(新高考)高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)課時(shí)精煉考向21 閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題(解析版)

考向21閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題型細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的命題方式通常有：1.特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；3.以Accordingto…開頭提問方式；4.以填空題的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常常可采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句．仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較．確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時(shí)候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。值得一提的是，有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語，甚至一個(gè)單詞，因此需要我們?cè)陂喿x中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種?？碱}型：題型一描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常?？疾榭忌鷮?duì)文中有關(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對(duì)它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，對(duì)于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息?！镜淅纠俊?019·全國卷I，B】ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.，todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemsliketheofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”nunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstaredlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，’Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”24.WhatmadeChrisnervous？A.Tellingastory. B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest. D.Answeringaquestion.【語篇解讀】本文屬于記敘文，講述ThomasWhaley為了幫助學(xué)生學(xué)英語以及樹立信心專門開展了一個(gè)演講課程。24.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段todayisspeechday和本段最后一句withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidswhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.以及第二段第一句Buthe’snervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是那種喜歡公共演講的孩子，但是他卻很緊張，故可知Chris是因?yàn)樽鲅葜v緊張，故選B。題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題?？嫉囊环N題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡(jiǎn)潔明快，省略了大量的詞語，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時(shí)具有語言精練，形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容?？忌仨毦邆漭^強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測(cè)等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測(cè)法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。（1）補(bǔ)全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機(jī))。（2）聯(lián)想推測(cè)法在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語篇意義。為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見的縮寫詞有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(學(xué)士學(xué)位)【典例示例】【2019·北京卷，A】Wanttoexplorenewcultures，meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime?YoucandoallthethreewithGlobalDevelopmentAssociation(GDA).Whateverstageoflifeyou’reat，whereveryougoandwhateverprojectyoudoinGDA，you’llcreatepositivechangesinapoorandremotecommunity(社區(qū)).Weworkwithvolunteersofallagesandbackgrounds.Mostofourvolunteersareaged17-24.Nowweneedvolunteermanagersaged25-75.Theyareextremelyimportantinthesafeandeffectiverunningofourprogrammes.Wehavesuchrolesasprojectmanagers，mountainleaders，andcommunicationofficers.Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose，youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity’saccesstosafedrinkingwater，orhelptoprotectvaluablelocalcultures.Youmightalsodesignanadventurechallengetotrainyoungvolunteers.Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally，you’llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.Youmayhavechancestomeetnewpeoplewho’llbecomeyourlifelongfriends.Thissummerwehaveboth4-weekand7-weekprogrammes:CountrySchedule4-weekprogrammes7-weekprogrammesAlgeria5Jul.—1Aug.20Jun.—7Aug.Egypt24Jul—20Aug.19Jun.—6Aug.Kenya20Jul.—16Aug.18Jun.—5Aug.SouthAfrica2Aug.—29Aug.15Jun.—2Aug.GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhereourhelpisneeded.Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities.ThereisnootherchancelikeaGDAprogramme.Joinusasavolunteermanagertodevelopyourownskillswhilebringingbenefitstothecommunities.FindoutmoreaboutjoiningaGDAprogramme:Website:Email:humanresources@31.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofvolunteermanagers?A.Toseeklocalpartners B.TotakeinyoungvolunteersC.Tocarryoutprogrammes D.Tofosterculturalawareness32.TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein__________.A.Egypt B.Algeria C.Kenya D.SouthAfria33.ThesharedgoalofGDA’sprojectsto__________.A.explorenewcultures B.protecttheenvironmentC.gaincorporatebenefit D.helpcommunitiesinneed【語篇解讀】這是一篇應(yīng)用文，這是一篇招聘志愿者的廣告。31.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問管理人員的主要職責(zé)是什么。根據(jù)第三段中Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincrease...,orhelptoprojectYoumightalsodesign...可知，根據(jù)崗位不同，管理人員可以幫助增加小區(qū)的飲用水，可以規(guī)劃地方文化，可以設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn)年輕的志愿者，從這些內(nèi)容上可以判斷出其主要職責(zé)是執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃。故選C。32.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問八月份開始的這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將在哪里開展。根據(jù)這個(gè)表格中4-weekprogrammes中的最后一個(gè)，可知答案選D。33.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問GDA的所有項(xiàng)目的共同目的是什么。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities可知，其目標(biāo)就是促進(jìn)偏遠(yuǎn)貧窮區(qū)域的發(fā)展，即幫助有需要的小區(qū)。故選D。題型三數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來說比較簡(jiǎn)單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算就可得出?！镜淅纠俊?017·北京卷，B】Inspiringyoungminds! TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazine? WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazine? Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲學(xué)）—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativethingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.Soundstoogoodtobetrue? Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear! Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope￡55RestofWorld￡65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.￡55. B.￡60.C.￡65.D.￡70.【文章大意】文章介紹了一本雜志TOKNOWMagazine。61.D【解析】數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPack中的IncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70，中國屬于RestofWorld，故答案為D。題型四排序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索；如果是說明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。從近幾年高考試題來看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中。題型五圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字。可采用“文字鎖定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題。【典例示例】TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探險(xiǎn)者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（墳?zāi)梗﹐fourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.‘”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.【答案與解析】1.D此題考查學(xué)生的圖示理解能力。首先要找到并標(biāo)出現(xiàn)在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的歷史景點(diǎn)。可以看到ChiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.C從地圖中我們可以看到，NezPerce原先所擁有的土地比現(xiàn)在NezPerce保留區(qū)的位置大多了。題型六代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測(cè)代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在?！镜淅纠浚?016·新課標(biāo)卷III））OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSlidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.＂Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?＂theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.＂I’mfromMississippitoo.＂Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.＂TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,＂Weltysaid.＂Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.＂TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion(團(tuán)聚).＂Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’＂Weltyadded.＂AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’＂Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation.＂Idon’tmakethemup,＂shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.＂Idon’thaveto.＂Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.26.Theunderlinedword＂them＂inParagraph6referstoWelty’s_______.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories【文章大意】文章介紹了一位女作家請(qǐng)紐約的朋友吃飯時(shí)發(fā)生的故事。Welty是一位年紀(jì)比較大的作家，她來自密西西比。Welty的作品都是來自于現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活。26.D【解析】畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)＂Nowwebelieveyourstories＂可知，them指代的是Welty寫的小說里面的故事，聽了Welty和兩個(gè)陌生人的有關(guān)密西西比的談話之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小說里的故事都是來源于生活，故選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解解題方法1.把握解題的順序原則一般來說隱含題目答案的位置與題目的順序是一致的，這能幫助我們縮小尋找范圍，大大提高效率。我們做題時(shí)可以采用采用步步為營法，看一題做一題。2.通過定位詞尋找出題點(diǎn) 定位詞和主題句是英語閱讀理解解題方法的最重要的兩個(gè)要素，前者適用于解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題，后者用于解答主旨大意題。通過定位詞解題，就是說我們?cè)陂喿x題干的時(shí)候迅速的把題干中有標(biāo)記意義的詞或詞組劃記出來，然后用這個(gè)詞回到原文當(dāng)中定位。我們首先要關(guān)注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數(shù)字、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的數(shù)詞，以及題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞。如 在找定位詞的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意以下幾點(diǎn)： （1）文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的專有名詞是全文描述對(duì)象的中心，沒有唯一出處，所以不能算是定位詞。我們?nèi)绻l(fā)現(xiàn)大部分題干中都有這個(gè)專有名詞的，就應(yīng)該排除它作為定位詞的可能。 （2）大多數(shù)時(shí)候我們選擇的定位詞都是名詞，因?yàn)槊~的可替代性相對(duì)較低，容易找到唯一出處。但是我們所找的名詞要盡量是實(shí)體名詞，也就是能指代一件具體事物的名詞。一般來說，下面兩類名詞都不可取。 a.抽象詞。如opinion,idea,result,information,role,effect,trend,theory等等。 b.言語詞。如statement,argument,comment,response,reaction,enquiry,answer，reason等等。 （3）并不是所有的我們?cè)陬}干中找到的定位詞在原文中都會(huì)對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，有些情況下，原文中出現(xiàn)的只是題干定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在這種情況下，劃出定位詞并在腦中留下印象也有利于我們?cè)跒g覽文章是迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定位詞的對(duì)應(yīng)形式，從而找到題目答案的位置。3.排除法排除法是解答閱讀理解題的另一個(gè)重要的方法。因?yàn)橛械臅r(shí)候如果是給填空題讓我們做，我們也許不能填出正確答案，但是如果給出四個(gè)選項(xiàng)讓我們選的話，我們可以通過對(duì)比排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。那么怎樣通過排除法做題呢（1）正確選項(xiàng)的特征正確選項(xiàng)雖然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改寫，意思不變。如換一個(gè)同義詞，把否定改為肯定，把肯定改為否定等。 （2）錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征a．張冠李戴：把A事物的特點(diǎn)說成是B事物的，企圖混淆視聽。 b.斷章取義：抓住一個(gè)字眼或細(xì)節(jié)做文章，對(duì)作者本意歪曲的理解。 c.過度猜測(cè)：文中并沒有出現(xiàn)和選項(xiàng)一致的直接信息，選項(xiàng)對(duì)文意進(jìn)行了不切實(shí)際的過度猜測(cè)。d.把已然說成未然（或把未然說成已然）：本來文中還沒有發(fā)生的事在選項(xiàng)中變成了已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，或者反之。e.選項(xiàng)與原文事實(shí)相反：選項(xiàng)所敘述的內(nèi)容與原文所提到的完全相反【檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢(shì)）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1.What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A.Ithascamera-basedsystems. B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A.It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B.It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C.It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D.It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC.TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility【答案】1.C2.B3.A4.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。主要講述了在家獨(dú)立生活是每個(gè)老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會(huì)迅速改變一切。EchoCareTechnologies該公司開發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。該設(shè)備可以檢測(cè)到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒浴缸和其他危險(xiǎn)事件。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.”(但是，只有在人們實(shí)際佩戴它們并且在緊急情況下可以到達(dá)按鈕時(shí)，它們才起作用。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人，首席執(zhí)行官兼研發(fā)副總裁，該公司開發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。)可知，ECH是機(jī)遇雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。以及最后一段最后一句話“withouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras”可知，ECHO讓老人不承受可穿戴設(shè)備或侵犯隱私的相機(jī)的負(fù)擔(dān)。所以C項(xiàng)說法正確。故選C項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢(shì)）,motionandbreath.”(該設(shè)備可以檢測(cè)到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒浴缸和其他危險(xiǎn)事件。通過持續(xù)監(jiān)視和分析人員的位置，姿勢(shì)（姿勢(shì)），運(yùn)動(dòng)和呼吸，它可以警告潛在的健康狀況惡化狀況。)可知，該設(shè)備不僅僅發(fā)送警告信號(hào)，同時(shí)可以檢測(cè)和分析一系列危險(xiǎn)事件。A項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤。以及“ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.”(ECHO于2019年在日本獲得了世界上人口老齡化最多的認(rèn)證（認(rèn)證）。)可知，只在日本獲得了認(rèn)證。C項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)文中未提及。故選B項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.(浴室是主要的測(cè)試區(qū)域，每年約發(fā)生17,000起致命事故。)以及“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”(浴室制造商，家庭安全服務(wù)提供商和療養(yǎng)院對(duì)EchoCare的解決方案非常感興趣。)可知，每年在浴室會(huì)發(fā)生17000起致命的事故是，不是死亡。B項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤。文中提到浴室制造商，家庭安全服務(wù)商以及療養(yǎng)院會(huì)感興趣。所以C項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)文中未提及。故選A項(xiàng)。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.”(在家獨(dú)立生活是每個(gè)老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會(huì)迅速改變一切。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人，首席執(zhí)行官兼研發(fā)副總裁，該公司開發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。)可知，本文主要介紹了ECHO，這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器，旨在監(jiān)測(cè)老人的安全。故選B項(xiàng)。2AyoungwomanwaswalkinginSantaAna,California,whenshecameuponanelderlystreetvendor(小販)sellingtamales(玉米粉蒸肉).Seeinghowtiredhelookedinhiswheelchair,shedecidedtogivehimafewbucksandasandwich—andshealsogavehimasympatheticeartolistentohisstory.WhenKeniaBarraganfirstsawJoseVillaOchoa,shethoughtofherownparents.“Ifeltforhim,”shetoldKTTVNews,“Myparentsarebotholder,andIwouldhatetoseemydadoutsellingtamalesforsomebodyandbarelymakingendsmeet.”Knownas“DonJoel”,heexplainedthatalthoughhewantedajob,nocompanywouldhirehimbecauseofhisage.Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.Attheendofeachhardday,shewouldgivehimacutoftheearnings.Thisallowedhimtobuyfood,butwasnotenoughforhimtoaffordhismedicaltreatmentoraphone.The28-year-oldwomanwashappytolistentoDonJoel’sstory,butshewantedtodomore.ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.InadditiontothemoneyraisedforDonJoel’sretirement,Keniapurchasedhimanewwheelchairandashinynewpairofshoes.Eventhoughhe’s94,hesayshefeelslikehe’s40now,becausethekindnesshasmadehimfeelsoalive.Hedescribesthegenerosityas“l(fā)ife-changing”.Keniafeelsexactlythesameway.Shesaysshe’salwayslookingforapurposethathelpspeopleandthatshe’sbeenlivinginlinewiththosevaluesinhercurrentjob,workingwithpeoplewhohavedisabilitiestogetthemtransportation.Hergoalinlifeistoestablishahomelessshelter.5.WhydidDonJoelselltamales?A.Tobuyanewwheelchair. B.Tostruggleforaliving.C.Topayoffhismedicaldebt. D.Tohelpalocalwoman.6.HowdidKeniachangeDonJoel’slife?A.Byestablishingahomelessshelter. B.Bygivinghimmoneyandsandwiches.C.BycollectingdonationsonInstagram. D.Bylisteningtohisstoryattentively.7.WhatcanweinferaboutKeniainthetext?A.Shedislikedherfatherbecauseofhisjob.B.Sheisawealthywomanreadytohelpothers.C.ShehelpedDonJoelwhenshewas40yearsold.D.Sheisakindwomanaimingtodomorecharity.8.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Rosegiven,fragrantinhand. B.Thebestheartsarealwaysthebravest.C.Nopain,nogain. D.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.【答案】5.B6.C7.D8.A【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一位熱心的年輕女士在遇到一位年邁的靠賣玉米粉蒸肉維持生計(jì)的老人后，決定通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)募捐來幫助這位老人的故事。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.(為了不欠債，他開始售賣由一位當(dāng)?shù)氐呐酥谱鞯挠衩追壅羧?”可知，DonJoel是為了維持生計(jì)才去賣玉米粉蒸肉的。故選B。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二、三句“ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.(她在Instagram上向她的粉絲請(qǐng)求幫助。不到一周，朋友和陌生人就向她捐贈(zèng)了超過84000美元)”及倒數(shù)第二段內(nèi)容可知，Kenia通過在Instagram上為DonJoel籌集捐款進(jìn)而改善了DonJoel艱苦的生活。故選C。7.推理判斷題。通讀全文尤其是最后一段最后一句“Hergoalinlifeistoestablishahomelessshelter.(她的人生目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)無家可歸者收容所)”可知，Kenia不僅幫助DonJoel提升了生活質(zhì)量，她還想專門為無家可歸的人們建立一個(gè)收容所。由此可推知，她是一個(gè)想要做更多慈善（工作）的善良女性。故選D。8.推理判斷題。通讀全文尤其是倒數(shù)第二段最后一句“Hedescribesthegenerosityas‘life-changing’.(他將這種慷慨描述為“改變生活的”)”及最后一段第一句“Keniafeelsexactlythesameway.(Kenia也有同樣的感覺)”可知，KeniaBarragan在幫助他人的同時(shí)感覺自己的生活也發(fā)生了改變。由此可推知，文章旨在告訴我們，贈(zèng)人玫瑰，手有余香。故選A。3Thefirstwaveofanewclassofanti-agingdrugshavebegunhumantesting.Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics—theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.Knownas“senescent”cells,theycancreatelow-levelinflammation(炎癥)thatpreventsnormalsystemsoflivingcellsrepairandcreatesapoisonousenvironmentforneighboringcells.InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎)oftheknee.Resultsfromalargerclinicaltrialareexpectedinthesecondhalfofthisyear.Thecompanyisalsodevelopingsimilardrugstotreatage-relateddiseasesoftheeyesandlungs,amongotherconditions.Senolyticsarenowinhumantests,alongwithanumberofotherpromisingapproachestargetingthebiologicalprocessesthatlieattherootofagingandvariousdiseases.AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinpatientssufferingfrommildtomoderateAlzheimer'sdisease.ThecompanyalsohasdrugsforParkinson'sanddementiainhumantesting.AndinDecember,researchersatDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicineeventriedtoseeifacreamincludingtheimmune-suppressingdrugcouldslowaginginhumanskin.Thetestsreflectresearchers'expandingeffortstolearnifthemanydiseasesassociatedwithgettingolder-suchasheartdiseases,arthritis,cancer,anddementia-canbedealtwithtodelaytheiroutbreak.9.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthedrugs?A.Toridinflammation. B.Tolengthenpeople'slife.C.Totreatage-relateddiseases. D.Toremovecancercells.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“senescent”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Repairing. B.Cycling. C.Aging. D.Dividing.11.Howdoesthetextmainlydevelop?A.Bylistingdata. B.Byprovidingdetails.C.Bymakingcomparisons. D.Byanalyzingcauses.12.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook. C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.【答案】9.C10.C11.B12.D【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了第一批抗衰老藥物已經(jīng)開始在人體上進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.（這些藥物不會(huì)讓你活得更久，但目的是通過減緩基本衰老過程來治療特定疾病。）”可知，研究人員研發(fā)這些藥物是為了治療與年齡相關(guān)的疾病。故選C。10.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics-theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.（這些藥物被稱為衰老解藥——它們通過清除某些隨著我們年齡增長(zhǎng)而積累的細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用。）”可推知，此處表示“它們被稱為“衰老”細(xì)胞”，senescent意為“衰老的”。故選C。11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritisoftheknee.（今年6月，總部位于舊金山的Unity生物技術(shù)公司報(bào)告了輕度至重度膝關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者的初步結(jié)果。）”、文章第五段“AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinp