考研考博-英語-南京大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南京大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

InScotland,asintherestoftheUnitedKingdom,（）schoolingbeginsatage5andendsatage16.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compelling

B.forced

C.obliged

D.compulsory

【答案】D

【解析】compulsoryschooling指義務(wù)教育,為習(xí)慣用法。compelling引人注目的；forced強(qiáng)迫的；obliged感激的,有責(zé)任的；compulsory義務(wù)的,必修的。句意：和在英國其他地方一樣,蘇格蘭的義務(wù)教育從5歲開始,到16歲結(jié)束。選項(xiàng)D正確。

2.單選題

BACKin1922,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemand...inafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasseswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael'sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.Dr.AngristandDr.LavycomparethetestscoresformathsandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(i.e.,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthors,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathsscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

ThebottomlinesaysDrAngrist,isthat"thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky.”Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsgovernments'packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison'spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.schoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：我們可以從第一段中得知什么？針對愛迪生的言論，后文提到“we

allmakemistakes（當(dāng)然，人都會犯錯）”，由此可判斷作者通過這樣的表述暗指愛迪生的言論錯誤。因此B項(xiàng)“愛迪生的預(yù)言被證明是錯誤的”表述正確，而其余三項(xiàng)均不能由原文第一段得出，故本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy沒有做下列哪件事？根據(jù)原文第三段可知，這兩位研究人員“comparethetestscoresfor...（對比了學(xué)生的考試成績）和Theyalsoaskedtheclasses'teachershow...（詢問教師如何使用各種教學(xué)材料）”，由此可判斷A選項(xiàng)與B選項(xiàng)表述正確。再由原文第四段“Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe”可知，他們還提供了可能的解釋。因此，A、B和D項(xiàng)都是這兩位研究員所做的事情，而由原文第二段第二句“Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools”可知，C項(xiàng)launchthecomputerprogram是由以色列政府所為，并非這兩位科學(xué)家，因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問：根據(jù)以色列計(jì)劃中Dr.Angrist和Dr.Lavy的表述，學(xué)生分?jǐn)?shù)在測試中沒有進(jìn)步的原因是什么？根據(jù)題干可定位到原文第四段和第五段，分析這兩段內(nèi)容可知，兩位研究人員提出了電腦沒有提高學(xué)生成績的三種最可能的解釋。而在描述前兩種解釋時(shí)，都舉出了不成立的理由，因此可判斷A選項(xiàng)和B選項(xiàng)錯誤，C選項(xiàng)“使用電腦與考試成績之間一直存在著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系”只是一種現(xiàn)象，不是學(xué)生沒有進(jìn)步的原因。作者在闡述第三種解釋時(shí)并未指出其不合理，說明這種解釋有一定的可靠性。這種解釋認(rèn)為：學(xué)生成績沒有進(jìn)步可能是因?yàn)樵诮虒W(xué)中使用電腦并不比其他教學(xué)方法更好（也許還更糟）”。由此可判斷D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：由文章最后一段可以推斷出什么？作者指出“Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.”，所以要說明使用電腦有助于課堂教學(xué)這一說法得需要課堂電腦的推廣者來證明。而根據(jù)“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.”可知，要證明他們的觀點(diǎn)，唯一可靠的方法當(dāng)然是進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)適當(dāng)?shù)难芯浚押⒆与S機(jī)分配給使用電腦的老師和使用其他方法的老師。因此，作者對以前的研究方法提出了質(zhì)疑，A選項(xiàng)“在這個(gè)問題上還沒有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)难芯俊北硎稣_。B選項(xiàng)表示“學(xué)校當(dāng)局應(yīng)該提供證據(jù)來支持電腦程序”，C選項(xiàng)表示“在學(xué)校里安裝電腦花費(fèi)太多，但收效甚微”，D選項(xiàng)表示“在教學(xué)中，粉筆和談話比電腦更有效”，均不可由最后一段內(nèi)容得出。故本題正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

第5題:5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者對政府在學(xué)校安裝電腦似乎是什么樣的態(tài)度？在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A選項(xiàng)biased表示“片面的；有偏見的”；B選項(xiàng)indifferent表示“冷淡的；漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項(xiàng)disapproving表示“反對的；不贊成的”；D選項(xiàng)puzzling表示“費(fèi)解的；令人困惑的”。前文作者講到至少愛迪生沒有浪費(fèi)公共資金，暗示了在學(xué)校安裝電腦取代教科書的使用是浪費(fèi)公共資金。文章最后一段作者引用研究人員的觀點(diǎn)，說明在學(xué)校安裝電腦成本明確但收效甚微，并提出應(yīng)該采用適當(dāng)?shù)难芯糠椒▉韺Ρ日嬲贸鍪欠裼斜匾趯W(xué)校安裝電腦來取代課本。因此，作者對在學(xué)校安裝電腦這件事更偏向于持有否定的態(tài)度，故本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

TheBritishconstitutionis______alargeextentaproductofthehistoricaleventsdescribedabove.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.by

B.at

C.which

D.to

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查固定搭配。句意：英國憲法在很大程度上是上述歷史事件的產(chǎn)物。D選項(xiàng)toalargeextent“在很大程度上”，A選項(xiàng)byalargeextent和B選項(xiàng)atalargeextent非固定搭配，C選項(xiàng)which引導(dǎo)從句。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Hardly（

）whenaloudexplosionwasheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thetrainhadstarted

B.thetrainhadbeenstarted

C.hadthetrainstarted

D.didthetrainstart

【答案】C

【解析】考查倒裝句。句意:在沒有發(fā)出巨響的爆炸聲前，火車很難啟動。

Hardly是一個(gè)否定詞位于句首,故用倒裝。這里是過去的過去，故用過去完成時(shí)。

5.單選題

Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex（

）periodandtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transition

B.transaction

C.transmission

D.transformation

【答案】A

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。transition"過渡”；transaction“交易；事務(wù)”；transmission“傳動裝置，傳送；transformation“轉(zhuǎn)換；改革；變形”。句意：退休很明顯是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過渡期，你越早計(jì)劃，越好。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

6.單選題

Eventhoughhewasguilty,the（

）judgedidnotsendhimtoprison.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.merciful

B.impartial

C.conscientious

D.conspicuous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。merciful意為“仁慈的，寬恕的，溫和的”；impartial意為“公正的，不偏不倚的”；conscientious意為“一絲不茍的，認(rèn)真的”；conspicuous意為“明顯的”。由前面eventhough（即使，縱然）引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的guilty和主句中的didnotsendhimtoprison表示thejudge是仁慈的，因此選A。

句意：即使他有罪，仁慈的法官也沒有把他送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。

7.單選題

IhadeatenChinesefoodoften,butIcouldnothaveimaginedhow（

）andextravagantarealChinesebanquetcouldbe.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fabulous

B.gracious

C.handsome

D.prominent

【答案】A

【解析】考察形容詞詞義辨析。fabulous“難以置信的；極好的”；gracious“親切的；高尚的”；handsome“（男子）英俊的”；prominent“突出的，顯著的”。句意：我經(jīng)常吃中餐，但是我無法想象真正的中式宴會會有多么好，多么奢侈。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Thoughthe37-year-oldmanhadobserved300differentspottydogsforonly2hours,hecouldrecall（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whatfeatureseachdoghad

B.whatfeatureshadeachdog

C.whathadfeatureseachdog

D.whatfeatureshadeachdoghad

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知缺賓語，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有whatfeatureseachdoghad是個(gè)正確的從句，可以擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語，句意為：盡管這位37歲的男子對300只不同的斑點(diǎn)狗只觀察了兩個(gè)小時(shí)，但他能回憶起每只狗的特點(diǎn)。故答案選A，其他幾項(xiàng)語序有誤。

9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Thereisnothingthatmanfearsmorethanthetouchoftheunknown.Hewantstoseewhatisreachingtowardshim,andtobeabletorecognizeoratleastclassifyit.Manalwaystendstoavoidphysicalcontactwithanythingstrange.Eveninsleep,whenheisfarmoreunguarded,hecanalltooeasilybedisturbedbyatouch.

Allthedistanceswhichmencreateroundthemselvesaredictatedbythisfear.Theyshutthemselvesinhouseswhichnoonemayenter,notonlythefearofbeingrobbed,butalsothefearofasuddenandunexpectedclutchoutofthedarkness.Thefearofbeingtouchedremainswithuswhenwegoaboutamongpeople;thewaywemoveinabusystreet,inrestaurants,trainsorbuses,isgovernedbyit.Evenwhenwearestandingnexttothemandareabletowatchandexaminethemclosely,weavoidactualcontactifwecan.Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone;andthenitiswewhomaketheapproach.

Itisonlyinacrowdthatmancanbecomefreeofthisfearofbeingtouched.Thatistheonlysituationinwhichthefearchangesintoitsopposite.Thecrowdheneedsisthedensecrowd,inwhichbodyispressedtobody;acrowd,too,whosephysicalconstitutionisalsodense,orcompact,sothathenolongernoticeswhoitisthatpressesagainsthim.Assoonasamanhassurrenderedhimselftothecrowdheceasestofearitstouch.

Ideallyallareequalthere;nodistinctionscount,noteventhatofsex.Themanpressedagainsthimisthesameashimself.Hefeelshimashefeelshimself.Suddenlyitisasthougheverythingwerehappeninginoneandthesamebody.Thisisperhapsoneofthereasonswhyacrowdseekstocloseinonitself:itwantstorideachindividualascompletelyaspossibleofthefearofbeingtouched.Themorefiercelypeoplepresstogether,themorecertaintheyfeelthattheydonotfeareachother.Thisreversalofthefearofbeingtouchedbelongstothenatureofcrowds.Thefeelingofreliefismoststrikingwherethedensityofthecrowdisgreatest.

1.Peoplefearburglarsbecause（）.

2.Inpublic,accordingtotheauthor,we（）.

3.Whichisthepossiblemeaningofthephrase“maketheapproach”inParagraph3?

4.Thewaywefeelwheninacrowdispresentedasa(n)（）.

5.Onceformed,crowdsalwaystendto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyarrivesuddenlyandunexpectedly

B.theygrabyouinthedark

C.theytakeawayyourmosttreasuredpersonalpossessions

D.theyattackpeopleintheassumedsafetyoftheirhome

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.alwaysavoidcontactwithpeople

B.donotobjecttosomeoneattractivetouchingus

C.feelveryuneasy

D.trynottobetouched

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.runaway

B.makeone’sway

C.layouttheroad

D.trytogetnearer

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.absurdity

B.logicalconclusion

C.opposite

D.paradox

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.becomeuncomfortable

B.contract

C.expand

D.splitup

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。文中第一句話Thereisnothingthatmanfearsmorethanthetouchoftheunknown.“沒有什么比接觸未知更讓人害怕的了?！币约暗诙蔚诙銽heyshutthemselvesinhouseswhichnoonemayenter,notonlythefearofbeingrobbed,butalsothefearofasuddenandunexpectedclutchoutofthedarkness.“他們把自己關(guān)在一所不讓人進(jìn)去的房子里，不僅怕被搶劫，而且也怕突然地、意外地從黑暗中鉆出來?！庇刑岬?，人們害怕未知事物是因?yàn)榕潞诎抵械耐蝗灰馔?。A選項(xiàng)“他們來得突然，出乎意料”這是竊賊的特點(diǎn)，但不是人們害怕的理由；B選項(xiàng)“他們在黑暗中抓住你”，跟原文表達(dá)的意思是一樣的；C選項(xiàng)“它們會帶走你最珍貴的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)”文中有提及，但表示深層原因；D選項(xiàng)“他們在人們認(rèn)為安全的家里攻擊他們”跟“黑暗中被抓住”意思有出入。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第2題:判斷推理題。文章第二段提到…weavoidactualcontactifwecan.Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone…“我們盡量避免實(shí)際接觸。如果我們不回避它，那是因?yàn)槲覀儽荒橙宋恕?，由此可知，在公共場合，作者認(rèn)為我們不反對有吸引力的人對我們的碰觸，所以B選項(xiàng)符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“總是避免與人接觸”跟原文表述“盡量避免與人接觸”還是有區(qū)別的，前者有些絕對化，人多的時(shí)候我們不可能避免接觸，只是說盡量；C選項(xiàng)“感到十分不安”，文中沒有提到關(guān)于心情方面；D選項(xiàng)“盡量不要被碰”也是比較絕對的說法。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:語義推測題。由題意定位到文章第二段Ifwedonotavoidit,itisbecausewefeelattractedtosomeone;andthenitiswewhomaketheapproach.“如果我們不回避它，那是因?yàn)槲覀儽荒橙宋?；然后是我們來采取行動?！庇纱丝芍?，maketheapproach意為“采取措施，采取行動”。A選項(xiàng)“逃跑”意思不對；B選項(xiàng)“讓路，行走”也不符合題意；C選項(xiàng)“鋪設(shè)道路”可排除；D選項(xiàng)“試著靠近”與approach（靠近）意思一致，比較符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到文章第三段Itisonlyinacrowdthatmancanbecomefreeofthisfearofbeingtouched.Thatistheonlysituationinwhichthefearchangesintoitsopposite.

“只有在人群中，人們才能擺脫被觸碰的恐懼。只有在這種情況下，恐懼才會變成與之相反的。”后面還給出了相應(yīng)的合理解釋。由此可知，我們在人群中一般的感受是合理的。B選項(xiàng)“合乎邏輯的結(jié)論”符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“荒謬，謬論”與題意相反；C選項(xiàng)“相反的”并不是原文要表達(dá)的意思；D選項(xiàng)“悖論”不合題意可排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。結(jié)合文章最后一段Thisisperhapsoneofthereasonswhyacrowdseekstocloseinonitself:itwantstorideachindividualascompletelyaspossibleofthefearofbeingtouched.“這也許是群體慢慢向他自己靠攏的原因之一：它希望盡可能徹底地消除每個(gè)個(gè)體對被觸碰的恐懼。”意思是人群多了，每個(gè)人所占據(jù)的空間就相應(yīng)地縮小了，也就向自己越靠越緊了。B選項(xiàng)contract“收縮”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“變得不舒服”，由最后一句話可知該選項(xiàng)意思不對；C選項(xiàng)“擴(kuò)張”與題意正好相反；D選項(xiàng)“分開”文中未提及可排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Hetriedtocopewiththeever-increasingburdenofhiswork,butfinallyhe（）andhadtotakeacompleterest.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.brokeaway

B.brokeoff

C.brokeup

D.brokedown

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。breakaway“脫離,放棄,逃跑”;breakoff“突然停止;暫?！?breakup“打碎;結(jié)束”;breakdown“發(fā)生故障;毀掉”。句意:他試圖處理日益增加的工作負(fù)擔(dān)，但最后他，不得不徹底休息。根據(jù)“takeacompleterest”可推測，填空處應(yīng)該指他的身體垮掉了，只有選項(xiàng)D有此含義，所以正確。

11.單選題

Weknowshewasalwaysas（）asherword,sowetrustedher.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.good

B.honest

C.faithful

D.true

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。A選項(xiàng)good“（adj.）好的；優(yōu)良的；愉快的；虔誠的；（n.）好處；善行；慷慨的行為；（adv.）好”；B選項(xiàng)honest“誠實(shí)的，實(shí)在的；可靠的；坦率的”；C選項(xiàng)faithful“忠實(shí)的，忠誠的；如實(shí)的；準(zhǔn)確可靠的”；D選項(xiàng)true“（adj.）真實(shí)的；正確的；（adv.）真實(shí)地；準(zhǔn)確地；（n.）真實(shí)；準(zhǔn)確”。根據(jù)固定搭配beasgoodasone’sword“說話算數(shù)，守信”可知本題選good。句意：我們知道她一向信守諾言，所以我們信任她。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

AwardedtheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1918,GermanphysicistMaxPlanckisbestrememberedastheoriginatorofthequantumtheory.Hisworkhelpedusherinaneweraintheoreticalphysicsandrevolutionizedthescientificcommunity’sunderstandingofatomicandsubatomicprocesses.Planckintroducedanideathatledtothequantumtheory,whichbecamethefoundationof20thcenturyphysics.InDecember1900,Planckworkedoutanequationthatdescribedthedistributionofradiationaccuratelyovertherangeoflowtohighfrequencies.Hehaddevelopedatheorywhichdependedonamodelofmatterthatseemedverystrangeatthetime.Themodelrequiredtheemissionofeletromagneticradiationinsmallchunksorparticles.Theseparticleswerelatercalledquantums.Theenergyassociatedwitheachquantumismeasuredbymultiplyingthefrequencyoftheradiation,v,byauniversalconstant,h.Thus,energy,orE,equalshv.Theconstant,h,isknownasPlanck’sconstant.Itisnowrecognizedasoneofthefundamentalconstantsoftheworld.Planckannouncedhisfindingsin1900,butitwasyearsbeforethefullconsequencesofhisrevolutionaryquantumtheorywererecognized.Throughouthislife,Planckmadesignificantcontributionstooptics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,physicalchemistry,andotherfields.In1930hewaselectedpresidentoftheKaiserWilhelmSociety,whichwasrenamedtheMaxPlanckSocietyafterWorldWarII.ThoughdeeplyopposedtothefacistregimeofAdolfHitler,PlanckremainedinGermanythroughoutthewar.HediedinGottingenonOctober4,1947.

1.InwhichofthefollowingfieldsdidMaxPlanckNOTmakeasignificantcontribution?

2.Theword“revolutionary”whichisunderlinedinthepassage,means（）.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatPlanck’sworkledtothedevelopmentofwhichofthefollowing?

4.Theimplicationinthispassageisthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Optics.

B.Thermodynamics.

C.Statisticalmechanics.

D.Biology.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.dangerous

B.extremist

C.momentous

D.militarist

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Therocket.

B.Theatomicbomb.

C.Theinternalcombustionengine.

D.Thecomputer.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.onlyaGermanphysicistcoulddiscoversuchatheory

B.quantumtheory,whichledtothedevelopmentof20thcenturyphysics,isbasicallyamathematicalformula

C.Planck’sconstantwasnotdiscerniblebefore1900

D.radiationwashardtostudy

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.InwhichofthefollowingfieldsdidMaxPlanckNOTmakeasignificantcontribution?1.在下列哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域馬克斯?普朗克沒有做出重大貢獻(xiàn)？

A.Optics.A.光學(xué)。

B.Thermodynamics.B.熱力學(xué)。

C.Statisticalmechanics.C.統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)。

D.Biology.D.生物學(xué)。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第四句“普朗克一生都在光學(xué)、熱力學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)、物理化學(xué)等領(lǐng)域做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)”，從中可知，普朗克在光學(xué)、熱力學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)、物理化學(xué)等都有涉及，只有D項(xiàng)“生物學(xué)”沒有提到。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“光學(xué)”、B項(xiàng)“熱力學(xué)”和C項(xiàng)“統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)”都在原文提及，屬于反向干擾。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Theword“revolutionary”whichisunderlinedinthepassage,means______.2.文中下劃線的“revolutionary”一詞的意思是______。

A.dangerousA.危險(xiǎn)的

B.extremistB.極端主義的

C.momentousC.重要的，重大的

D.militaristD.軍國主義的

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章倒數(shù)第五句“普朗克在1900年宣布了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)，但他的revolutionary量子理論的全部結(jié)果卻在數(shù)年之后才被承認(rèn)”，結(jié)合第一句提到“普朗克是量子理論的創(chuàng)始人”，所以推測revolutionary是褒義詞，而revolutionary的名詞形式為revolution（革命），由此推斷revolutionary應(yīng)該指“具有革命意義的”；只有C項(xiàng)“重要的，重大的”意思與之相近。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“危險(xiǎn)的”和B項(xiàng)“極端主義的”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該兩項(xiàng)曲解原文；

D項(xiàng)“軍國主義的”，量子理論和物理相關(guān)，并非軍事，該項(xiàng)無中生有。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatPlanck’sworkledtothedevelopmentofwhichofthefollowing?3.從這篇文章中可以推斷出，普朗克的工作導(dǎo)致了以下哪一項(xiàng)的發(fā)展？

A.Therocket.A.火箭。

B.Theatomicbomb.B.原子彈。

C.Theinternalcombustionengine.C.內(nèi)燃機(jī)。

D.Thecomputer.D.計(jì)算機(jī)。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章第二句“他的工作幫助開創(chuàng)了理論物理學(xué)的新紀(jì)元，并徹底改變了科學(xué)界對原子和亞原子過程的理解（atomicandsubatomicprocesses）”，可知普朗克的工作改變了對原子和亞原子過程的理解，這也就是說他促進(jìn)了原子彈的發(fā)展。B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A項(xiàng)“火箭”、C項(xiàng)“內(nèi)燃機(jī)”和D項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)”都沒有提到，無中生有。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Theimplicationinthispassageisthat______.4.這篇文章的意思是______。

A.onlyaGermanphysicistcoulddiscoversuchatheoryA.只有德國物理學(xué)家才能發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的理論

B.quantumtheory,whichledtothedevelopmentof20thcenturyphysics,isbasicallyamathematicalformulaB.引領(lǐng)20世紀(jì)物理學(xué)發(fā)展的量子理論，基本上是一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)方程

C.Planck’sconstantwasnotdiscerniblebefore1900C.普朗克常數(shù)在1900年以前是無法識別的

D.radiationwashardtostudyD.輻射很難研究

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章的第三和第四句“普朗克提出了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致量子理論的產(chǎn)生，該理論成為20世紀(jì)物理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。1900年12月，普朗克推導(dǎo)出一個(gè)方程（anequation），精確地描述了輻射在低頻到高頻范圍內(nèi)的分布。”，從中可知，普朗克的量子理論是20世紀(jì)物理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)，而這個(gè)量子理論可以用一個(gè)方程推導(dǎo)，這也就是說，量子理論基本上是一個(gè)方程，B項(xiàng)符合題意。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“只有德國物理學(xué)家才能發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的理論”中的only表述太絕對，曲解原文；

C項(xiàng)“普朗克常數(shù)在1900年以前是無法識別的”，根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第五句的描述“普朗克在1900年宣布了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)，但他的革命性量子理論的全部結(jié)果卻在數(shù)年之后才被承認(rèn)”，可知這里是說普朗克的量子理論在1900年宣布以后，過了數(shù)年才被承認(rèn)，并沒有提到普朗克常數(shù)，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

D項(xiàng)“輻射很難研究”，根據(jù)解題思路可知，輻射可以被精確地描述，所以該項(xiàng)與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

13.單選題

Sincetheearlynineties,thetrendinmostbusinesseshasbeentowardon-demandalways-availableproductsandservicesthatsuitthecustomer's（

）ratherthanthecompany's.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.benefit

B.availability

C.suitability

D.convenience

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。benefit“好處”；availability“可用性，有效性”；suitability“合適性”；convenience“方便，便利”。句意：自上世紀(jì)90年代初以來，大多數(shù)企業(yè)的趨勢一致是按需提供隨時(shí)可用的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的方便，而不是公司的方便。產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)對于客戶來說是提供了便利，故D項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.單選題

Theactual（

）ofWilson'spositionwasalways（

）byhisrefusaltocompromiseafterhavinginitiallyagreedtonegotiateasettlement.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.outcome;foreshadowed

B.logic;enhanced

C.rigidity;betrayed

D.uncertainty;alleviated

【答案】C

【解析】第一個(gè)空是考查名稱的辨析，outcome“結(jié)果，效果”；logic“原理,邏輯性”；rigidity“嚴(yán)格，刻板”；uncertainty“不確定性”；根據(jù)句子后半部分的意思可以推斷出第一個(gè)空應(yīng)該填rigidity,表示立場的固執(zhí)僵化；第二個(gè)空是考查動詞的辨析，foreshadow“成為前兆，暗示”;enhance“提高，增加（價(jià)值，品質(zhì)，吸引力等）”；betray“泄露，出賣，背叛（原則或信仰）”，根據(jù)句意‘由于威爾遜在最初同意談判以達(dá)成協(xié)議之后又拒絕讓步妥協(xié)，因此，其立場實(shí)際的固執(zhí)僵化總是得以暴露無遺’可知第二個(gè)空應(yīng)該填betrayed，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Asoneworkswithcolorinapracticalorexperimentalway,oneisimpressedbytwoapparentlyunrelatedfacts.Colorasseenisamobilechangeablethingdependingtoalargeextentontherelationshipofthecolortoothercolorsseensimultaneously.Itisnotfixedinitsrelationtothedirectstimuluswhichcreatesit.Ontheotherhand,thepropertiesofsurfacesthatgiverisetocolordonotseemtochangegreatlyunderawidevarietyofilluminationcolors,usually(butnotalways)lookingmuchthesameinartificiallightasindaylight.Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier.

Whentheeyeisfixedonacoloredarea,thereisanimmediatereadjustmentofthesensitivityoftheeyetocolorinandaroundtheareaviewed.Thisreadjustmentdoesnotimmediatelyaffectthecolorseenbutusuallydoesaffectthenextareatowhichthegazeisshifted.Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation.AsindicatedbytheworkofWrightandSchouten,itappearsthat,atleastforafirstapproximation,fulladaptationtakesplaceoveraverybrieftimeiftheadaptingsourceismoderately,brightandtheeyehasbeeninrelativedarknessjustpreviously.Asthestimulusisallowedtoact,however,theeffectbecomesmorepersistentinthesensethatittakestheeyelongertoregainitssensitivitytolowerintensities.Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond.Theeffectnotonlyispresentoverthemutualareacausingthe“l(fā)ocaladaptation”butalsospreadswithdecreasingstrengthtoadjoiningareasoftheeyetoproduce“l(fā)ateraladaptation”.Also,becauseofthepersistenceoftheeffectiftheeyeisshiftedaroundfromoneobjecttoanother,allofwhichareatsimilarbrightnessorhavesimilarcolors,theadaptationwilltendtobecomeuniformoverthewholeeye.

1.Thisselectionisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

2.Whetheracoloredobjectwould,ontwoviewingsseparatedintime,appeartotheviewerassimilarordifferentincolorwoulddependmostlyon（）.

3.Ifaperson'seyehasbeenlookingatanobjectinbrightsunlightforsometime,andthenshiftstoanobjectnotwelllit,wecanexpect（）.

4.Theword"superimpose"(Line12,Paragraph2)hastheclosestmeaningto（）.

5.Thepresentselectionhasapparentlybeenprecededbysomeexplanationof（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theeye’sadaptationtocolor

B.thepropertiesofcoloredsurfaces

C.thecolorofcolors

D.theeffectofchangesincolorintensity

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thecolormechanismoftheeyeinuseatthetimeofeachviewing

B.whethertheobjectwasseeninartificialornaturallight

C.whatkindofviewinghadimmediatelyprecededeachoftheviewings

D.theindividual'spoweroflateraladaptation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.atimelaginthefocusingabilityoftheeye

B.theimmediatelossofthe"afterimage"ofthefirstobject

C.someinabilitytoseecolorsofthelatter-namedobjectsuntillossofsensitivityhasbeenregained

D.theadaptationinthecentralareaoftheeyebutlittleadaptationinthelateralareastothenewintensitylevel

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.putsomethingover

B.forcesomethingtoappear

C.levysomethingupon

D.makesomethingavailable

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.someexperimentwithcolorpigments

B.thenatureofcolor

C.thecolorpropertiesofvarioussurfaces

D.themechanismoftheeye'sadaptationtocolor

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。第一段提出:Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier(這兩種效果在很大程度上都是由于前面提到的顏色適應(yīng)機(jī)制)，后面接著論述了眼睛對顏色的適應(yīng)。由此可知A項(xiàng)“眼睛對顏色的適應(yīng)”正確。

第2題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位至第二段:Thelongerthetimeofviewing,thehighertheintensity,andthelargerthearea,thegreatertheeffectwillbeintermsofitspersistenceinthesucceedingviewingsituation(觀看時(shí)間越長，強(qiáng)度越高，面積越大，在接下來的觀察中存留的影響就越大)。由此可知答案為C項(xiàng)“快速轉(zhuǎn)移視線前所見景物”.

第3題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第六句:Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond(最終的結(jié)果是，如果眼睛盯著某種顏色看，然后轉(zhuǎn)移到較低強(qiáng)度的區(qū)域，由第一區(qū)域產(chǎn)生的靈敏度損失將仍然存在，并將會作為后像出現(xiàn)而疊加到第二個(gè)區(qū)域中)。由此可知C選項(xiàng)“直到失去的敏感度恢復(fù)了，才能看到后一個(gè)物體一些原本看不到的顏色”正確。

第4題:詞義題。可參考第二段第六句:Thenetresultisthat,iftheeyeissoexposedandthenthegazeistransferredtoanareaoflowerintensity,thelossofsensitivityproducedbythefirstareawillstillbepresentandappearasan“afterimage”superimposedonthesecond(最終的結(jié)果是，如果眼睛盯著某種顏色看，然后轉(zhuǎn)移到較低強(qiáng)度的區(qū)域，由第一區(qū)域產(chǎn)生的靈敏度損失將仍然存在，并將會作為后像出現(xiàn)而…到第二個(gè)區(qū)域中)。由此可知，superimposed指“疊加的”。因此A項(xiàng)“把某物放在上面”正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段最后一句:Bothoftheseeffectsseemtobedueinlargeparttothemechanismofcoloradaptationmentionedearlier(這兩種效應(yīng)似乎和之前提到的顏色適應(yīng)機(jī)制有很大關(guān)系)。由此可知D項(xiàng)“眼睛適應(yīng)顏色的機(jī)制”正確。

16.單選題

Millionsoffarmers,drawnbytheofemployment,cameintothecity,whichmadetheproblemsoftransportationandhousingevenmoreserious.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prosperity

B.prospect

C.expectation

D.withrespectto

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)prosperityn.繁榮，成功；B選項(xiàng)prospectn.前途，預(yù)期；C選項(xiàng)expectationn.期待，預(yù)期，指望；D選項(xiàng)anticipationn.預(yù)料，希望，預(yù)感。根據(jù)句意可知，數(shù)百萬的農(nóng)民，滿懷找工作的希望涌入城市，使得城市里的交通和住房問題變得更加嚴(yán)重。因此，正確答案為C項(xiàng)。

17.單選題

Aboutone-thirdoftheadulthomelessare（

）mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.chronically

B.sparsely

C.adequately

D.individually

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。chronically意為“慢性地，習(xí)慣性地，長期地”；sparsely意為“稀疏地，節(jié)省地”；adequately意為“足夠地”；individually意為“分別地，單獨(dú)地”。

句意：大約三分之一的無家可歸的人患有慢性精神病，而且大約有一半是酗酒或吸毒的。

18.單選題

Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty,oranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.

Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the"higherup"theconsumertakeshisorhercomplaint,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettleD.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer'sfavor,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.

Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.

Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,"Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandt