版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
Chapter2:Computer-SystemStructures(6thEdition)OperatingSystemConceptsChapter2Computer-SystemStructures(6thEd.)ComputerSystemOperationI/OStructureStorageStructureStorageHierarchyHardwareProtectionNetworkStructureOperatingSystemConceptsComputer-SystemArchitectureHowdoestheOSgetintosystem?Howdowerequestforservices?HowdoestheOSknowsomethinghashappened?HowOSgetsintosystemOperatingSystemConceptsOperatingSystemConceptsHowLinuxgetsintosystemOperatingSystemConceptsComputer-SystemOperationI/OdevicesandtheCPUcanexecuteconcurrently.Eachdevicecontrollerisinchargeofaparticulardevicetype.Eachdevicecontrollerhasalocalbuffer.OperatingSystemConceptsComputer-SystemOperation(Cont.)CPUmovesdatafrom/tomainmemoryto/fromlocalbuffersI/Oisfromthedevicetolocalbufferofcontroller.DevicecontrollerinformsCPUthatithasfinisheditsoperationbycausinganinterrupt.WhyweneedInterrupt?OperatingSystemConceptsInterruptAneventthatrequirestheattentionoftheOSisaninterrupt.TheseeventsincludethecompletionofanI/O,akeypress,arequestforservice,adivisionbyzeroandsoon.Interruptsmaybegeneratedbyhardwareorsoftware.Aninterruptgeneratedbysoftware(i.e.,divisionby0)isusuallyreferredtoasatrap.Modernoperatingsystemsareinterruptdriven,meaningtheOSisinactiononlyifaninterruptoccurs.OperatingSystemConceptsWhatisInterruptdriven?TheOSisactivatedbyaninterrupt.Theexecutingprogramissuspended.ControlistransferredtotheOS.ProgramcontinueswhentheservicecompletesOperatingSystemConceptsInterruptTimeLineForaSingleProcessDoingOutputPleasesomeoneexplainthis.OperatingSystemConceptsCommonFunctionsofInterruptsInterrupttransferscontroltotheinterruptserviceroutinegenerally,throughtheinterruptvector,whichcontainstheaddressesofalltheserviceroutines.Interruptarchitecturemustsavetheaddressoftheinterruptedinstruction.Incominginterruptsaredisabledwhileanotherinterruptisbeingprocessedtopreventalostinterrupt.OperatingSystemConceptsInterruptHandlingTheoperatingsystempreservesthestateoftheCPUbystoringregistersandtheprogramcounter.Determineswhichtypeofinterrupthasoccurred:Polling(software)vectoredinterruptsystem(hardware)SeparatesegmentsofcodedeterminewhatactionshouldbetakenforeachtypeofinterruptOperatingSystemConceptsI/OInterruptOperatingSystemConceptsI/OStructure(Cont.)AfterI/Ostarts,controlreturnstouserprogramwithoutwaitingforI/Ocompletion.Systemcall–requesttotheoperatingsystemtoallowusertowaitforI/Ocompletion.Device-statustablecontainsentryforeachI/Odeviceindicatingitstype,address,andstate.OperatingsystemindexesintoI/Odevicetabletodeterminedevicestatusandtomodifytableentrytoincludeinterrupt.OperatingSystemConceptsTwoI/OMethodsSynchronousAsynchronousOperatingSystemConceptsDevice-StatusTableOperatingSystemConceptsDirectMemoryAccessStructureUsedforhigh-speedI/Odevicesabletotransmitinformationatclosetomemoryspeeds.DevicecontrollertransfersblocksofdatafrombufferstoragedirectlytomainmemorywithoutCPUintervention.Onlyoneinterruptisgeneratedperblock,ratherthantheoneinterruptperbyte.OperatingSystemConceptsDirectMemoryAccessStructure(Cont.)OperatingSystemConceptsStorageStructureMainmemory–onlylargestoragemediathattheCPUcanaccessdirectly.Secondarystorage–extensionofmainmemorythatprovideslargenonvolatilestoragecapacity.Magneticdisks–rigidmetalorglassplatterscoveredwithmagneticrecordingmaterialDisksurfaceislogicallydividedintotracks,whicharesubdividedintosectors.Thediskcontrollerdeterminesthelogicalinteractionbetweenthedeviceandthecomputer.OperatingSystemConceptsMoving-HeadDiskMechanismOperatingSystemConceptsStorageHierarchyStoragesystemsorganizedinhierarchy.SpeedCostVolatilityCaching–copyinginformationintofasterstoragesystem;mainmemorycanbeviewedasalastcacheforsecondarystorage.OperatingSystemConceptsStorage-DeviceHierarchyOperatingSystemConceptsCachingUseofhigh-speedmemorytoholdrecently-accesseddata.Requiresacachemanagementpolicy.Cachingintroducesanotherlevelinstoragehierarchy.Thisrequiresdatathatissimultaneouslystoredinmorethanoneleveltobeconsistent.OperatingSystemConceptsMigrationofAFromDisktoRegisterOperatingSystemConceptsHardwareProtectionDual-ModeOperationI/OProtectionMemoryProtectionCPUProtectionOperatingSystemConceptsDual-ModeOperationSharingsystemresourcesrequiresoperatingsystemtoensurethatanincorrectprogramcannotcauseotherprogramstoexecuteincorrectly.Providehardwaresupporttodifferentiatebetweenatleasttwomodesofoperations.1. Usermode–executiondoneonbehalfofauser.(用戶態(tài)或目態(tài))2. Monitormode(alsokernelmodeorsystemmode)–executiondoneonbehalfofoperatingsystem.(核心態(tài)或管態(tài))OperatingSystemConceptsDual-ModeOperation(Cont.)Modebitaddedtocomputerhardwaretoindicatethecurrentmode:monitor(0)oruser(1).Whenaninterruptorfaultoccurshardwareswitchestomonitormode.Privilegedinstructionscanbeissuedonlyinmonitormode.monitoruserInterrupt/faultsetusermodeOperatingSystemConceptsOperatingSystemConceptsI/OProtectionAllI/Oinstructionsareprivilegedinstructions(特權(quán)指令).Mustensurethatauserprogramcouldnevergaincontrolofthecomputerinmonitormode(I.e.,auserprogramthat,aspartofitsexecution,storesanewaddressintheinterruptvector).OperatingSystemConceptsUseofASystemCalltoPerformI/OOperatingSystemConceptsMemoryProtectionMustprovidememoryprotectionatleastfortheinterruptvectorandtheinterruptserviceroutines.Inordertohavememoryprotection,addtworegistersthatdeterminetherangeoflegaladdressesaprogrammayaccess:Baseregister
(基址寄存器)–holdsthesmallestlegalphysicalmemoryaddress.Limitregister(界限寄存器)
–containsthesizeoftherangeMemoryoutsidethedefinedrangeisprotected.Operating
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2024安全生產(chǎn)文明施工責(zé)任合同書
- 2024園林綠化承包合同
- 2024村文化禮堂管理員聘用合同
- 2024年RN系列低壓加氫催化劑項目建議書
- 2024私人宅基地買賣合同
- 2021電力用戶農(nóng)排費控采集系統(tǒng)第7部分:農(nóng)排費控終端信息交換安全技術(shù)規(guī)范
- 2024年文具及類似用品項目建議書
- 2024年通信傳輸設(shè)備項目發(fā)展計劃
- 熱電廠干煤棚防腐工程施工方案
- 2024年培南類抗菌藥物合作協(xié)議書
- 新生兒藥物滲漏應(yīng)急預(yù)案
- 克雅氏病個案護(hù)理
- 軟裝設(shè)計項目計劃書
- 北京理工大學(xué)-C語言程序設(shè)計樂學(xué)編程題
- 品三國論領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)智慧樹知到期末考試答案2024年
- (2024年)醫(yī)院污水處理應(yīng)急預(yù)案完整版
- 小學(xué)三年級一位數(shù)乘兩位數(shù)的乘法練習(xí)題(500道)
- 部編版五年級道德與法治第三單元集體備課
- 暖氣維修常識知識培訓(xùn)課件
- 兒童合理用藥知識培訓(xùn)課件
- 大學(xué)生堅定愛國情懷立志報效祖國
評論
0/150
提交評論