xiàng)“努力工作的吸煙者很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己患有心臟病”文章并沒有明確提到，屬于無中生有。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后兩段尤其最后一段的第二句Ifwe’resmart,welivebytheclockonlywhenwehaveto.（如果我們夠聰明，我們只會在必要的時(shí)候按時(shí)間行事。），結(jié)合文章可知作者把時(shí)間比喻成蒸汽和指向我們心臟的利箭，但其實(shí)患心臟病也與生活節(jié)奏有關(guān)，所以可以推斷作者認(rèn)為生活節(jié)奏快對身體健康是不利的，我們的生活不應(yīng)該完全受時(shí)間掌控，所以D選項(xiàng)“我們應(yīng)該避免讓時(shí)鐘主宰我們生活的每一刻”正確。A選項(xiàng)“患有心臟病的人不應(yīng)該吸煙”對應(yīng)文章五段，文章只在該段提到了吸煙對心臟病有消極作用，但作者還提到了生活節(jié)奏太快也會導(dǎo)致心臟病發(fā)作，且全文都與生活節(jié)奏相關(guān)，所以A選項(xiàng)不足以概括作者的意圖，屬于以偏概全；B選項(xiàng)“時(shí)間是危險(xiǎn)的，因?yàn)樗拖褚恢е赶蛭覀冃撵`的箭”對應(yīng)文章倒數(shù)第二段，此處提到我們的技術(shù)定義了我們對時(shí)間的看法，它可以是一把利箭，我們也可以把它當(dāng)蒸汽，這都取決于人們自己的選擇，屬于以偏概全；C選項(xiàng)“在我們這個(gè)技術(shù)密集的世界里，按時(shí)鐘生活可能是致命的”對應(yīng)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句，雖然該選項(xiàng)說法無誤，但是不足以概括作者的意圖，屬于以偏概全。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Nextsemester,Susanmusttakethreecompulsorycourses.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.formal

B.voluntary

C.practical

D.required

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。compulsory“義務(wù)的；必修的；被強(qiáng)制的”；A選項(xiàng)formal“正式的；拘謹(jǐn)?shù)?；有條理的”；B選項(xiàng)voluntary“自愿的；故意的”；C選項(xiàng)practical“實(shí)際的；實(shí)用性的”；D選項(xiàng)required“必需的；必修的”。句意：下學(xué)期，蘇珊必須修三門必修課。根據(jù)句中“courses課程”可知compulsory在這里的意思為“必修的”，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thosegiftsofrarebooksthatweregiventousweredeeply（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appreciated

B.approved

C.appealed

D.applied

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。appreciate“感激”；approve“贊成，批準(zhǔn)”；appeal“吸引”；apply“使用”。句意：對于贈送給我們這些珍貴的書籍作為禮物，我們感到深深的感激。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

ThereisincreasingevidencethattheimpactsofmeteoriteshavehadimportanteffectsonEarth,particularlyinthefieldofbiologicalevolution.SuchimpactscontinuetoposeanaturalhazardtolifeonEarth.Twiceinthetwentiethcentury,largemeteoriteobjectsareknowntohavecollidedwithEarth.

Ifanimpactislargeenough,itcandisturbtheenvironmentoftheentireEarthandcauseanecologicalcatastrophe.Thebest-documentedsuchimpacttookplace65millionyearsagoattheendoftheCretaceousperiodofgeologicalhistory.ThisbreakinEarth’shistoryismarkedbyamassextinction,whenasmanyashalfthespeciesontheplanetbecameextinct.Whilethereareadozenormoremassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord,theCretaceousmassextinctionhasalwaysintriguedpaleontologistsbecauseitmarkstheendoftheageofthedinosaurs.Fortensofmillionsofyears,thosegreatcreatureshadflourished.Then,suddenly,theydisappeared.

ThebodythatimpactedEarthattheendoftheCretaceousperiodwasameteoritewithamassofmorethanatrilliontonsandadiameterofatleast10kilometers.Scientistsfirstidentifiedthisimpactin1980fromtheworldwidelayerofsedimentdepositedfromthedustcloudthatenvelopedtheplanetaftertheimpact.ThissedimentlayerisenrichedintheraremetaliridiumandotherelementsthatarerelativelyabundantinameteoritebutveryrareinthecrustofEarth.Evendilutedbytheterrestrialmaterialexcavatedfromthecrater,thiscomponentofmeteoritesiseasilyidentified.By1990geologistshadlocatedtheimpactsiteitselfintheYucatregionofMexico.Thecrater,nowdeeplyburiedinsediment,wasoriginallyabout200kilometersindiameter.

Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Presumably,thoseenvironmentaldisasterscouldhavebeenresponsibleforthemassextinction,includingthedeathofthedinosaurs.

Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeententativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticastheCretaceousevent.Butevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentation,itisclearthatimpactsofthissizedooccurandthattheirresultscanbecatastrophic.Whatisacatastropheforonegroupoflivingthings,however,maycreateopportunitiesforanothergroup.Followingeachmassextinction,thereisasuddenevolutionaryburstasnewspeciesdeveloptofilltheecologicalnichesopenedbytheevent.

Impactsbymeteoritesrepresentonemechanismthatcouldcauseglobalcatastrophesandseriouslyinfluencetheevolutionoflifeallovertheplanet.Accordingtosomeestimates,themajorityofallextinctionsofspeciesmaybeduetosuchimpacts.Suchaperspectivefundamentallychangesourviewofbiologicalevolution.Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.Yetanequallyimportantcriterionistheabilityofaspeciestosurviverandomglobalecologicalcatastrophesduetoimpacts.

Earthisatargetinacosmicshootinggallery,subjecttorandomviolenteventsthatwereunsuspectedafewdecadesago.In1991theUnitedStatesCongressaskedNASAtoinvestigatethehazardposedtodaybylargeimpactsonEarth.Thegroupconductingthestudyconcludedfromadetailedanalysisthatimpactsfrommeteoritescanindeedbehazardous.Althoughthereisalwayssomeriskthatalargeimpactcouldoccur,carefulstudyshowsthatthisriskisquitesmall.

62.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatdinosaurshadflourishedfortensofmillionsofyearsandthensuddenlydisappeared?

63.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthelocationofthemeteoriteimpactinMexico?

64.Theword“excavating”inPara.4isclosestinmeaningto____.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefactorsthatareessentialforthesurvivalofaspeciesissupportedinParagraph6?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TosupporttheclaimthatthemassextinctionattheendoftheCretaceousisthebest-documentedofthedozenorsomassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord.

B.ToexplainwhyasmanyashalfofthespeciesonEarthatthetimearebelievedtohavebecomeextinctattheendoftheCretaceous.

C.ToexplainwhypaleontologistshavealwaysbeenintriguedbythemassextinctionattheendoftheCretaceous.

D.Toprovideevidencethatanimpactcanbelargeenoughtodisturbtheenvironmentoftheentireplanetandcauseanecologicaldisaster.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThelocationoftheimpactsiteinMexicowaskeptsecretbygeologistsfrom1980to1990.

B.Itwasawell-knownfactthattheimpacthadoccurredintheYucatregion.

C.Geologistsknewthattherehadbeenanimpactbeforetheyknewwhereithadoccurred.

D.TheYucatregionwaschosenbygeologistsasthemostprobableimpactsitebecauseofitsclimate.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.diggingout

B.extending

C.destroying

D.coveringup

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Themostimportantfactorforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitsabilitytocompeteandadapttogradualchangesinitsenvironment.

B.Theabilityofaspeciestocompeteandadapttoagraduallychangingenvironmentisnottheonlyabilitythatisessentialforsurvival.

C.Sincemostextinctionsofspeciesareduetomajormeteoriteimpacts,theabilitytosurvivesuchimpactsisthemostimportantfactorforthesurvivalofaspecies.

D.Thefactorsthataremostimportantforthesurvivalofaspeciesvarysignificantlyfromonespeciestoanother.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干：在第二段中，作者為什么要包括恐龍繁衍了數(shù)千萬年然后突然消失的信息？定位到第二段最后一句Fortensofmillionsofyears,thosegreatcreatureshadflourished.Then,suddenly,theydisappeared.（千百萬年來，這些偉大的生物繁衍生息。然后，突然，他們消失了），然后這句話的前文Whilethereareadozenormoremassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord,theCretaceousmassextinctionhasalwaysintriguedpaleontologistsbecauseitmarkstheendoftheageofthedinosaurs.（盡管在地質(zhì)記錄中有十幾種或更多的大規(guī)模滅絕，但白堊紀(jì)的大規(guī)模滅絕總能引起古生物學(xué)家的興趣，因?yàn)樗鼧?biāo)志著恐龍時(shí)代的終結(jié)），因此C項(xiàng)“解釋為什么古生物學(xué)家總是對白堊紀(jì)末的大滅絕感興趣”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“為了證明白堊紀(jì)末的大滅絕是地質(zhì)記錄中十幾次大滅絕中記錄最完整的一次”，B項(xiàng)“解釋為什么當(dāng)時(shí)地球上有一半的物種在白堊紀(jì)末滅絕”，D項(xiàng)“提供證據(jù)，證明一次影響可能大到足以擾亂整個(gè)地球的環(huán)境，造成生態(tài)災(zāi)難”，均不符合題意。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】判斷推理題。從第三段倒數(shù)第二句By1990geologistshadlocatedtheimpactsiteitselfintheYucatregionofMexico（到1990年，地質(zhì)學(xué)家已經(jīng)將撞擊地點(diǎn)定位在墨西哥的尤卡特地區(qū)）可知B項(xiàng)“眾所周知，撞擊發(fā)生在尤卡特地區(qū)”為正確答案。A項(xiàng)“1980年至1990年，地質(zhì)學(xué)家對墨西哥撞擊地點(diǎn)的位置保密”，C項(xiàng)“地質(zhì)學(xué)家在知道撞擊發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)之前就已經(jīng)知道了”，D項(xiàng)“由于氣候原因，地質(zhì)學(xué)家選擇尤卡特地區(qū)作為最可能的撞擊地點(diǎn)”，均在文中未體現(xiàn)，故錯(cuò)誤。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。excavating“挖掘；開鑿”。A項(xiàng)“掘出”，B項(xiàng)“延伸；擴(kuò)展”，C項(xiàng)“摧毀；毀滅”，D項(xiàng)“掩蓋”，結(jié)合句意：這次撞擊釋放了巨大的能量，一個(gè)約為月球Tycho隕石坑兩倍大的隕石坑。因此A項(xiàng)符合題意。

65.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第六段第四句Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.Yetanequallyimportantcriterionistheabilityofaspeciestosurviverandomglobalecologicalcatastrophesduetoimpacts.（一個(gè)物種生存的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是它能否成功地與其他物種競爭并適應(yīng)緩慢變化的環(huán)境。然而，一個(gè)同樣重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是，一個(gè)物種是否有能力在隨機(jī)的全球生態(tài)災(zāi)難中生存下來）可知B項(xiàng)“物種競爭和適應(yīng)逐漸變化的環(huán)境的能力不是生存所必需的唯一能力”最貼近文意，是正確答案。A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)物種生存的最重要因素是它的競爭能力和適應(yīng)環(huán)境逐漸變化的能力”，C項(xiàng)“由于大多數(shù)物種的滅絕都是由于主要的隕石撞擊造成的，因此在這種撞擊下生存的能力是物種生存的最重要因素”，D項(xiàng)“對于一個(gè)物種的生存來說，最重要的因素在不同的物種之間有很大的差異”，均未在第六段體現(xiàn)。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Throughoutextensiveareasofthetropicsthetallandstatelyprimevalforesthasgivenwaytoerodedland,scrubandthejumbleofsecondarygrowth.JustasthevirginforestsofEuropeandNorthAmericawerelaidlowbyman’simprovidence,sothoseofthetropicsarenowvanishing—onlytheirdestructionmaybeencompassedindecadesinsteadofcenturies.Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.Theeconomiclosswillbeincalculable,fortheprimaryrainforestsarerichsourcesoftimber(mahogany,teak)andsuchby-productsasresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandra