考研強(qiáng)化班完形填空講義

2012考研英語強(qiáng)化班完形填空講義主講：張銷民完型填空是考研英語中多年來的一個(gè)穩(wěn)定題型，變化不大2000年以前：150T80字文章，10個(gè)填空2000年以后：240-280字文章，20個(gè)填空完型是一個(gè)很科學(xué)的語言考試形式：考查考生從語法、詞匯、閱讀的全面能力,并且是在對(duì)文章整體把握的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行考查。完型從技術(shù)的角度其實(shí)并不難完型閱讀量不大且閱讀難度不高完型并不側(cè)重考察偏詞、難詞完型真正“做不好”的關(guān)鍵其實(shí)在于考生“不會(huì)做”，即不會(huì)按照好的方法去做。完型做題方法的一大誤區(qū)-憑“感覺”做題，此方法恰恰違背完型的規(guī)律。如何尋找做完型的“好方法”-探尋完型的核心規(guī)律，完型恰恰是考研英語中最有規(guī)律可循的題型。完型的兩大規(guī)律根據(jù)完型選項(xiàng)的分布規(guī)律-完型可以“猜”；根據(jù)完型的命題規(guī)律-完型的填空題可以進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化分類去“做”；完型填空一部分靠“猜”，一部分靠“做”完型如何“猜"-依靠完型填空選項(xiàng)的分布概率來“猜"：ABCD四個(gè)選項(xiàng)基本上是平均分布，即每個(gè)選項(xiàng)基本上均有5次充當(dāng)答案的機(jī)會(huì)；這樣的話完型的20道題，首先就不需要全做，最多只需要做一半的題，即考生把完型的20道題區(qū)分成“會(huì)做的題”和“不會(huì)做的題”，首先把“會(huì)做的題”做完，之后研究這些選項(xiàng)的分布規(guī)律，找出其中出現(xiàn)幾率最小的選項(xiàng)，把這個(gè)選項(xiàng)全部填入“不會(huì)做的題”中，猜中的兒率則最高。會(huì)做的題不會(huì)做的題比如：會(huì)做5道題，研究其答案選項(xiàng)分布，如下：AABBC；等于這部分出現(xiàn)幾率最小的選項(xiàng)為D有15道不會(huì)做的題，則全選D；首先把“會(huì)做的題”做完，之后研究這些選項(xiàng)的分布規(guī)律，找出其中出現(xiàn)幾率最小的選項(xiàng)。這部分則全部填入“在會(huì)做的題目部分出現(xiàn)幾率最小的選項(xiàng)”，則猜中的幾率為最大。此方法就可以確保考生的完型分?jǐn)?shù)在4分至8分之間，且是在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)以最高效率方式獲取的分?jǐn)?shù)，即完型不用全做，只需做2道至10道題即可；完型如何“做”完型填空的命題思路分析完型填空的命題形式完型填空的基本命題形式是給考生一篇短文（按照新大綱的規(guī)定在240-280字左右），出題者有目的地在每隔一定數(shù)量的詞語后去除一處詞語，形成總共20處詞語空缺，然后在相應(yīng)的空缺處設(shè)置（包括三個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)在內(nèi)）的四個(gè)備選答案，需要考生從四選中選出一個(gè)最佳（thebest）的答案。從命題形式分析命題思路：從完型填空的命題形式來看，20個(gè)填空不是孤立存在的，而是處在--整篇文章的大背景之中的。從這個(gè)角度，完型文章實(shí)際上是由兩部分信息構(gòu)成:基本解題思路：通過已知“猜”未知既然未知信息與已知信息整合在一起就組成了一篇完整的完型文章，這就說明未知信息與已知信息之間絕不是互相孤立存在的，而是有著各種各樣、千絲萬縷的關(guān)系，未知信息與已知信息之間存在著直接的緊密的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。官方的命題思路：大綱將完型填空的命題思路概述為：“完型填空主要測(cè)試考生結(jié)合上下文的綜合理解能力和語言運(yùn)用能力，即在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上把握英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用的能力”根據(jù)上述分析，我們可以把完型的基本命題思路概括為以下幾點(diǎn)：先對(duì)原文進(jìn)行閱讀 解題先對(duì)整體環(huán)境進(jìn)行把握和理解——?解決具體問題

先對(duì)旦知信息進(jìn)行把握和理解?破解未知信息更進(jìn)一步：每一個(gè)未知信息點(diǎn)都處于整篇文章包含的龐大的已知信息體系之中，所以對(duì)于一個(gè)具體的填空來說，并不是整篇文章包含的所有已知信息都與其有關(guān)系，解出一個(gè)具體完型填空的關(guān)鍵是要找出與這個(gè)填空所有相關(guān)聯(lián)的已知信息（線索）。完型解題的基本方法（理論）可以概括為:相關(guān)已知信息（提示線索）定位分析法-線索填字法通過定位、查找與每一個(gè)具體未知填空所有相關(guān)聯(lián)的已知信息，通過對(duì)定位出來的這些相關(guān)聯(lián)的已知信息點(diǎn)的分析總結(jié)從而在4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中定位出未知填空的答案總體解題理論-細(xì)化為具體的、可操作的解題方法“線索填字理論”下細(xì)化出的“完型的十二種具體解題方法”-如何“做”完型的方法體系從題型的角度從詞性的角度1、無關(guān)詞排除法5、對(duì)應(yīng)成分分析法9、動(dòng)詞2、同現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)法6、總分結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)照法10、形容詞3、復(fù)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)法7、時(shí)間、數(shù)字線索法11、副詞4、關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)法8、邏輯關(guān)系定位法12、名詞低端方法-針對(duì)完型中難度最高、占分值不大的金字塔尖的難題：一般的考生可不去花費(fèi)眾多時(shí)間去掌握9^動(dòng)詞10、形容詞11、副詞12、名詞高端方法-其他8種方法是針對(duì)大多數(shù)考題，占分值大的主流題：是大多數(shù)考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握的方法完型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)填空題型一（完型中最基本的填空考題）：邏輯關(guān)系定位法例題：1994年完型填空46題Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.46.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.PreliminarilyD.Unexpectedly基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)-完型文章中常見的10大類邏輯關(guān)系并列關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語and,andalso,or,neither nor,either or,notonly butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same as;遞進(jìn)關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語also,then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore;indeed;因果關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so that,such that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,lest,asaresult,forthisreason;轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語but,however,yet,contrarily,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,unfortunately,infact,inreality,actually;讓步關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語although,though,eventhough,evenif,even,nevertheless,despite,inspiteof;regardlessof;anyway,anyhow列舉(順序)關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語first\second\lastofall,inthefirstplace\inthesecondplace\finally,tobeginwith\tocontinue,first then,ononehand ontheotherhand,foronething foranother,one another,some others stillothers;對(duì)比關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語while,whereas,as,/ratherthan,insteadof,not but;時(shí)間關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語when,whenever,before,after,since,as,while,until,till,simultaneously,meanwhile,inthemeantime,atthesametime;條件關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語if,onlyif,ifonly,unless,otherwise,assoonas,aslongas,incase,supposethat,supposingthat,providedthat,providingthat,when,whenever,with;舉例關(guān)系&部分常用標(biāo)志詞和短語suchas,forexample,forinstance,of(these,those,them),among(these,those,them),toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecificallyspeaking,namely;例題：1994年完型填空46題-遞進(jìn)關(guān)系Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.PreliminarilyD.Unexpectedly例題：1998年考研英語完型的第47題-轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.47.A)howeverB)meanwhileC)thereforeD)moreover例題：1999年考研英語完型的第47題-列舉關(guān)系Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies_41_lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished_44_timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby_46_rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogr8mifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalone,safety_48—.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat_50_orataloss.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still例題:2004年考研英語完型的第34題-因果關(guān)系Familieshavealso(33)changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents,(34)achildrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome(35)wascommoninthetraditionalfamily(36).Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other(37)causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38)ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing(39)ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,34.[A]contrarily[B]consequentlyC]similarly[D]simultaneously例題：1997年考研英語完型的第42題-對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.42.A)For B)Because42.A)For B)BecauseC)AsD)Since例題：1997年考研英語完型的第48題-對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofparttimersandtemporaryworkers.This"45"workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.48.A)but 48.A)but B)whileC)andD)whereas例題:2000年考研英語完型的第41題-對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsinformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[jC]insteadof[D]morethan表達(dá)(特殊)對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系的三大標(biāo)志詞insteadofratherthannot but 例題:2001年考研英語完型的第48題-對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges_42toParliament.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan例題：大綱樣題第20題-對(duì)比邏輯關(guān)系theywilltakehomenottheproblemsofscienceandtechnology,20thebenefit.2O.[A]except[B]nor[C]or[D]but例題:2001年考研英語完型的第31題-舉例關(guān)系Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticularLp]suchas例題:2005年考研英語完型的第20題-舉例關(guān)系Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemei^encysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.20.[A]similarto[B]such[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom例題:2003年考研英語完型的第28題-舉例關(guān)系Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21(ohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe 25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare 26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.28.A.ineffectB.asaresultC.forexampleD.inasense例題:2010年考研英語完型的第15題-舉例關(guān)系Itturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto_14—interpretationofwhathappened.—15—,lightingwasalwayschangedonSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output_16 rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand_17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.—18—a

comparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday.Workers_19_tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheworkingweekinanycase,before_20_aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[DIAsusual例題：1996年考研英語完型的第50題-讓步關(guān)系48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,5(),believeinbeingonthe''safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.50.(A)nevertheless(B)therefore(C)moreover(D)meanwhile如何區(qū)分轉(zhuǎn)折與讓步轉(zhuǎn)折：后面直接推翻前面讓步：后面沒有直接推翻前面，而是出現(xiàn)了與前面正常預(yù)期相反的結(jié)果最大的區(qū)別：對(duì)立推翻的對(duì)象不一樣例題:2005年考研英語完型的第1題-轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansarethoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,[thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.1.[A]although[B]as1.[A]although[B]as?but[D]while例題:2006年考研英語完型的第11題-讓步關(guān)系11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13thestreet.[D]0nly11.[A]Hence[B]But [C]Even[D]0nly例題：1996年考研英語完型真題48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,50.believeinbeingonthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody*svitaminneeds.歷年真題中考察邏輯關(guān)系的題目匯總（題號(hào)如下）:2011年：1、6、13、202010年：7、12、15、182009年：15、17、182008年:5、142007年:9、122006年：1、7、11、14、182005年:1、5、6、9、16、202004年：22、25、27、34、402003年：24、28、35、382002年：22、29、312001年:31、36、42、462000年：41、421999年：471998年：471997年：42、44、481996年：46、501995年：501994年：46例題：2011年考研英語完形填空真題AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes._6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7—,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter_8 muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof 10 feedbackthatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate._11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry 13 theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14 tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15 muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16 apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile—orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17 expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles 18 moreexuberantlytofunnycartonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19 thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.—20—,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing(DIdetermining4.[A]transmitfB]sustain[Clevaluate[DIobserve5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxed9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal11.[A]ExceptforfB]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted

[A]suggesting[A]Eventually[B]required[A]suggesting[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief13.[A]unless[B]until[Clif[D]because20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely1、答案:[C]分析：本題考查上文邏輯關(guān)系，這是完型12類填空中最基本、也是最容易得分的一類填空?？忌灰炀氄莆毡緯偨Y(jié)的完型上下文（句）邏輯關(guān)系就能做出此類填空。而且本題尤其簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)槌鲱}人已經(jīng)在本填空所處的句子開頭給出了已知線索“But”，等于已經(jīng)直接告訴了考生是“轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系”，答案自然只能是選項(xiàng)[C]despite=despite表示讓步，但讓步屬于轉(zhuǎn)折的一種，其意思是“盡管,但是”，與“But”的意思最雷同，所以本題也是一種復(fù)現(xiàn)。例題:2004年考研英語完型的第40題Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,(40)adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing6、答案：[B]分析：本題目考查邏輯關(guān)系。本題目十分簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)槌鲱}人以復(fù)現(xiàn)的形式在本填空所在的句子中已經(jīng)給出了標(biāo)志詞“insteadof",此標(biāo)志詞表達(dá)--種對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此只能選擇[B]Infact,因?yàn)镮nfact也表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折的概念。13、答案：[D]分析：本題考查上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。首先考生可以看出本填空所在的句子是對(duì)之前那個(gè)理論的進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)論述，而之前的理論是說明“我們情感部分源于身體反應(yīng)”，即人的“心理”與“生理”之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。把握了這一點(diǎn)，本題的邏輯關(guān)系就很好定位了。定位本填空的前后的原文信息，之前的信息為“humansdonotcry"；之后的信息為：“theyaresad”，這就是"生理"和''心理”的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此本填空最佳的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)該是“因果關(guān)系”，答案為選項(xiàng)［D］because。20、答案：［C］分析：本題考查邏輯關(guān)系，是很簡(jiǎn)單的題?？忌灰鶕?jù)填空后的句子意思為："thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood(發(fā)笑的生理行為可以改善情緒)”，此句子信息顯然與前面的信息是一致，答案明顯是［^Similarly。2011年完型為例：只做邏輯關(guān)系題+加“猜”題方法的得分“做”的題“猜，，的題1、C6、B13、D20、C其他的16道題均填A(yù)；A選項(xiàng)從未出現(xiàn)過，為出現(xiàn)幾率最小的選項(xiàng)猜中5道題得分：2分得分：2.5分完型文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)■完型文章一般都有明確的中心主線整個(gè)文章的中心主線包括鮮明的主題(FOUCS),同時(shí)文章往往又具有很強(qiáng)的導(dǎo)向性或者作者態(tài)度具有傾向性；這個(gè)主題以及這種導(dǎo)向性或傾向性其實(shí)就構(gòu)成了完型文章的中心主線，成為從整體上把握完型文章的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。中心主線貫穿全文，即整篇文章就是圍繞著中心主線展開。完型文章-主線控制全文的文章■完型文章往往采用總分對(duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)從文章結(jié)構(gòu)的角度來看，能夠?qū)⑽恼碌闹行闹骶€非常簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)往往是總分對(duì)照的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以，我們通過大量的總結(jié)個(gè)分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)考研英語的完型文章在文章結(jié)構(gòu)上經(jīng)常采用總分對(duì)照的形式，這就為我們迅速從整體上把握一篇完型文章提供了非常便利條件?？偡謱?duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)是由總述部分和分述部分構(gòu)成，總述是對(duì)分述的總結(jié)和概括，而分述是對(duì)總述的展開和祥述，兩者之間有著明確的互相支持，互相印證的對(duì)照關(guān)系。完型文章：一個(gè)主線、一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)（總分結(jié)構(gòu)）*分析2001年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress.LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee.LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies."Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,Hhesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean 47 afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper文章布局分析:此篇文章的中心主線相當(dāng)明確，而且中心主線就在文章的首句-Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.（政府將要禁止報(bào)界向證人付錢以期買通那些卷入諸如羅絲瑪麗審判等著名案件的證人）。此中心主線可以用下列圖表表示出來：文章的主題(FOCUS)：探討媒體向證人付錢的法律問題;文章的導(dǎo)向：政府對(duì)“媒體向證人付錢”持絕對(duì)的負(fù)態(tài)度;*分析2000年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsinformofIoans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained文章布局分析：此篇文章的中心主線相當(dāng)明確，而且開門見山，文章的首句一Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.(如果一個(gè)農(nóng)民想要成功的話，他必須在消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間保持一個(gè)大的差額)一使得整個(gè)文章的中心主線一目了然：推測(cè)出文章的基本導(dǎo)向：Consumption小于ProductionConsumptionProductionConsumptionProduction條件Tosucceed本文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是明顯的總-分對(duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)總述:Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.（總述句使得文章開門見山，直接概括出文章的中心主線：農(nóng)民想要成功，生產(chǎn)>消費(fèi)分述一:從正面支持生產(chǎn)>消費(fèi)Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation andimprovehisfarminotherways分述分述二:從反面支持生產(chǎn)>消費(fèi)即：總述:Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbeself-sufficient

分述： sellsomeofhissomeofhisproperties loans borrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest *分析1994年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.r-FOUCS（主題）：有關(guān)“用詞”問題中心主線一匚文章導(dǎo)向/作者態(tài)度傾向性：如何選詞是至關(guān)重要的總述部分|——由文章的頭兩句構(gòu)成，概述出文章的中心主線；Word-Thefirstandsmallestunit/Thechoiceofwords-theutmostimportance.分述部分 分述1：正面的情況支持總述：Properselection（正確的選詞會(huì)產(chǎn)生什麼好處）：分述2：反面支持總述，既用詞不準(zhǔn)確會(huì)產(chǎn)生那些不好的影響.考生通過抓散落在分述中的一些重要詞匯點(diǎn)，就不難看出這一點(diǎn)：carelessuseofwords unfavorablereactions interferewithhiscomprehensionbreaksdowninaccurateorindefinitewords difficultforthelistenertounderstandoA.encouragesB.preventsC.destroyD.offersA.passoutB.takeawayC.backupD.stirup分述2中分布的動(dòng)詞:prevents>stirup>interferewith>breaksdown*分析2003年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbebest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciouuandneedthe 25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare 26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28 ,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37 ,thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39fbrrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.22.A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance25.A.assistanceB.guidanceC.confidenceD.tolerance26.A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed27.A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise*分析2006年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan1tpossibly2,Tohelphomelesspeople3 independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,4theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.5everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates6_anywherefrom600,000to3million.7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis8.Oneofthefederalgovemmenfsstudies9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda12—thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13—thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,14notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneededtoturntheirlives16—.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17 programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.18_EdwardZlotkowski,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts, 19_it,"Therehastobe20 ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.**[A]lodging[B]shelter[A]lodging[B]shelter（A]searchingfB]strolling15.[A]life[B]existence[C]dwelling[D]house[C]crowding[D]wandering[C]survival[D]maintenance*分析2007年考研英語完型填空文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million