大學(xué)英語六級(jí)資料

英語六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)資料（完整版）英語六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)專題一完形填空-固定搭配accountfor說明…的原因，是…的原因ccuse…of…控告；譴責(zé)allowfor考慮到，顧及，為…留出預(yù)地appealto訴諸，訴請(qǐng)裁決（或證實(shí)等）bringabout導(dǎo)致,引起calloff取消carefor照顧，照料；喜歡checkin（在旅館、機(jī)場(chǎng)等）登記，報(bào)到checkout結(jié)帳后離開，辦妥手續(xù)離去comeupwith提出，提供，想出counton/upon依靠，指望countup共計(jì),算由…而總數(shù)drawup起草，擬訂；（使）停住fallbackon借助于，依靠getat夠得著，觸及；意思是，意指；查明，發(fā)現(xiàn)；指責(zé)goinfor從事，參加；愛好hangonto緊緊抓??；保留（某物）turnout制造，生產(chǎn)；結(jié)果是；驅(qū)逐；關(guān)掉，旋熄takeover接受，接管；借用，承襲takein接受，吸收，接納；理解，領(lǐng)會(huì)?欺騙-包括stickout（把…）堅(jiān)持到底；突出，顯眼stickto堅(jiān)持，忠于，信守；緊跟，緊隨；粘貼在…上setout陳述，闡明；動(dòng)身，起程；開始；擺放setforth闡明，陳述setabout開始，著手putinfor正式申請(qǐng)referto…as…把…稱作，把…當(dāng)作payoff還清（債）；付清工資解雇（某人）；向…行賄；得到好結(jié)果，取得成功makeupfor補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)lookover把…著一通,把…過目；察看，參觀lookthrough詳盡核查；（從頭至尾）瀏覽liveon靠…生活，以…為食物liein（問題、事情等）在于liein（問題、事情等）在于letgo（of）放開，松手holdout維持，保持；堅(jiān)持（要求），不屈服holdback躊躇，退縮；阻止，抑制；隱瞞，保守（秘密等）haveanadvantageover勝過?havetheadvantageof由于…處于有利條件havetheadvantageofsb。知道某人所不知道的事takeadvantageof（二makethebestof,utilize,makeuseof,profitfrom,harness）利用。attribute,e,to***（=tobelievesth.tobetheresultof…）把。.歸因于??,認(rèn)為。.是。?的結(jié)果beginwith以…開始.tobeginwith（=firstofall）普免,第一（經(jīng)常用于開始語）onbehalfof（=astherepresentativeof）以…名義believein（=havefaithortrustin;considersth.sb.tobetrue）相信，依賴，信仰。getthebetterof（=defeatsb。）打敗，勝過。bybirth在出生上，論出身，按血統(tǒng)atbirth在出生時(shí)；givebirthto出生、blamesb.forsth.因…責(zé)備某人.blamesth.onsb.把…推在某人身上inblossom開花（指樹木）beinblossom開花（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）comeintoblossom開花（盤調(diào)動(dòng)作）takethefloor起立發(fā)言becapableof能夠，有能力becapableofbeing+過去分詞是能夠被…的compare…with…把，,,與???比較compare…to…把…比作…complainof（orabout）抱怨;訴苦;控告；complainabout抱怨某人或事情；complaintosb.aboutsth.（orsb。）向秦人抱怨…；complain（抱怨）；complement（補(bǔ)充）；compliment（恭維）delightin（=takegreatpleasureindoingstho）喜歡，取樂take（a）delightin喜歡干…，以…為樂demandsth.fromsb.向某人要求（物質(zhì)的）東西deprivesb.ofsth.剝奪某人某物deviatefrom偏離，不隹…辦onadiet吃某種特殊飲食，節(jié)食differfrom…in與…的區(qū)別在于…disposeof(=getridof,throwaway)處理掉beyonddispute不容爭(zhēng)議的，無可爭(zhēng)議indispute在爭(zhēng)議中(be)distinctfrom(=bedifferentfrom)與…截然不同distinguishbetween(=makeorrecognizedifferences)辨別distinguish…from把…寫…區(qū)別開doawaywith(=getridof;abolish;discardeliminate)除去，廢除，取消；doawaywith(=kill)殺抵鎮(zhèn)壓comeoffduty下班atlarge(=atliberty,free)在逃，逍遙法外atlarge(=ingeneral)一,般來式,大體上atlarge(=atfulllength;withdetails)詳細(xì)地accuse…of…(=charge…with;blamesb.forsth.;blamesth.onsb.;complainabout)指控，控告allowfor(=takeintoconsideration,takeintoaccount)考慮到，估計(jì)到。amountto(=tobeequalto)總計(jì)，等于。answerfor(undertakeresponsibilityfor,beliablefor,takechargefor)對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé)。abideby(=befaithfulto;obey)忠于;遵守complywith(=actinaccordancewithademand,order,ruleetco)遵守，依從applytosb.forsth.為…向…申請(qǐng)；applyfor申請(qǐng);applyto適用。applyto與…有關(guān)；適用arisefrom(=becausedby)由…引起。arriveon到達(dá)；arriveat到達(dá)窠地(小地方)；得出，作出；arrivein到達(dá)某地(大地方)；beashamedof(=feelshame,guiltorsorrowbecauseofsth.done)以???為羞恥assuresb.ofsth.(=trytocausetobelieveortrustinsth。)向，,?保證，使…確信。attach(to)(=tofix,fasten;join)縛，系，結(jié)attendto(=giveone'sattention,careandthought)注意，照顧;attendon(upon)(=waitupon,serve,lookafter)侍候，照料inaccordancewith(=inagreementwith)依照，根據(jù)onone*sownaccount1)為了某人的緣故，為了某人自己的利益2)(=atone'sownrisk)自行負(fù)責(zé)3)(=byoneself)依靠自己onaccount賒賬；onaccountof因?yàn)?；onnoaccount不論什么原因也不；of???account有…。.重要性。intoaccount(二consider)把.考慮進(jìn)去accountfor(=giveanexplanationorreasonfor)解釋，說響。onaccountof(=becauseof)由于，因?yàn)椤eaccustomedto(=beinthehabitof,beusedto)習(xí)慣于。beacquaintedwith(=tohaveknowledgeof)了解；(=tohavemetsocially)熟悉acton奉行，按照…行動(dòng)；actas扮演；actfor代理adaptoneselfto(=adjustoneselfto)使百己適應(yīng)于adapt***(for)(=makesth.Suitableforanewneed)改編，改寫(以適應(yīng)新的需要)inaddition(=besides)此外，又，加之inadditionto(=aswellas,besides,otherthan)除…外adhereto(=abideby,conformto,complywith,clingto,insiston,persistin,observe,opinion,belief)粘附；堅(jiān)持，遵循adjacent(=nextto,closeto)毗鄰的，臨近的adjusto.(to)(=changeslightly)調(diào)節(jié)；適應(yīng)；英語六級(jí)復(fù)習(xí)專題二翻譯-語法精要I動(dòng)詞（時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等）時(shí)態(tài)1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)（have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構(gòu)成）：動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始，繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.I*vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I'vebeensittinginthegarden.2）過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（由hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成）：過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作I'dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.3）將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.Inanothermonth*stimeshe'11havebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.4）將來完成時(shí)（由shall/willhave+過去分詞構(gòu)成）：將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They'11havehittheyear'stargetbytheendofOctober.語態(tài)可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型，例如：Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”，“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如：Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.（你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制）雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另個(gè)賓語仍然保留在謂語后面，但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.短語動(dòng)詞Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep（有被動(dòng)語態(tài)）She'slookingafterhersister,schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.Vt+0+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.Vt+adv+0(無被動(dòng)語態(tài))Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.Vt+0+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.省略在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略：在有些狀語從句中，如果謂語包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.IfnecessaryI'11havetheletterduplicated.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中，常會(huì)有一些成分省略.Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.錯(cuò)誤的省略HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewal1besideher.一致如果主語是單數(shù)，盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引導(dǎo)的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.代詞作主語時(shí)的一致each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待.Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.Haseitherofthemtoldyou?some,few,both,many等作復(fù)數(shù)some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多，但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念，但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù)：NoneofthebooksareeasyenoughforusNoneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…，mostofthe??,),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).由and或both-and連接名詞詞組時(shí),后用復(fù)數(shù)；由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or連接的并列主語，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.如果一個(gè)句子是由there或here引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個(gè)，謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語一致.Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)，militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)意思來決定.Hisfamilyisn,tverylarge.Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)：Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.Thisspeciesisnowextinct.Thesespeciesarenowextinct.表示時(shí)間，重量，長(zhǎng)度，價(jià)值等的名詞，盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果作整體看待，動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式（當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的）：Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.其他問題書名，國(guó)家名用單數(shù)：TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.學(xué)科名，如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式：Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù)，thenumberof后接單數(shù)：Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.II非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作，在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）之前發(fā)生，就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.（比較：Iamgladtoseeyou.）Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.進(jìn)行式：如果主要謂語表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven,tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn'texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.完成進(jìn)行式：在謂語所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.功用：不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?Wehavecometolearnfromyou.不帶to的不定式：在“動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等，或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等，其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letsiip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.19veheardtellofhim.在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?在介詞except,but之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There*snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí)，其后的不定式不帶to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí)，其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.用作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞不定式，如果主語是由"all+關(guān)系分句”，“thing+關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.不定式的其他用法too…to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義：Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義：Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí)，不定式一般不表示否定意義：He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so-as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語：Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.如果要說明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的，可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容詞（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表語時(shí)，不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語，來說明不定式指的是誰的情況：It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.（Itis）Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.V+ing形式（現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞）形式完成式：如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.Hedidn,tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些動(dòng)詞后（或成語中），常用（或可以用）動(dòng)名詞的一般形式，盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon,tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.另外，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)?個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn*tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等動(dòng)詞后，盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思，卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Hermethodisworthtrying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來作定語，賓語補(bǔ)足語，狀語及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You'11findthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn,tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.完成被動(dòng)式：如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.Idon'trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式，而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替，以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來作狀語或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.句法功用作主語：Walkingisgoodexercise.It'snicetalkingtoyou.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.作賓語：Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustn*tdelaysendingthetractorsover.Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.作介詞賓語：動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語用的時(shí)候最多.它常可以用在某些成語后面，常見的有：insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep,,,from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…in,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.作表語：Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來，在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式.作賓語補(bǔ)足語：分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后，及可用現(xiàn)在分詞，也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語.用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.作狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，來對(duì)謂語表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可以用作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn,tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn,twanttogotothecinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于when引起的從句：Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn,thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞（或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)），來表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子開頭，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格（或人稱代詞賓格），這比用所有格更自然一些.Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss既可用動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can,tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can,tafford等.有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregrettosayIhaven'tgivenyouenoughhelp.Shedoesn*twant（need）tocome.Thehousewants（needs）cleaning.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.懸垂修飾：分詞作狀語時(shí)，表示的必須是主語的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).WalkingthroughWalkingthroughStandingontheStandingonthethepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking是we的動(dòng)作，正確）thepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（錯(cuò)誤）WalkingthroughWalkingthroughStandingontheStandingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（錯(cuò)誤）分詞意義：過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞，帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義；而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動(dòng)詞，有的來自不及物動(dòng)詞，通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.frozenfoodaboredtravelleralostcauseaconqueredarmyafinishedarticlethespokenwordfrozenfoodaboredtravelleralostcauseaconqueredarmyafinishedarticlethespokenwordaclosedshoparecordedtalkaboringjourneyalosingbattleaconqueringarmythelastfinishingtouchaspeakingbirdtheclosinghourarecordingmachine來自不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語，能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞，僅表示完成意義，不表示被動(dòng)意義.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.句法作用作定語：distinguishedguest貴賓，unknownheroes無名英雄，armedforces武裝部隊(duì)，cannedfood罐頭食品，boiledwater開水，steamedbread饅頭，strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語：simply-furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間，clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù)，highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè)，heartfeltthanks喪心的感謝，hand-madegoods手工制品，man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星作補(bǔ)足語：可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示"致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意義的動(dòng)詞：Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon*tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.過去分詞短語常用作狀語，修飾謂語，很多都說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有時(shí)也可說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語從句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶爾也可用來代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語從句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：在用分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，一般表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間：Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.表示原因：Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.條件：Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.m虛擬語氣that從居中：wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.IwishIrememberedtheaddress.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句：Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語從句和同位語從句：Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.在某些句型中itistimethatItistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.asif(though)引起的從句：Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語多用should+動(dòng)詞原形)：Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.I'11keepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí)，謂語多用may加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成)：Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead. 不管發(fā)生什么情況，我們都要干下去.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.我承認(rèn)他年老體衰，然而盡管如此，它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.條件句虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類：表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況)：謂語主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式)：從句主句過去式would+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn,tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.表示過去情況的虛擬條件句（與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況），謂語主要形式如下:從句主句had+過去分詞wouldhave+過去分詞Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadn,ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn*thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.有時(shí)候，條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過去發(fā)生的，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是通過一個(gè)介詞短語來表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Thatwou1dhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時(shí)可把if省略掉，并把were,had,should或could放在主語前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.IV介詞合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞合成介詞：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without復(fù)雜介詞：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等介詞在句末：Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?名詞加介詞（n+prep）某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞：solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞：onone'sguard,atone*srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight動(dòng)詞加介詞Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchuponVt+0+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等Vi+adv+prep:Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You*renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Vt+0+adv+prep:Youshouldn'ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.Weshouldn,tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.形容詞加介詞about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etcfor—convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom—evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof—apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon dependent,keen,intent,etcto acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etcV連詞并列連詞表示意義的弓I申：and,both…and,notonly,but(also),aswellas,and??,aswell,neither***nor表示選擇：or,either…or表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence從屬連詞表示時(shí)間：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat表示條件：if,unless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),表示其他關(guān)系：(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,inorderthat,so…thatVI定語從句限制和非限制性定語從句：限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分，去掉了會(huì)造成病句或意義不明確；非限制性定語從句屬于補(bǔ)充說明性質(zhì)，去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義，通常用逗號(hào)與它的先行詞分開.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞，或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞，其后的定語從句通常