考研考博-英語-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

WhenConAgraFoodscametoChinafiveyearsago,thecompanyhadhighhopesandbigworries.Previously,thecompanyenteredtheJapanesemarketandrepeatedlyranintoobstacleslikecommunicationbreakdowns,culturalmisstepsandmisseddeadlines.

Whilethosewrinkleswereeventuallystraightenedout，ConAgraknewitcouldnotaffordtomakethesamemistakeinChina.Intentonfindingaguidewhocouldshortentheculturaldistance,JulieWilliams,whowasthenthecompany’shumanresourcesmanagerresponsibleforinternationalorganization,hiredCarlaKearns,founderofTLI-TheMandarinSchool,basedinToronto,toprovideitsexecutiveswithinterculturalbusinesstraining.Ms.KearnsteachescompaniestounderstandthefundamentalvaluesthatWesternandChineseculturesseedifferentlyandthatifignoredcanwreakhavocontheirbottomline.Theyincludeconceptsoftime,hierarchy,individualism,personalrelationshipsandsavingface.WesternexecutivesflyingintoChinaforaweekofback-to-backmeetingsbutgettingnowherewiththeirChinesebusinesspartners?Theymaybeinvestingmoneyinthetrip,butnotsomethingjustasvital:time.RushedschedulesleavenotimeforskillfulnegotiationandcanoffendChinese,whowanttobuildtrustanddeveloprelationships,orguanxi,oftenbysocializingoverdinnersanddrinks.AnotherpitfalliswhenWesternerslayalltheproblemsonthetable,whileChinesewillonlyaddresstwoatanygivenmeetingbecausecriticismorblamewillmakethemlookbadinfrontoftheirpeers.WesternexecutivesassumingtheirbusinesspracticesaresuccessfuliftheirChineseemployeesdon’tobject?Thinkagain.Chinesearetaughttoobeyauthorityandareoftenloathtodisagreewiththeirbosses.

Ms.Kearnschargescorporationsabout$5,000foradayoftrainingfor5to100peopleandspeakstobothWesternersandChinese,focusingonthe“coregutreactions”eachaudiencehaswhenfacingculturalobstaclesattheoffice.

Parttherapist,motivationalspeakerandmanagementconsultant,Ms.Kearns,whohasworkedacrossEastAsia,beginsbytellingclientslikeConAgratoleavetheirWesternassumptionsathome.

“I’mabletoexplaintheseculturalissuestoWesternersbecauseI’vebeenthroughthatfrustration,too,”shesaid.“SomanytimesIseeWesternersgotoChinaandseesomethingdifferentthanwhathappensinNorthAmerica,anditbecomesthisjudgmentandcondemnation.”

【答案】當(dāng)最終克服這些困難后，康尼格拉公司深知決不能在中國重蹈覆轍?？ǘ魉菇虒?dǎo)企業(yè)要理解中西文化對基本價值的不同看法，忽視這些會帶來不良后果。

西方的管理人員飛到中國，一周內(nèi)開會不斷，但和中國商業(yè)伙伴卻無任何進(jìn)展？他們可以為旅行投資，而沒有為同樣重要的東西——時間投資。

另一個易犯錯誤是西方人把全部問題擺到桌面上，而中國人在特定會議上只愿意討論少數(shù)幾個問題，因?yàn)榕u和責(zé)備會使他們在同行面前尷尬。

近年來外國公司大量涌入中國，催生了不少新興的文化交流和創(chuàng)新咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)，它們受雇對西方人和中國人就外語、管理風(fēng)格和企業(yè)文化進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)。稱職的文化培訓(xùn)者首先會談到中國多數(shù)職場新手了解的禮儀，如交換名片要用雙手，宴請時座次恰當(dāng)，這些可能有助于進(jìn)入會議室，但要成交且看到利潤顯然還需要細(xì)膩的方法。

她說：“因?yàn)槲以?jīng)也經(jīng)歷過這種挫敗，所以我能向西方人解釋這些文化差距導(dǎo)致的問題。”

2.單選題

Clarkfeltthathis______inoneofthemostdramaticmedicalexperimentsofalltimewasworththesufferingheunderwent.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appreciation

B.participation

C.presentation

D.apprehension

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)appreciation“欣賞；理解；感激”；B選項(xiàng)participation“參與”；C選項(xiàng)presentation“頒發(fā)；展示會”；D選項(xiàng)apprehension“憂慮；逮捕”。句意：克拉克認(rèn)為，他對有史以來最引人注目的醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)之一的______，配得上他所遭受的痛苦。根據(jù)語境，B選項(xiàng)participation“參與”搭配experiments“實(shí)驗(yàn)”比較合理，意思指參與實(shí)驗(yàn)，符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

ATIMEcolumnistbearswitnesstoanoperationtohelptripletswithcerebralpalsywalklikeotherboys.

CindyHickmannearlybledtodeaththedayshegavebirth—threemonthsprematurely—tohertripletsons.Weighinglessthan2lbseach,herbabieswerealive，butbarely.TheyclungsotenuouslytolifethatherdoctorsrecommendedshenamethemA,BandC.Then,afterayearofheroicinterventions—brainshunts，tracheotomies,skullremodeling—oftenrequiringemergencyhelicopterridestothehospitalnearesttheirruralTennesseehome,theHickmanlearnedthattheirtripletshadcerebralpalsy.

Fifteenyearsagotherewasn’tmuchthatcouldbedoneaboutcerebralpalsy，adisordercausedbydamagetothemotorcentersofthebrain.Butpediatricmedicinehascomealongwaysincethen,bothininterventionbeforebirth,withbetterprenatalcareandvarioustechniquestopostponedelivery，andsurgicalinterventionsafterbirthtocorrectphysicaldeficiencies.Soalthoughtheincidenceofcerebralpalsyseemstobeincreasing(becausetheoddsofpreemiessurvivingaresomuchbetter),sotooarethenumberofsuccessstories.

Thisisoneofthem.Lane,CodieandWyatt(astheHickmanboysarecalled)havespasticcerebralpalsy,themostcommonform,accountingfornearly80%o￡cases.“Wefirstnoticedthattheyweren’twalkingwhentheyshould，”Cindyrecalls.“Insteadtheywereonlydoingthecombatcrawl.”Theirbrainsseemedtobedevelopingageappropriately,buttheirmuscleswereunnaturallystiff，makingwalkingdifficultifnotimpossible.

Happily,spasticcerebralpalsyisalsothemosttreatableformofCP,largelythankstoaprocedureknownasselectivedorsalrhizotomy,inwhichthenerverootsthatarecausingtheproblemareisolatedandsevered.AmongthefirsttochampionSDRintheU.S.inthelate1980swasDr.T.S.Park,aKorean-bornpediatricneurosurgeonatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,Mo.,whohasperformedmorethan800oftheseoperationsandhopestodoanadditional1,000beforeheretires.

Havingperformedtheoperationmyselfasaresidentinneurosurgery,Iwaseagertoseehowthecountry’smostprolificSDRsurgeondoesit.LastmonthIgotanopportunitytostandbyhissideasheoperatedon3-year-oldLaneHickman.

Peeringthroughamicroscopeandguidedbyanelectricprobe,wewereabletodistinguishbetweenthetwogroupsofnerverootsleavingthespinalcord.Theventralrootssendinformationtothemuscle;thedorsalrootssendinformationbacktothespinalcord.Thedorsalrootscausespasticity,andifjusttherightonesaresevered，thesymptomscanbegreatlyreduced.

NearlyhalfamillionAmericanssufferfromcerebralpalsy.NotallarecandidatesforSDR,butParkestimatesthatasmanyashalfmaybe.Hegetsthebestresultswithchildrenbetweenages2and6whowerebornprematurelyandhavestiffnessonlyintheirlegs.Heisknownforperformingtheoperationveryhighupinthespine，rightwherethenerverootsexitthespinalcord.It’sriskierthatway,buttherecoveryisfaster,andinPark’sskilledhands,thesuccessrateishigher.

CindyandJeremyHickmanwilltestifytothat.Justafewweeksaftertheprocedure，twooftheirsonsarewalkingalmostnormallyandthethirdisrapidlyimproving.

1.Whenthetripletswereborn,_______.

2.Cerebralpalsyis____.

3.Therearemoreandmorecasesofcerebralpalsy_______.

4.Dr.T.S.Park____.

5.SDRisaprocedureof____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.boththetripletsandtheirmothernearlydied

B.theydidn’thavecerebralpalsy

C.doctorsdidn’tbelievetheyweregoingtosurvive

D.theyreceivedmedicalinterventionlikebrainshunts

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.deadlydisease

B.akindofbraindisorder

C.nottreatableforchildrenwhoareover6andhavestiffnessintheirlegs

D.tobecuredbyisolatingandcuttingofftherightnerveroots

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.becausetherearemoreandmoretriplets

B.becausemoreandmorebabiesprematurelybornareabletosurvive

C.sotherearemorecasesofsuccessfultreatment

D.sotherearemorecandidatesforSDR

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.isasuccessfulpioneerinadoptingSDRoperationsinCPtreatment

B.isfamousbecauseofhissuccesswiththetripletswhoareverydifficultcases

C.isambitiousbyhopingtodoanother1，000SDRoperations

D.isnotcautiousenoughbytakingriskstoperformtheoperationveryhighupthespine

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.prenatalinterventionusingdeliverypostponingtechniques

B.surgicalinterventionafterbirthtoreducespasticsymptoms

C.isolatingandseveringeitherofthetwogroupsofnerverootsleavingthespinalcord

D.greatriskandhighefficiency

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Then,afterayearofheroicinterventions—brainshunts，tracheotomies,skullremodeling…theHickmanlearnedthattheirtripletshadcerebralpalsy.”，可知三胞胎出生后，他們接受了一系列的醫(yī)療干預(yù)，比如大腦分流術(shù)、氣管切開術(shù)等等，最終得知三胞胎患有腦癱。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句，“…cerebralpalsy，adisordercausedbydamagetothemotorcentersofthebrain.”，逗號后面是對腦癱這個名詞的解釋。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句，“Soalthoughtheincidenceofcerebralpalsyseemstobeincreasing(becausetheoddsofpreemiessurvivingaresomuchbetter),sotooarethenumberofsuccessstories.”，括號中由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句就是對上一句的原因解釋，可知腦癱的發(fā)病率似乎在增加的原因是早產(chǎn)兒存活的幾率高。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句,“AmongthefirsttochampionSDRintheU.S.…whohasperformedmorethan800oftheseoperationsandhopestodoanadditional1,000beforeheretires.”，可知Dr.T.S.Park是美國治療腦癱疾病中，第一批成功采用SDR手術(shù)的人。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第七段最后一句，“Thedorsalrootscausespasticity,andifjusttherightonesaresevered，thesymptomscanbegreatlyreduced.”，上文提到SDR手術(shù)的實(shí)施過程和原理，本句是這種手術(shù)的目的和結(jié)果，可知SDR可以大大減少痙攣癥狀。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.單選題

Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered_______ofeachotherinthought,buttheyarcinseparableinfact.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】indistinctly不清楚地,分不清地;separately分別地,分離地;irrelevantly無關(guān)地,不相干地;independently獨(dú)立地。句意：語言、文化和人格在思想上可以相互獨(dú)立,但實(shí)際上是不可分割的。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

5.單選題

After1989,theexternal（）vanished,butthedangertoAmericancivilizationremained.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.disruption

B.menace

C.liability

D.emergence

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。disruption中斷，分裂；menace威脅，脅迫;liability責(zé)任，義務(wù)；emergence出現(xiàn)，出來，暴露。句意:1989年之后，外部消失了，但對美國文明的危險依然存在。因此B項(xiàng)符合句意和邏輯。

6.單選題

Theargumentconcerningtheuse,orthestatus,ortherealityofBlackEnglishisrootedinAmericanhistoryandhasabsolutelynothingtodowiththequestionwhichtheargumentsupposesitselftobeposing.Theargumenthasnothingtodowithlanguageitselfbutwiththeroleoflanguage.Language,incontestably,revealsthespeaker.Language,also,farmoredubiously,ismeanttodefinetheother—and,inthiscase,theotherisrefusingtobedefinedbyalanguagethathasneverbeenabletorecognizehim.

Peopleevolvealanguageinordertodescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances,orinordernottobesubmergedbyarealitythattheycannotarticulate.(And,iftheycannotarticulateit,theyaresubmerged.)AFrenchmanlivinginParisspeaksasubtlyandcruciallydifferentlanguagefromthatofthemanlivinginMarseilles;neithersoundsverymuchlikeamanlivinginQuebec;andtheywouldallhavegreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying,tosaynothingofthemanfromSenegal—althoughthe“common”languageofalltheseareasisFrench.Buteachhaspaid,andispaying,adifferentpriceforthis“common”language,inwhich,asitturnsout,theyarenotsaying,andcannotbesaying,thesamethings.Theyeachhaveverydifferentrealitiestoarticulate,orcontrol.

Whatjoinsalllanguages,andallmen,isthenecessitytoconfrontlife,inorder,notinconceivably,tooutwitdeath:Thepriceforthisistheacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity.Sothat,forexample,thoughitisnottaughtintheschoolsthesouthofFrancestillclingstoitsancientandmusicalProvencal,whichresistsbeingdescribedasa“dialect”.AndmuchofthetensionintheBasquecountries,andinWales,isduetotheBasqueandWelshdeterminationnottoallowtheirlanguagestobedestroyed.ThisdeterminationalsofeedstheflamesinIreland,foramongthemanyindignitiestheIrishhavebeenforcedtoundergoatEnglishhandsistheEnglishcontemptfortheirlanguage.

Itgoeswithoutsaying,then,thatlanguageisalsoapoliticalinstrument,means,andproofofpower.Itisthemostvividandcrucialkeytoidentity:itrevealstheprivateidentity,andconnectsonewith,ordivorcesonefromthelargerpublic,orcommunalidentity.Therehavebeen,andare,timesandplaces,whentospeakacertainlanguagecouldbedangerous,evenfatal.Or,onemayspeakthesamelanguage,butinsuchawaythatone’santecedentsarerevealed,or(onehopes)hidden.

16.Accordingtothepassage,languagerevealsthespeakerinthewaythat____.

17.WhydoesaFrenchmanlivinginParishasgreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying?

18.WhatdoestheexampleofBasqueandWelshillustrate?

19.Insomeplaces,speakingacertainlanguagemaycause____.

20.Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.peoplewhospeakthesamelanguagesharethesameculture

B.apersonisrecognizedbythelanguagehespeaks

C.languageisaneffectivemeansofcommunication

D.languageaffectsthespeaker’scircumstances

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Becausetheypronouncemanywordsdifferently.

B.Becausetheyliveindifferentareasandseldomvisiteachother.

C.Becausetheyspeakdifferentvarietiesofalanguageandconfrontdifferentrealities.

D.Becausetheyhavedifferentarticulationsystem.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Languagerevealsanation’soracommunity’sidentity.

B.Certainpeople’scontemptforalanguagemayleadtoracialconflicts.

C.Languageisasymbolofpublicexistence.

D.BasquepeoplejoinupwithWelshpeopletofightfortheirlanguage.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.familydivorce

B.offenceandhatred

C.communalmisunderstanding

D.politicaldisagreement

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theuse,status,andrealityofBlackEnglish

B.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

C.languagevarieties

D.language,identityandnationality

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】16.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,languagerevealsthespeakerinthewaythat____.根據(jù)文章，語言是以什么方式揭示使用這種語言的人的。

A.peoplewhospeakthesamelanguagesharethesamecultureA.說同一種語言的人擁有相同的文化

B.apersonisrecognizedbythelanguagehespeaksB.通過一個人說什么語言能識別出他的身份

C.languageisaneffectivemeansofcommunicationC.語言是一種有效的交際手段

D.languageaffectsthespeaker’scircumstancesD.語言影響說話人所處的環(huán)境

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞languagerevealsthespeaker定位到原文第1段第3句，該句提到“毫無疑問，語言揭示了使用這種語言的人（revealsthespeaker）。”該句后一句提到“更令人懷疑的是，語言（Language）是用來定義他者的（definetheother）——在這種情況下，他者（theother）拒絕被一種從未能夠識別他者的語言（alanguagethathasneverbeenabletorecognizehim）所定義?！庇纱送茢?，語言因?yàn)槟軌蜃R別一個人的身份而被用來定義使用該語言的人。因此，本題“語言是以什么方式揭示使用這種語言的人的”的答案是B選項(xiàng)“通過一個人說什么語言能識別出他的身份”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“說同一種語言的人擁有相同的文化”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“語言是一種有效的交際手段”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“語言影響說話人所處的環(huán)境”，可定位到原文第2段第1句，該句提到“人們進(jìn)化一種語言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境（todescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances），或者是為了不被他們無法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒?！庇纱丝芍?，使用語言是為了描述和控制周圍的環(huán)境，因此，環(huán)境不同，語言就不同，該選項(xiàng)表述錯誤，不是語言影響環(huán)境，而是環(huán)境影響語言。

17.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

WhydoesaFrenchmanlivinginParishasgreatdifficultyinapprehendingwhatthemanfromGuadeloupe,orMartinique,issaying?為什么一個住在巴黎的法國人，想知道從瓜德羅普（Guadeloupe）或馬提尼克（Martinique）來的人在說什么很困難？

A.Becausetheypronouncemanywordsdifferently.A.因?yàn)樗麄兒芏鄦卧~的發(fā)音都不一樣。

B.Becausetheyliveindifferentareasandseldomvisiteachother.B.因?yàn)樗麄兩钤诓煌牡貐^(qū)，很少互相訪問。

C.Becausetheyspeakdifferentvarietiesofalanguageandconfrontdifferentrealities.C.因?yàn)樗麄冋f的是一種語言的不同變種，面對的是不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)。

D.Becausetheyhavedifferentarticulationsystem.D.因?yàn)樗麄冇胁煌陌l(fā)音系統(tǒng)。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞aFrenchmanlivinginParis定位到原文第2段。本段第1句為該段核心句，該句說到“人們進(jìn)化一種語言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境（todescribeandthuscontroltheircircumstances），或者是為了不被他們無法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒。”接著通過舉例（即本題提到的例子）證明這個觀點(diǎn)。本段最后兩句提到“但是每個人都為這種‘共同的’（common）語言付出了，并且正在付出不同的代價，事實(shí)證明，在這種‘共同的’語言中，他們不是在說，也不能說同樣的事情。他們每個人都有非常不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)要表達(dá)或控制（haveverydifferentrealitiestoarticulate,orcontrol）?！庇纱丝芍?，他們說的語言從屬于某種共同的語言，但是因?yàn)楸舜艘磉_(dá)或控制的現(xiàn)實(shí)不同，所以他們聽不懂對方的話。因此，C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄冋f的是一種語言的不同變種，面對的是不同的現(xiàn)實(shí)”表述正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兒芏鄦卧~的發(fā)音都不一樣”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兩钤诓煌牡貐^(qū)，很少互相訪問”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄冇胁煌陌l(fā)音系統(tǒng)”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

18.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

WhatdoestheexampleofBasqueandWelshillustrate?巴斯克和威爾士的例子說明了什么？

A.Languagerevealsanation’soracommunity’sidentity.A.語言揭示了一個國家或社會的身份。

B.Certainpeople’scontemptforalanguagemayleadtoracialconflicts.B.某些人對一種語言的蔑視可能會導(dǎo)致種族沖突。

C.Languageisasymbolofpublicexistence.C.語言是公共存在的象征。

D.BasquepeoplejoinupwithWelshpeopletofightfortheirlanguage.D.巴斯克人與威爾士人聯(lián)合起來為他們的語言而戰(zhàn)。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞BasqueandWelsh定位到原文第3段。該段倒數(shù)第2句提到“巴斯克國家和威爾士的緊張局勢，很大程度上是由于巴斯克人和威爾士人（theBasqueandWelsh）決心不讓他們的語言被破壞（determinationnottoallowtheirlanguagestobedestroyed）”。這是第3段舉的例子。例子是為論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的。本段第1句點(diǎn)明了本段論點(diǎn)，該句說到“將所有語言和所有人連接在一起的是，面對生命的必要性，以便戰(zhàn)勝死亡：為此付出的代價是接受和成為一個人暫時的身份（theacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity）?！庇纱丝芍?，語言顯示的是一個人的身份，巴斯克人和威爾士人阻止自己的語言被破壞以保持自己的民族身份。因此，A選項(xiàng)“語言揭示了一個國家或社會的身份”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“某些人對一種語言的蔑視可能會導(dǎo)致種族沖突”，可定位到第3段最后一句，該句提到“愛爾蘭的戰(zhàn)火（theflamesinIreland）產(chǎn)生的原因之一就是英國人對他們語言的輕蔑（theEnglishcontemptfortheirlanguage）”，由此可知，該選項(xiàng)表述的是另一個例子，與本題中的事例無關(guān)；

C選項(xiàng)“語言是公共存在的象征”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“巴斯克人與威爾士人聯(lián)合起來為他們的語言而戰(zhàn)”，該選項(xiàng)表述的是例子本身，而非使用該例的目的，該選項(xiàng)屬于偷換概念。

19.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Insomeplaces,speakingacertainlanguagemaycause____.在一些地方，說某種語言可能會導(dǎo)致____。

A.familydivorceA.家庭分裂

B.offenceandhatredB.冒犯和仇恨

C.communalmisunderstandingC.公共的誤解

D.politicaldisagreementD.政治上的分歧

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞speakingacertainlanguage定位到原文最后一段第3句，該句提到“在過去和現(xiàn)在，在某些時間和地點(diǎn)，說某種語言（speakacertainlanguage）可能是危險的，甚至是致命的（dangerous,evenfatal）?！庇纱丝芍谀承┑胤?，說某種語言會很危險，甚至致命，B選項(xiàng)“冒犯和仇恨”與“危險或致命”有關(guān)，符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“家庭分裂”，與“危險，甚至致命”不符，屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“公共的誤解”，與“危險，甚至致命”不符，屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“政治上的分歧”，可定位到原文最后一段第1句，該句提到“語言也是一種政治工具（apoliticalinstrument）、手段和權(quán)力的證明”，原文雖然提到了語言是政治工具，但是并沒有說使用不同的語言會導(dǎo)致政治上的分歧，該選項(xiàng)屬于過度推理。

20.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Thetextisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing____.本文主要討論____。

A.theuse,status,andrealityofBlackEnglishA.黑人英語的使用、地位和現(xiàn)實(shí)

B.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureB.語言與文化的關(guān)系

C.languagevarietiesC.語言變體

D.language,identityandnationalityD.語言、身份和國籍

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題

【解題思路】梳理各段核心句，提煉復(fù)現(xiàn)詞：

第一段核心句：本段第3句，該句說到“毫無疑問，語言（Language）揭示了使用這種語言的人（revealsthespeaker）?！?/p>

第二段核心句：本段第1句，該句說到“人們進(jìn)化一種語言是為了描述并控制他們的環(huán)境，或者是為了不被他們無法表達(dá)的現(xiàn)實(shí)所淹沒。”該段揭示了語言的作用；

第三段核心句：“將所有語言和所有人連接在一起的是，面對生命的必要性，以便戰(zhàn)勝死亡：為此付出的代價是接受和成為一個人暫時的身份（theacceptance,andachievement,ofone’stemporalidentity）?！痹摱谓沂玖苏Z言與身份的關(guān)系；

第四段核心句：本段第2句，該句說到“語言揭示了個人身份（privateidentity），將一個人與更大的公眾或公共身份（thelargerpublic,orcommunalidentity）聯(lián)系起來或分離開來?！痹摱谓沂玖苏Z言與國籍的關(guān)系；

復(fù)現(xiàn)詞：language，identity；

綜上所述，D選項(xiàng)“語言、身份和國籍”最全面的概括了本文的話題。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“黑人英語的使用、地位和現(xiàn)實(shí)”，可定位到原文第1段第1句，該句提到“關(guān)于黑人英語的使用、地位或現(xiàn)實(shí)（theuse,orthestatus,ortherealityofBlackEnglish）的爭論根植于美國歷史，與這個爭論所提出的問題完全無關(guān)?！钡沁@只是文中用來引入主題的背景信息，不是原文主旨，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置；

B選項(xiàng)“語言與文化的關(guān)系”，原文并未提及文化，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“語言變體”，只在原文第1段討論語言時提到，不足以概括全文話題，該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全。

7.單選題

Ifyoucan’tgiveupsmokingcompletely,atleasttryto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.takedown

B.turndown

C.cutdown

D.setdown

【答案】C

【解析】takedown放下,記下；turndown關(guān)小,調(diào)低；cutdown削減,減少；settledown定居,專心于。句意:如果你不能完全戒煙,至少應(yīng)該試著減少吸煙。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

8.單選題

Paperclips,drawingpinsandsafetypins,were（

）alloverthefloor.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.scattered

B.littered

C.sprayed

D.separated

【答案】A

【解析】句意:回形針，圖釘和安金扣針全都散落在地板上。

考查動詞辨析。四個選型都是對應(yīng)動詞的過去分詞形式表被動。Scatter使分散;litter把……弄得亂七八糟;spray噴灑;separate使分離。因此A符合句意。

9.單選題

Thepresidentpointedoutthatacollegedegreehasneverbeenmore（）,withtheaveragetuitionatapublicfour-yearcollegeincreasingmorethan250%astheaveragestudentloandebthits$26,000.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.imaginative

B.expensive

C.sensitive

D.productive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。imaginative富于想象力的；expensive昂貴的；sensitive敏感的productive能生產(chǎn)的，多產(chǎn)的。由后半句“四年學(xué)費(fèi)上漲了250%”可知上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用比之前昂貴了，成本增加。故B項(xiàng)正確。句意：總統(tǒng)指出，獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣昂貴，四年制公立大學(xué)的平均學(xué)費(fèi)上漲了超過250%，而學(xué)生貸款的平均債務(wù)達(dá)到26000美元。

10.單選題

Becausethemonkeysunderstudyarehabituatedtothepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypicallydisregardhumanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.welcome

B.ignore

C.disrespect

D.avoid

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。句意：因?yàn)楸谎芯康暮镒右呀?jīng)習(xí)慣了人類的存在，它們通常不理會人類的觀察，只顧自己的事。A選項(xiàng)welcome“歡迎”；B選項(xiàng)ignore“忽視，不理睬”；C選項(xiàng)disrespect“失禮，不敬”；D選項(xiàng)avoid“避免”。disregard意為“忽視，無視”，選項(xiàng)B與之意思相近，代入符合語境。

11.單選題

Comparedwiththeimmediatepracticalresponsibilityofthescientist,theresponsibilityoftheartistmustseempuny.Thedecisionwhichfaceshimisnot,Ithinkoneofpracticalaction:ofcoursehewilltrytothrowhisweightintothescale,andthatweight,ifheisawriterorevenapainterofgenius,mayhaveitseffect.Forthenovelist—inoursocietytheonlyartistwhohasamassaudienceandatthesametimeeffectiveeconomiccontrolofmeansofaddressing—thehopeofsomedecisiveinfluenceisareasonableone.Forhim,sincehetakesofallartistswhatisprobablethelargestportionofhiscultureasmaterial,thereisnomoreescapefromthenecessityfortreatingthecontentofhisworkseriouslythanthereisforthesocialpsychologistheiscomingsocloselytoresemble.Thedichotomywhichpeoplehavetriedtoestablishbetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentisbecomingunbearabletoalmostallsensitiveminds.Idoubtifithasevenbeenreal——wemighthaveadmiredShelleyasmuchifhehadbeenindifferenttosuchthingsaswarandtyranny,thoughIdoubtit,certainlyhadhebeenindifferentweshouldneverhavebeenledbyhim.

AlbertCamusseemstometobethefirstmodemwriter,thoughIamcertainhewillnotbethelast,toputtheproblemofresponsibilityinspecificterms:“Ionlyknow”,hewrote,“thatinthisworldtherearepestilencesandtherearevictims,anditisuptousnottoallyourselveswiththepestilences.Forthemedicalscientist,whoknowsthathemayquitewellbecalledupontodaytouseliteralpestilences,ofmindandofbodyinpsychologicalandbacteriologicalwarfarethatstatementhasmeaningclearer,Ithink,andmoreimperativethanitsauthorintended.Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegianceisthesameitisthepestilencewhich,throughthespreadofirrationalfearsandirrationalhatreds,throughtheacceptanceofcoercion,throughtheneglectofwhatonecanonlycallsocialandpersonalsanitationorabiologicalhumanobligationinourattitudestosociety,leadsustoforgetwhoweareandwhoourfellowmenare;thepestilencewhichexterminates‘gooks’ordissidents,whichapologizesfortortureandmassacreinanyshapeorform,whetheritbecalledforthemomentrevolutionorcollectivesecurity,thepestilenceofatombombsandconcentrationcamps.Inthelastresort,thereisonlyoneethicallysatisfactoryreplytothatpestilence:anunqualifiedandunargued‘No’.This‘No’doesnotspring.Ithink,fromanyidealisticormetaphysicalimperative,butsimplyfromthefactthatbysayinganythingelseweshouldceasetobehumanbeings.”

1.Whattheauthorarguesforinparagraph1is（

）.

2.ThequotationheretakenfromAlbertCamushelpsustoillustrate（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrongaccordingtothisselection?

4.Theword“allegiance”inthisselectionmeans（

）.

5.Generallyspeaking,theidealreaderofthisselectionis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.totellthereadersomenewidea

B.thatthewritershouldundertakehissocialresponsibilityandinsistontheunitybetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontent

C.thatsomedecisiveinfluenceofanovelistnosocietyisareasonableone

D.thatanartisthaseffectonsociety

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thatthepestilenceisthetargetenemy

B.thathowweshallfightagainstthepestilence

C.thesocialresponsibilityofboththescientistandtheartist

D.whatthepestilenceis

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Althoughanovelistcannotproduceimmediatepracticalinfluenceonsociety,hecanthrowhisweighintothescale.

B.Becauseoftheexistingpestilence,wehaveto,byhookorbycrook,fightagainstitwhiletotallyforgettingthataswewipeoutthepestilence,weareunconsciouslyexterminatingmankind.

C.Thefallacyofdichotomybetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentisrefuted

D.Boththescientistandtheartistexistinsocietyashumanbeings,andtheiractionswillcertainlybringagreatinfluenceonsociety.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.duty

B.support

C.devotion

D.allowance

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theartist

B.thescientist

C.thepolitician

D.thesociologist

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段第一句Comparedwiththeimmediatepracticalresponsibilityofthescientist,theresponsibilityoftheartistmustseempuny.與科學(xué)家的實(shí)際直接責(zé)任相比，藝術(shù)家的責(zé)任勢必顯得微不足道，但同時作者指出二分法是不合適的，因此作者在此主張藝術(shù)水平和藝術(shù)內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一，確定B選項(xiàng)‘作家應(yīng)當(dāng)肩負(fù)起應(yīng)有的社會責(zé)任，堅(jiān)持藝術(shù)水平與藝術(shù)內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一‘符合題意。

2.根據(jù)第二段：Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegiance,isthesame...：但是無論對于作為傳染病的天敵的科學(xué)家，還是對于人性代表的藝術(shù)家，由于我們時代傳染病流行，就都要求他們獻(xiàn)身?；镜膫魅静λ麄儊碇v是相同的。確定C選項(xiàng)‘科學(xué)家和藝術(shù)家都有社會責(zé)任‘正確。

3.根據(jù)第一段：Comparedwiththeimmediatepracticalresponsibilityofthescientist,theresponsibilityoftheartistmustseempuny.與科學(xué)家的實(shí)際且立竿見影的責(zé)任相比，藝術(shù)家的責(zé)任勢必顯得微不足道。Thedecisionwhichfaceshimisnot,Ithink,oneofpracticalaction:ofcoursehewilltrytothrowhisweightintothescale：他們面臨著要做出的判斷，我認(rèn)為，并不是需要立即付諸實(shí)施的。當(dāng)然，他會把他的法碼放到天平上去。確定A選項(xiàng)‘盡管小說家不能對社會產(chǎn)生實(shí)際且立竿見影的影響，但是他可以把他的法碼放到天平上去‘正確。根據(jù)第一段：Thedichotomywhichpeoplehavetriedtoestablishbetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentisbecomingunbearabletoalmostallsensitiveminds.人們企圖建立藝術(shù)水平和藝術(shù)內(nèi)容不相干的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每個頭腦敏銳的人對此都不能忍受。確定C選項(xiàng)‘藝術(shù)水平和藝術(shù)內(nèi)容雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的謬論遭到反對’正確。根據(jù)第二段：Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegiance：但是無論對于作為傳染病的天敵的科學(xué)家，還是對于人性代表的藝術(shù)家，由于我們時代傳染病流行，就都要求他們獻(xiàn)身。確定D選項(xiàng)‘在人類社會中，科學(xué)家和藝術(shù)家的行動都將給社會帶來重大影響‘正確。運(yùn)用排除法，確定B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.根據(jù)第二段：Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegiance...：但是無論對于作為傳染病的天敵的科學(xué)家，還是對于人性代表的藝術(shù)家，由于我們時代傳染病流行，就都要求他們獻(xiàn)身。確定C選項(xiàng)‘獻(xiàn)身，奉獻(xiàn)，忠誠‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’職責(zé)，責(zé)任‘、B選項(xiàng)’支持‘和D選項(xiàng)’津貼，限額‘排除。

5.根據(jù)第一段：Comparedwiththeimmediatepracticalresponsibilityofthescientist,theresponsibilityoftheartistmustseempuny.與科學(xué)家的實(shí)際直接責(zé)任相比，藝術(shù)家的責(zé)任勢必顯得微不足道。和第二段：Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegiance：但是無論對于作為傳染病的天的科學(xué)家，還是對于人性代表的藝術(shù)家，由于我們時代傳染病流行，就都要求他們獻(xiàn)身。確定本文是講作為藝術(shù)家的社會責(zé)任問題，最適合的讀者是社會學(xué)家，而藝術(shù)家最合適的閱讀材料是當(dāng)時相關(guān)的藝術(shù)作品。最后推測D選項(xiàng)‘社會學(xué)家‘符合題意。

12.單選題

ContrarytothesuggestionmadelastweekbyEliotSpitzer,theNewYorkStateattorneyGeneral,long-termmutualfundinvestorsarenotsignificantlyworseoffbecauseofshort-termtradingbymarkertim