Unit1 Section B Grammar and usage 課件-高中英語牛津譯林版(2020)選擇性必修第二冊

SectionB

GrammarandusageVocabulary

11.foundbefoundedon...建立在……基礎上foundationn.地基；基礎，根據laya(firm/solid)foundationfor...為……打下（堅實的）基礎foundern.創(chuàng)辦者，發(fā)起人練習：Agoodrelationshipshould___________ontrust.Besides,moneyshouldn'tbethe__________offriendship.(found)befoundedfoundation2.accuseaccusesb.of(doing)sth.=chargesb.with(doing)sth.指責/控告某人（做了）某事表示“指責”的其他短語：blamesb.for(doing)sth.責怪/指責某人（做了）某事練習：Thedepartmentmanagerwasfiredafterbeingaccused______takingthecompanypropertyforhimself.of3.mountmountup（尺寸和數量上）增加，上升練習：Ifthesecostskeepmounting_______,Idon'tknowhowwe'llbeabletokeepthebusinessrunning.upLeadingin2Finishthetable....bythenhehadlearnedverylittleEnglish....bytheageof25,hehadbecomeapublisher.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhehademployed...Thinking1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?3.In1892,whatdid

heofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizesawarded?JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.In1878.HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.SixyearsafterJosephPulitzer'sdeath.Grammar3過去完成時的構成及用法1.構成：had+過去分詞2.用法：（1）表示在過去某一時刻或某個動作之前已經發(fā)生或完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示的時間是“過去的過去”，這個過去的時刻常用由until，before，by，when等引導的短語或時間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過一個表示過去的動作或上下文來表示。ThestudentcompletedthisexperimenttomakecometruewhatProfessorJosephhadsaid.為了使約瑟夫教授所說的成為現實，這個學生完成了這個實驗。Bytheendofthedaywehadsoldover2,000tickets.一天下來我們賣出了2000多張票。Shehadlearntabout500Englishwordsbeforeshewenttojuniormiddleschool.在上初中之前，她已經學了大約500個英語單詞。（2）表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到這一過去時刻，并可能繼續(xù)下去，常同由for或since引導的表示一段時間的短語或從句連用。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor30minuteswhenabusfinallycame.我在公交車站等了30分鐘，公交車終于來了。Shesaidshehadmadegreatprogresssinceshecamehere.她說自從來到這兒，她已經取得了很大的進步。（3）want，hope，mean，plan，intend等動詞的過去完成時可以用來表示過去未曾實現的想法、希望、打算或意圖，意為“本來……”。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,butIdidn'tcatchthetrain.我本希望昨晚回來的，但我沒趕上火車。Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn'tgetthereintime.他們本來想要去幫忙，但未能及時趕到那里。（4）常用過去完成時的固定句型：①在"hardly...when.."或"nosooner...than...”句型中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。Ihadnosoonerarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.(=NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.)我剛到家就開始下雨了。注意：hardly或nosooner位于句首時，句子要用部分倒裝語序。Hardlyhadwesatdownwhenthephonerang.=Wehadhardlysatdownwhenthephonerang.我們剛坐下電話就響了。②在"Itwasthefirst/second/...time(that)..."句型中，從句用過去完成時。Itwasthefirsttime(that)IhadchattedonlineinEnglish.那是我第一次用英語在網上聊天。過去完成時與一般過去時的用法比較雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應注意以下幾點：1.時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調“過去的過去”，而一般過去時強調過去某一特定的時間。試比較：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbyteno'clockyesterday.他們昨天十點之前就已經到達車站了。Theyarrivedatthestationatteno'clockyesterday.他們昨天十點到達了車站。2.在沒有明確的時間狀語時，先發(fā)生的動作用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的動作則用一般過去時。InsteadofgettingdowntoanewtaskasIhadexpected,heexaminedthepreviousworkagain.他沒有像我所期望的那樣著手做新工作，而是又檢查了一遍以前的工作。注意：如果before引導的時間狀語從句用一般過去時，主句可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。after引導的時間狀語從句可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。John(had)leftbeforeIcamehome.我回家之前約翰就離開了。Janewentouttotheparkaftershe(had)readthepaper.簡讀完報紙就外出去公園了。練習1.Onemorningshetoldherchildrenaboutafamilyshe_________(visit)thedaybefore.2.Bytheendof2020,Pruitt___________(repair)morethan140fordonationortobereturnedtotheirowners.3.Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,whomI_______foryears.A.didn'tseeB.haven'tseenC.hadn'tseenD.wouldn'tsee4.I__________(hope)tosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn'tmanageit.5.Thetwins,who____________(finish)theirhomework,wereallowedtoplaybadmintonontheplayground.hadvisitedhadrepairedChadhopedhadfinishedAfter-classtask4FinishB11.PulitzerknewthathehadlearnedverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.2.Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.3.Forthetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeajournalistandpublisher.4.Manyofthebestreportershaveworkedforhispaperbeforeitsfailurein1931.刪除he后的hadwasworking→hadworkedFor→Byhaveworked→hadworkedFinishB2wonwerebuilthadbeenawardedhasbeenallowedintended1.HowmanyawardsdidPulitzerwantwhenheleftmoneyinhis1904will?2.HowmanytimeshadO'NeillwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramabefore1957?3.WhatnewcategorieshavebeenincludedinthePulitzerPrizes?Pulitzerwanted9awards,including4injournalism,4inlettersanddramaand1foreducation.Before1957,O'NeillhadwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramathreetimes.ThePulitzerPrizeshaveallowedonlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsitesinallofthejournalismcategoriesandhavealsoexpandedtoincludecategoriessuchasphotographyandmusic.FinishB3ZouTaofenwasafamousChinesejournalistandpublisher.Hewasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageoftwenty-six,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.Bythetimehewas31,ZouTaofenhadbecomethechi