分子生物學(xué)英文課件：Eukaryote gene and genome

MolecularBiologyGeneticInformationMolecularBiology中心法則(TheCentralDogma)TranscriptionTranslationReversetranscriptionReplicationDNARNA蛋白質(zhì)中心法則(TheCentralDogma)TraGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNA

Geneexpression:DNA?mRNA?ProGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNAGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Prottranslationtranscriptiontranslationtranscription真核基因與基因組

Chapter3EukaryoteGeneandGenome真核基因與基因組Chapter3EukaryoteGe真核基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

第一節(jié)TheStructureandFunctionofEukaryoteGene真核基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能第一節(jié)TheStructureanGene:GeneareDNAfragmentsthatcarrythespecialgeneticinformationincludestheentirenucleicacidsequencenecessaryfortheexpressionofitsproduct(peptideorRNA).

FunctionalunitsofaDNAmolecule(or,inafewcases,RNA)AchromosomalormitochondrialDNAsegmentcodestheinformationrequiredtoproduceafunctionalbiologicalproductHaveuniquestructureelements

Gene:GeneareDNAfragments+1轉(zhuǎn)錄起點(diǎn)+N轉(zhuǎn)錄終點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄AUGUAA翻譯起點(diǎn)翻譯終點(diǎn)翻譯結(jié)構(gòu)基因區(qū)調(diào)控區(qū)-N5’3’NC基因mRNA蛋白質(zhì)+1轉(zhuǎn)錄起點(diǎn)+N轉(zhuǎn)錄終點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄AUGUAA翻譯起點(diǎn)翻譯終點(diǎn)翻譯Geneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNA

轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯

mRNAmRNAtRNArRNAmRNAGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?ProThefunctionofgenesDNAisthegeneticmaterialthatstoresthegeneticinformationforproteinsynthesisorRNA.Theexactduplication(replication)ofthisinformationinanyspeciesfromgenerationtogenerationassuresthegeneticcontinuityofthatspecies.Geneexpression(Transcription&Translation)determinesthestructureandfunctionofprotein,thuscontrolsidentifiabletraitsofanorganism.RNAcarriesouttheinstructionsencodedinDNA,andparticipateinthewholeprocessofgeneexpressioninallcells.RNAisalsothegeneticmaterialofsomeviruses.

ThefunctionofgenesDNAisthThestructureofeukaryoticgenesCodingsequence:exons

codingforproteinorRNANon-codingsequence:

intronsandun-transcribedregulatorysequencerequiredformodulationofageneexpression,includingpromoter,enhancer…Splitgene:eukaryoticstructuregeneconsistsofseveralcodingregionsandnon-codingregionsthatarespacedandinlaidoneother.

ThestructureofeukaryoticgeExon:segmentsofeukaryoticgene(oroftheprimarytranscriptofthatgene)thataresavedaspartofafunctional,maturemRNA,rRNAortRNAmolecules.Intron:segmentsofeukaryoticgene(oroftheprimarytranscriptofthatgene)thatareremovedbysplicingduringRNAprocessingandarenotincludedinthemature,functionalmRNA,rRNA,ortRNA.

ThestructureofeukaryoticgenesExon:segmentsofeukaryoticg分子生物學(xué)英文課件：Eukaryotegeneandgenome分子生物學(xué)英文課件：Eukaryotegeneandgenome-+-+TATA盒CAAT盒外顯子翻譯起始點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)GC盒增強(qiáng)子AATAAA剪接加尾轉(zhuǎn)錄終止點(diǎn)修飾點(diǎn)內(nèi)含子OCT-1OCT-1：ATTTGCAT八聚體+1結(jié)構(gòu)基因啟動(dòng)子上游啟動(dòng)子元件三、調(diào)控序列參與真核基因表達(dá)調(diào)控TATA盒CAAT盒外顯子翻譯起始點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)GC盒增強(qiáng)子A真核基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

第二節(jié)TheStructureandFunctionofEukaryoteGenome真核基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能第二節(jié)TheStructurea

Genome:thetotalgeneticmaterialthatcontainsanorganism’sallgeneticinformation.EukaryoticgenomeiscomposedofthechromosomalandmitochondrialDNAOnlyasmallfractionofthegenomicDNAisincodingsequencesfor~25,000genesContainsmultiplerepeatedsequencesGenome:thetotalgeneticm分子生物學(xué)英文課件：EukaryotegeneandgenomeRepetitivesequences高度重復(fù)序列（highlyrepetitivesequence）中度重復(fù)序列（moderatelyrepetitivesequence）單拷貝序列（singlecopysequence）或低度重復(fù)序列Repetitivesequences高度重復(fù)序列（hig（一）高度重復(fù)序列（highlyrepetitivesequence）SatelliteDNAisthemaincomponentoffunctionalcentromeres,andformthemainstructuralconstituentof

heterochromatin.consistsofshortlengthsoflessthan10basepairsthatarerepeatedmillionsof(106)timespercell.反向重復(fù)序列（invertedrepeatsequence）衛(wèi)星DNA（satelliteDNA）asequenceof

nucleotides

followeddownstreambyits

reversecomplement.

Theinterveningsequenceofnucleotidesbetweentheinitialsequenceandthereversecomplementcanbeanylengthincludingzero.Whentheinterveninglengthiszero,thecompositesequenceisa

palindromicsequence.（一）高度重復(fù)序列（highlyrepetitivese形成形成5`AAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTT3`3`TTTGGTGGCGACCATCGCCACCAAA5`反向重復(fù)序列（invertedrepeatsequence）5`AAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTT3`反（二）中度重復(fù)序列（moderatelyrepetitivesequence）inlengthsuptoafewhundredbasepairsthatarerepeatedatleast1,000(103~104)times,（三）單拷貝序列（singlecopysequence）或低度重復(fù)序列consistsofuniquesegmentsandsegmentsthatarerepeatedonlyafewtimes.（二）中度重復(fù)序列（moderatelyrepetitivDNA序列相似，但功能不一定相關(guān)的若干個(gè)單拷貝基因或若干組基因家族總稱。超家族基因（superfamilygene）基因組中存在的一段與正?；蚍浅Ｏ嗨频荒鼙磉_(dá)的DNA序列。以來(lái)表示。假基因（psuedogene）DNA序列相似，但功能不一定相關(guān)的若干個(gè)單拷貝基因或若干組基名詞解釋SplitgeneIntronexon名詞解釋SplitgeneMolecularBiologyGeneticInformationMolecularBiology中心法則(TheCentralDogma)TranscriptionTranslationReversetranscriptionReplicationDNARNA蛋白質(zhì)中心法則(TheCentralDogma)TraGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNA

Geneexpression:DNA?mRNA?ProGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNAGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Prottranslationtranscriptiontranslationtranscription真核基因與基因組

Chapter3EukaryoteGeneandGenome真核基因與基因組Chapter3EukaryoteGe真核基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

第一節(jié)TheStructureandFunctionofEukaryoteGene真核基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能第一節(jié)TheStructureanGene:GeneareDNAfragmentsthatcarrythespecialgeneticinformationincludestheentirenucleicacidsequencenecessaryfortheexpressionofitsproduct(peptideorRNA).

FunctionalunitsofaDNAmolecule(or,inafewcases,RNA)AchromosomalormitochondrialDNAsegmentcodestheinformationrequiredtoproduceafunctionalbiologicalproductHaveuniquestructureelements

Gene:GeneareDNAfragments+1轉(zhuǎn)錄起點(diǎn)+N轉(zhuǎn)錄終點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄AUGUAA翻譯起點(diǎn)翻譯終點(diǎn)翻譯結(jié)構(gòu)基因區(qū)調(diào)控區(qū)-N5’3’NC基因mRNA蛋白質(zhì)+1轉(zhuǎn)錄起點(diǎn)+N轉(zhuǎn)錄終點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄AUGUAA翻譯起點(diǎn)翻譯終點(diǎn)翻譯Geneexpression:DNA?mRNA?Protein

DNA?RNA

轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯

mRNAmRNAtRNArRNAmRNAGeneexpression:DNA?mRNA?ProThefunctionofgenesDNAisthegeneticmaterialthatstoresthegeneticinformationforproteinsynthesisorRNA.Theexactduplication(replication)ofthisinformationinanyspeciesfromgenerationtogenerationassuresthegeneticcontinuityofthatspecies.Geneexpression(Transcription&Translation)determinesthestructureandfunctionofprotein,thuscontrolsidentifiabletraitsofanorganism.RNAcarriesouttheinstructionsencodedinDNA,andparticipateinthewholeprocessofgeneexpressioninallcells.RNAisalsothegeneticmaterialofsomeviruses.

ThefunctionofgenesDNAisthThestructureofeukaryoticgenesCodingsequence:exons

codingforproteinorRNANon-codingsequence:

intronsandun-transcribedregulatorysequencerequiredformodulationofageneexpression,includingpromoter,enhancer…Splitgene:eukaryoticstructuregeneconsistsofseveralcodingregionsandnon-codingregionsthatarespacedandinlaidoneother.

ThestructureofeukaryoticgeExon:segmentsofeukaryoticgene(oroftheprimarytranscriptofthatgene)thataresavedaspartofafunctional,maturemRNA,rRNAortRNAmolecules.Intron:segmentsofeukaryoticgene(oroftheprimarytranscriptofthatgene)thatareremovedbysplicingduringRNAprocessingandarenotincludedinthemature,functionalmRNA,rRNA,ortRNA.

ThestructureofeukaryoticgenesExon:segmentsofeukaryoticg分子生物學(xué)英文課件：Eukaryotegeneandgenome分子生物學(xué)英文課件：Eukaryotegeneandgenome-+-+TATA盒CAAT盒外顯子翻譯起始點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)GC盒增強(qiáng)子AATAAA剪接加尾轉(zhuǎn)錄終止點(diǎn)修飾點(diǎn)內(nèi)含子OCT-1OCT-1：ATTTGCAT八聚體+1結(jié)構(gòu)基因啟動(dòng)子上游啟動(dòng)子元件三、調(diào)控序列參與真核基因表達(dá)調(diào)控TATA盒CAAT盒外顯子翻譯起始點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點(diǎn)GC盒增強(qiáng)子A真核基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

第二節(jié)TheStructureandFunctionofEukaryoteGenome真核基因組的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能第二節(jié)TheStructurea

Genome:thetotalgeneticmaterialthatcontainsanorganism’sallgeneticinformation.EukaryoticgenomeiscomposedofthechromosomalandmitochondrialDNAOnlyasmallfractionofthegenomicDNAisincodingsequencesfor~25,000genesContainsmultiplerepeatedsequencesGenome:thetotalgeneticm分子生物學(xué)英文課件：EukaryotegeneandgenomeRepetitivesequences高度重復(fù)序列（highlyrepetitivesequence）中度重復(fù)序列（moderatelyrepetitivesequence）單拷貝序列（singlecopysequence）或低度重復(fù)序列Repetitivesequences高度重復(fù)序列（hig（一）高度重復(fù)序列（highlyrepetitivesequence）SatelliteDNAisthemaincomponentoffunctionalcentromeres,andformthemainstructuralconstituentof

heterochromatin.consistsofshortlengthsoflessthan10basepairsthatarerepeatedmillionsof(106)timespercell.反向重復(fù)序列（invertedrepeatsequence